Table % — Showing the Government grants to the Schools of Manitoba and the North- west Territories in 187Y, 1886, 1896 and 1906.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

District.	Kind of School.	1877.	1886.	1896.	1905-6.
Build- ing.	Main- tenance.	Build- ing.	Main- tenance.	Build- ing.	Main- tenance.	Build- ing.	Main- tenance.
Manitoba	Day Boarding .	$ cts.	$ cts. 268 45	$ cts.	$ cts. 2,711 87	$ cts.	$ cts. 3,145 13 1,620 00 12,764 39 3,969 05 14,762 57 43,344 32	$ cts.	$ cts. 1,800 00 12,480 00
Industrial Day Boarding . Industrial					2,000 00 2,938 15
N. W. Territories. II It It It • .	150 00	300 00	236 00 2,661 62	1,077 39 536 20 26,48974 30,815 20	2,152 50 8,676 07	900 00 42,406 06 35,761 16
150 00	568 45	2,897 62	4,938 15	79,605 16	10,828 57	93,347 22

CHURCH OF ENGLAND.

Manitoba	Day Boarding .		274 50	325 97	6,447 22		9,634 68	8,930 00
	Industrial Day. . Boarding .						28,027 75 4,326 17 15,336 55 19,260 86	16,488 90 4,500 00 12,567 48 17,102 09
N. W. Territories. II 11 11 • II			130 00	1,761 41		' 'i34 00 1,369 20
Industrial				10,17957	7,430 00

	274 50	455 97	18,48850	7,430 00	76,586 01	1,503 20	59,588 47

METHODIST CHURCH.

TVTfl.nitoha	Day		1,637 71		1,902 22		1.500 00 5.500 00 12,000 00 1,800 00 2,271 80 9,648 16
	Boarding .
	Industrial Day				13,526 74 2,480 77 1,725 60 6,664 35	2,952 39
N. W. Territories. II II . » II 11 . .			407 87 358 54
Boarding . Industrial			1,963’ 64

		2,404 12		26,299 68	4,916 03	32,719 96

PRESBYTERIAN.

Manitoba	Day . . . .						1,464 ’i5		600 00 6,720 60
	Boarding .
	Industrial Day. Boarding .
N. W. Territories. 11 II II II			457 60	1,270 47		950 15 6,063 13 17,336 83		900 00 6,261 65 7,525 72
Industrial

		457 60	1,270 47		25,814 26		22,007 97

UNDENOMINATIONAL—SeOO 00

The following is a summary of the expenditures set forth in the former table: —

Class of School.	1877.	1886.	1896.	1906.
	Building	Maint’nce	Building	Maint’nce	Building	Maint’nce	Building	Maint’nce
	$ cts.	S cts.	$ cts.	$ cts	S cts.	f cts.	$ cts.	$ ct.s.
It. Catholic Schools.. Church of England. . Mp.thndist Church. .	150 00	568 45 274 50	2,897 62 455 97	30,sl5 20 18,488 .50 2,404 12 1,270 47	4,938 15 7,430 00	76,605 46 76,588 01 26,299 68 24,350 11	10,828 59 1,503 30 4,916 03	93,347 22 59,588 47 32,719 96 22,007 97 600 00
Presbyterian			4-^7 60
Undenominational . .

	150 00	842 95	3,811 19	52,978 29	12,,368 15	206,843 26	17,247 92	208,263 62

Thus the connection of the Dominion government with the Indian schools of the Northwest began in 1871, when on August 3, the first treaty, extinguishing the Indians’ title to the lands within the boundaries of southeastern Manitoba, was signed. The dates of the several treaties were: —

1 Southeastern Manitoba Augusts, 1871.

II Lake Manitoba ( south ) August 21, 1871 .

III Northwest Angle Octobers, 1873.

IV Qu’Appelle District September^, 1874.

V Lake Winnipeg September 24, 1875.

VI Fort Pitt September 9, 1876.

VII Blackfoot District September 22, 1877.

As the terms of all these treaties were much the same, some of the particulars may be quoted;

They provided: —

1st. That sufficient land be reserved to give 160 acres to each family of 5.

. - 2nd. For prohibiting the sale of intoxicants. ,

3rd. A present of three dollars per capita to the Indians on the reserve.

4th. That schools would be provided for the Indians.

At Confederation in 1867 it was agreed that the Indian Department should con- tribute an amount equal to that contributed by the Methodist Church for schools in Ontario and Quebec, provided the sum did not exceed $1,000. Hence it was natural and easy, apart from treaty engagements, for the government to extend this principle to the schools of the newly acquired Northwest Territories. There appears a memor- andum, of Sir John A. Macdonald, dated October 19, 1880, fixing the salary of $300 to be given each day school teacher in Manitoba and the Territories. It also states that if the attendance should fall short of 25 in any quarter, the teacher should be paid at a per capita rate of $3 per quarter; in the case of non-denominational schools, it was considered that teachers should be paid a maximum salary of $504, or at the rate of $12 per annum for 42 pupils; if the attendance be short of this number, the teacher should receive $3 per pupil for the quarter. The same memorandum provided prizes or bonuses to the teachers of the five best conducted schools in Manitoba and the North- west.

In the annual report for 1881, Commissioner Dewdney states : — ‘ There are now 20 schools and missions in the Northwest Territories, 12 of which are receiving govern- ment aid; 9 are Church of England, 6 Eoman Catholic, 4 Canada Methodist, and 1 Presbyterian. There are now 11 school-houses under construction or completed, for which teachers will be required during the coming season. We find considerable dif- ficulty in securing teachers for schools where the number of children is small and is

6196—2

not likely to increase to an extent sufficient to make the per capita remuneration attractive, and I would recommend that in these cases a fixed sum be granted, say two- thirds (1) of the maximum allowed by order in council of 19th October, 1880.’ The same report shows that grants were paid to the following additional schools, 10 of which were in Superintendent Graham’s inspectorate: —

1 Little Saskatcfiewan.

2 Brokenhead . ,

3 Ebb and Flow.

4 Fairford.

5 Lake St. Martin.

6 Black River.

7 Berens River.

8 Fisher Lake.

!) Eagle Hill .

10 Isle a la Crosse.

11 Onion Lake.

. Inspector Graham says in the same report : ‘ I find it very difficult to secure the services of competent teachers for the schools in Treaties 3 and 5 owing to the diffi- culty of getting there and the high prices charged for provisions, &c., and being cut off from any mail communication.’

The total amount paid by the government as salaries to teachers that year in these 31 schools was $3,227.50, or roughly, $100 per school.

In the same appendix may be found items for building materials and for erecting buildings at several points.

These quotations serve very well to indicate the embryonic condition of the Indian school system, if it may be so called, in the Northwest, and regarding which the adop- tion in 1884 of the industrial school idea sceenis to have been a necessary growth.

Such was the general condition when in 1879 Mr. N. T. Davin was appointed u commissioner to report on the establishment of industrial schools in the Northwest. A comprehensive report, dated March 14, 1879, was the result of his investigations. In his conclusions he says: — ‘I should recommend at once an extensive application of the principle of industrial boarding schools in the Northwest, were it not that the population is so largely migratory that any great outlay at present would be money thrown away.’ He also recommends —

1st. Wherever the missionaries have schools, those schools should be utilized by the government if possible; that is to say, a contract should be made with the religious body controlling the school to board, educate and train industrially a certain number of pupils.

2nd. Not more than four industrial schools should be established at first.

3rd. That one be established at the junction of the north and south Saskatchewan near Prince Albert, under the Episcopal Church.

4th. Advises one near Old Fort Bow, near the Stonies and Blackfeet.

5th. Advises that there be one at Qu’Appelle under the Konian Catholic Church.

Gth. Advises that there be one established on Hiding Mountain, under the Presby- terian Church.

The report says : — ^ The importance of denominational schools at the outset must

be obvious Where, however, the poor Indian has been brought face to face

with polemics and settlements are divided, or think they are divided, on metaphysical niceties, the school should be, as at the Wliite Earth Agency, Minnesota, undenomi- national.’ It further advises ‘ that, as bands become more amenable to the restraints of civilization, eilu.c.(tUon should be made coynpulsory Also that ‘ the character of the teacher, morally and intellectually, is a matter of vital importance; if he is morally weak, whatever his intellectual qualifications may be, he is worse than no teacher at all; if he is poorly instructed or feeble in brain, he only acts every day an elaborate farce.’ The report also advises competent inspection and that special advantages be given to boys and girls showing special aptitudes, and finally that, ‘ the salary of a

teacher must be such as will induce good men to offer themselves’ ‘in the

future when the manual labour boarding schools are established institutions, these teachers, who manage these schools in a manner toward self-support, should have a percentage in the reduction in the cost of management.’

■ The report formed the basis, apparently, of the action taken subsequently in 1883, when a grant of $44,000 was made by parliament to establish three industrial schools.

In the annual report of 1881, Commissioner Dewdney states that he hopes to have selections made of localities for the three proposed industrial schools.

On July 19, 1883, an order in council was passed adopting the recommendation of a report of the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs by the Deputy, Mr. Van- koughnet, in which it was ordered : —

1st. That the Government buildings at Battleford be at once utilized for the pur- pose of a Protestant institution, and that the Rev. T. Clark be appointed principal at a salary of $1,200.

2nd. That the staff consist of an assistant to the principal, a matron, a farmer and a cook, and that the assistant be a layman.

3rd. That the Commissioner determine whether the pupils be taken from one tribe, or independently from all the bands in a given area.

4th. That the Commissioner be charged with the duty of seeing that the buildings are fitted up.

5th. The minister recommends that a Roman Catholic industrial school at or near Qu’Appelle be established with the same staff as at Battleford, and that the selection of the principal be left with the Archbishop of St. Boniface.

6th. The minister also recommends that a Roman Catholic industrial school be established at some point in Treaty 7, and that the selection of the principal be left to the Bishop of St. Albert.

7th. That the Commissioner’s attention be esi^ecially drawn to the confidential report of Mr. M. F. Davin on the subject.

The maintenance of the industrial schools from the period of their establishment in 1884 was assumed wholly by the department; while on October 22, 1892, an order in council was passed, intended to regrdate the matter of their expenses. This document, which since then has governed generally the management of the industrial schools, is so important that it is inserted here: —

The following is a copy of the order in council of October 22, 1892, providing for the carrying on of industrial schools in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories: —

‘ On a report dated 17th October, 1892,^ from the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs stating that it is advisable to maSe a change in the manner of carrying on those industrial schools in the Northwest that are wholly supported by the government. The cost of those institutions is larger, it is thought, than that for which they might be conducted, and with a view to more economical management it is advisable and neces- sary to adopt some method which would relieve the pressure of the present expenditure and at the same time keep up the schools to an equal standard of efficiency and use- fulness.’

j ‘ The minister considers that when the whole cost of an institution is directly borne by the government the same economy by those in immediate charge is not used as would be employed under other conditions. Demands, under the present system, are frequently made for articles and supplies, whereas if the amount to be expended were to take the form more of an annual per capita grant, more effort in the way of econo- mizing would be made.’

‘ The minister states that the actual cost to the government, as shown under the head of industrial schools, does not represent the total expenditure which the present system entails, as there is a small expense in the purchasing and inspection of supplies to be added.’

‘ The accounts for the past year (1890-91) show that the per capita cost of each child at the industrial schools under consideration was: —

1 Qu’Appelle $134 67

Battleford 17.5 45

High River 185 55

‘ The rate V^r capita, it is thought, is higher than it would be if a forced system of economy were exercised, and that the best way to effect the desired decrease would be to place the schools under a per capita grant system similar to that now in operation at Elkhorn and St. Paul’s under Church of England authorities, St. Boniface and Kootenay under Roman Catholic Church authorities. The per capita system under which these schools are operated by religious bodies has been found to work satisfac- torily.’

‘ The minister therefore recommends that the following be ai)plied to the indus- trial schools in operation in the Northwest Territories, and to such other similar in- stitutions as may hereafter be established, as soon as, in the opinion of the Indian Department, said institutions are in proper running order, at rates to be fixed upon as being fair and just, viz. :

1. ‘ The buildings are to be kept in repair jointly by the government and the man- agreement, the former to furnish the material and the latter to perform the labour.

2. ‘ All books and appliances, that is, maps, globes, &c., for educational purposes, .0 be furnished by the government.

(3) ‘ All charges for maintenance, salaries and expenses to be paid by the man- agemenL, out of the per capita grant.

(4) The management not in any event to charge children or their parents for being allowed to attend such institutions.

(5) ‘ The government to pay to the management an annual grant for each pupil up to the number authorized by the Indian Department, as I’epresented by the com- missioner, at the following rates : —

Qu’Appelle .$115 00 ! ' .

Regina . 120 00

Battleford 140 00

High River . 130 00

(6) ‘ For this consideration the management shall agree to conform to the rules of the Indian Department, as laid down from time to time, and to keep the schools at a certain standard of instruction, dietary and domestic comfort, and that the in- spectors and officers of the Indian Department may at any time inspect and report upon the institutions.

(7) ^Payment to be made only for children authorized by the commissioner to be admitted, and in accordance with the scale now governing payments to schools under the per capita system, which may be altered from time to time to suit circumstances,' and no children, white or Indian, are to be admitted save under authority of the com- missioner. *

(8) ^ The minister deems it desirable to put this system into operation after a reasonable time is given to the Church authorities, and he recommends that the first of July, 1898, be fixed as the date upon which the per capita allowances shall com- mence to be payable.

The committee submit the above for Your Excellency’s approval.’

In addition to the per capita grant, the following concessions have been made to schools established under the above order in council : —

1. That account books, stationery and an allowance for postage will be given those institutions.

2. That strict accounts of all expenditure incurred on behalf of each school, sup- ported by vouchers, will be required by the department to be kept in each institution, and at the expiration of each year, a revision of the rate of capitation may be made should it appear that such a step is considered necessary.

3. In the event of pupils over and above the number already authorized and estimated for on the capitation system, being admitted into a school, and for whom no provision has been made, beds for occupation by siich additional pupils are to be given by the department, if they cannot be made in the institution.

4. In the event of the erection of new buildings at the expense of the department becoming necessary, the cost of the heating apparatus to be included in such cost.

5. Agricultural and other implements, when considered by the department as being unfit for further use, may be disposed of by the officers of the institution in such manner as may be thought proper by them.

j 6. The department will agree to provide sufiicient grazing land for use of each |

\ institution.

Y. The department agrees to provide sufficient fencing material for the first iii- closure required, but the fences must be renewed at the expense of the institution. f.

8. Medical attendance as directed by the commissioner for the pupils of each |

institution will be provided and paid for by the department. f

9. An advance of a sum to be agreed upon will, until further advice, be made by the department to each institution at the commencement of each quarter, to admit of the current expenses of that quarter being defrayed.

Such then was the beginning of what may be called secondary school education amongst the Indians of the Northwest, and this, as will be noticed, was coincident with the construction of the Canadian Pacific railway, which was completed across the prairie and which event the commissioner states would facilitate the movement of pupils and supplies.

Table II. — Statement giving the Population, Indians of School Age, and Schools and

Attendance, within the different provincial areas of the Northwest in 1905-6.

MANITOBA.

Agency.

Treaty I —

Lower Lake Winnipeg Agency. .. Treaty II —

Lake Manitoba Agency

Treaty III —

Buffalo Bay Agency.

Treaty IV —

Bull Agency

Treaty V —

Lake Winnipegosis Agency

Sioux near Portage la Prairie ....

Report, 1905-6. Popula- tion.	Children from 6 to 15.	Industrial and Boarding Schools. .	Average Annual Attend- ance .	Year estab- lished.
		Brandon, (M.)	91	1895
	L	Elkhorn, (C. E.)	71	1888
	f	Cecilia Jeffrey, (P.)	31	1902
727	1641	Rat Portage, (R.C.)	28	1897
	1	Fort Alexander, (R. C.). . .	45
20	4	Norway House, (M.). . .	51	1890
	f	Portage la Prairie, (P. ) . . . .	23	1891
1,217	274-!	Sandy Bay, (R. C.)	35	1903
	1	Pine Creek, (R. C.)	66	1890
3,479	796	Birtle, (P.)	44	1888
121	17		—
			479
8,074	1,726

SASKATCHEWAN.

Treaty VI —			Industrial —
Pelly Agency	628	187		206	1884
White Bear Agency	189	36	Regina. (P.)	56	18''2
Crooked Lake Agency	534	109	Battleford, (C.E.)	71	1884
			Boarding —
Qu’Appelle Agency	860	140
Assiniboine Agency	313	26	Round Lake, (P.)	30	1887
Touchwood Hills Agency	520	85	Cowe.'^sis, (R. C.)	44	1898
Uuck Lake Agency	945	228	File Hills (P )	16	1889
Carlton Agency	1,608	413	Gordon’s, (C.E.)	24	1892
Battleford Agency	886	139	Muscowequan, (R. C. ). . .	31	1889
Onion Lake Agency	942	141	Thunder Child, (R. C.). .	20	1895
			Duck Lake, (R.C.)	100	1895
			Prince Albert. (C.E.).. .	48	1889
			Isle a la Crosse, (R. C.). .	28	1897
			Crowstand, (P. )	47	1889
				22	1903
	7,425	1,504
				7.35

Table II.- — Con. — Statement giving the Population, Indians of School Age, and Schools and Attendance, within the different provincial areas of the Northwest.

ALBERTA.

Treaty VI — Con.			Industrial —
Ermineskin’ss Agency	694	123	High River, (R. C.)	77	1885
Saddle Lake Agency	787	126	Calgary, (C. E.)	18	1896
Hobbema Agency	691	113	Red Deer, ( Al. '	83	1893
Treaty VII —			Boarding —
			Peigan, (C.E.)	26	1893
Blackfoot Agency	803	129	Sacred Heart, (R. C.). . .	28	1895
Sarcee Agency	203	29	St. Pauls, (C. E.)	36	1893
Stony Agency	660	156	Blood Reserve, (R. C. ).	38	1898
Peigan Agency	493	87	Sarcee, (C. E.)	15	1895
Blood Agency	1,181	236	Morley, (M.)	33	1887
		Blackfoot, (C. E.)	31	1884
			„ (R. C.)	30	1900
			Hobbema, (R. C. '	50	1895
			St. Albert, (R. C.)	64	1889
			Saddle Lake, (R.C. )...	34	1893
			Onion Lake, (C. E.). , . .	11	1891
			„ (R.C.)	33	1894
	5,512	999		612
Grand total	21,011	4,212

The total number in attendance at the industrial and boarding schools visited by me is thus seen to have been 1,826 in 1905-0; while the actual number of those present in all these in 1905-6 was 1,999. This with the total number, 694, registered at the 74 day schools in 1905-6, gives the total school attendance in schools of every class as 2,691.

Table III. — Statement showing Amount of School Grant and Number of Pupils in

attendance in 74 day schools in 1905-6.

	Approp. for Sal. or Annual Grant.	On Roll.	Attendance.
Manitoba	$ 13,430 00	1,071	476
Saskatchewan	5,760 00	323	138
Alberta	2,700 00	186	80
	21,890 00	1,580	694

While the legal school age for admission! is from 7 to 16 years, yet children are admitted at 6 years, and are regularly graduated from the industrial and boarding schools at 18 years, but the number of persons between the ages of 7 to 17 inclusive in an average population of 21,011 would be about 5,160, so that taking the average at- tendance in all schools as 2,691, this amounts to but 52jer cent of the Indian pupils of the ages between which ohildren actually attend school.

Reverting to the boarding and industrial school attendance, it is found that a re- markable change has taken place in the relative numbers, during the past six years.

Table IV. — Statement of Attendance at Industrial and Boarding Schools in 1900 and

in 1906.

Territory.	Industrial Schools .	Boarding' Schools.	Total School Attendance.
1000	1000	1900	1906	1900	1906
Manitoba . . N. VV. Territories	394 G24	195 498	153 993	420 1,319	547 1,617	615 1,817
1,01S	693 1,146	1,739	2,164	2,432

Thus while the total industrial and boarding school increase during the six years was 268, the decrease in the industrial schools was 325. Where the falling off has been is seen in the following figures : —

Table V. — Statement giving Attendance at the various Industrial Schools in 1900

and 1907, at time of visit.

Name of School.	1901	1907	Name of School.	1901	1907
Battleford ...	^ 99	59	Red Deer	59	57
Calsrarv	40	19		84	83
Elkhorn	63	90	Qu’Appelle	216	235
Regina	104	56 •“	plf- 'i-rt ....	95	closed.
Brandon	102	115 •nr*	Rupert’s Land	112
	408	339		566	375

THE CONDITION OF THE SCHOOLS ON INSPECTION.

According to instructions I visited the industrial and boarding schools of Manitoba and the Territories, during the months of March, April and May, inspecting 35 in all and omitting the Pine Creek and Sandy Bay boarding schools in Manitoba, and those of Nenora and Cecilia Jeffrey in Ontario, which could not be reached on account of freshets and ice. Neither were the schools at Fort Chipewyan and Wabiscow Lake visited. Summarized details with regard to the several schools will he found in tables VII. and VIII. of this report, and in yet more detail in the original notes herewith transmitted. As might be expected from the history of the schools, very great differ- ences exist, first in the age and character of the buildings, and secondly in the inter- nal school and dormitory space and in their sanitary and general equipment. But as regards the general efficiency and even the health of the children, it has been found that the extent of the buildings, and even the number of the staff, are by no means necessarily the measure of the success of any particular school either as regards the numbers in attendance, the health of the pupils or the discipline and effectiveness of the schools.

THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.

The industrial schools now in operation, the details of the inspection of which \ will be found in table VII., appended to this report, are eight in niunber, and, as has ■ been already pointed out, have been carried on, some of them since 1884 at the cost of ,■ the government, and with a large aggregate annual expenditure. The total amount

expended upon those in operation was $134,635.98 in 1905-6. The original idea seems to have been to have them fairly convenient to the railway, and yet at points about which there would be a group of reserves, and from which their pupils were to be drawn.

As has been already statistically pointed out, there has been a very notable si ailing f off in the number of pupils since 1901, and this tendency seems rather to increase than * diminish. The reasons seem chiefly to be: —

1. The distance of the schools from the reserves.

2. The ineffectiveness of the staff’ in several instances.

3. The lack in practical success of the pupils after graduation.

4. The dependence of the number of pupils upon the co-operation of the staff's of the boarding schools and upon the canvassing activity of the principilfcof the indus- trial schools.

5. The lack of interest of Indian agents in schools at great distances from their particular reserves.

6. The dislike of the parents to have their children so far from home.

7. The great increase and enlargement of the boarding schools on or near the reserves.

With, perhaps, the exception of that of Brandon school, every principal expressed the same opinion regarding the difficulty of obtaining and retaining pupils, and all seem to feel that the obligation, in practice if not in theory, which is placed upon them of gathering pupils is not only disagreeable, but is further one which takes them from their proper duties as administrators of the school. However much force there may be in this contention, t^ fact yet remains that it .is only in .four instances, those of ;Qu’Appelle, High Kiver, Bran'don and Hlkhorn, tliatthe schools as regards either numEers or efl'e^TOn^s can be saTS. to hav^TB'^WT^ir’^n^'^fftTE^ it is only in these that ' ejicieiW‘‘^f^9^*’in'ergn'fKf’pnhcTi)als^^^ood discipline are to be found. When so remarkable and successful a principal as Rev. Father Haessens, of High River, has to say that he finds it difficult to maintain the number of his pupils, although situated within the area whence he can draw from three of the largest reserves, the Blackfeet, Bloods and Peigans, on all of which there are Roman Catholic boarding schools, and when he says he is now convinced that his school in order to do the best for his pupils, • ought, contrary to his former view, to be situated on or adjoining some reserve, it I seems evident that with boarding schools increasing in numbers and in efficiency, the | successful continuation of the industrial schools under the present form must become | increasingly difficult and expensive. »

THE BOARDING SCHOOLS.

The origin and history of these schools, which have grown up as it were between the two original types of schools, the day and the industrial, is most interesting and instructive. The details of the inspection of these schools will be found in table VIII., { appended to this report. A reference to table I will show that in 1886 scarcely a single I boarding school existed and that to-day we find their number to be 38, with a total cost i to the department of $98,688, and the total pupils 1905-6, 1,739 as compared with (see tables III. and IV.) 694 in 74 day schools, and 693 in 8 industrial schools. It seems | evident, therefore, that there are in these boarding schools some strong essentially vital forces which have enabled them to force their way into their present dominant position. Summarized, these seem to be : —

1. Their location on, or in immediate proximity to, some Indian reserve.

2. That with a few exceptions they have attached to them considerable tracts of land, and are engaged in some instances even more successfully than the industrial schools in agricultural operations and practical outdoor work.

3. That their principals or some members of their establishment, being usually missionaries, are more or less constantly and closely in touch with the parents, whose

children are to keep up the supply of pupils, and who, if they be of the right spirit, are constantly cultivating an interest in and sympathy for the school amongst the members of the band, such as is impossible for the principals of industrial schools unassociated with the reserves and long distances from them.

4. The influence of a good master and spiritual adviser follows him, the pupil, to the reserve, where he is encouraged and directed in establishing himself in his future occupation on the reserve.

5. The usually smaller schools, less complex in their organization, possess more of the elements of the family life of a home, and necessarily the influence of the principal, matron and staff is greater in the degree that their personality enters into the life of the pupil.

THE HEALTH OF THE PEPILS OF THE IHDUSTKIAL AND BOAKDING

SCHOOLS.

When we know that it is only within the last ten years that what is known as the ‘ medical inspection of schools ’ has been undertaken in the largest urban populations of this continent, it might be said that it is not to be wondered at that in our Indian schools but little of thiai work could hitherto have been expected. Butj the/ circumstances in the two cases are quite different. In the public school everywhere the child returns to its parents at night and they are naturally chiefly responsible for its health. On the other hand; our industrial and boarding schools have been for the full term of residence in them the home of the child, and for his health the staff of the school is immediately responsible. Hot only so, tut this fact has been recognized by the government, which has for many years appointed and paid medical officers for supervising the health of the children. Nevertheless, it was natural, under what may be termed the accidental circumstances under which, especially the day and boarding schools were begun, and owing to the lack of any system under which they came under government inspection that those tteachers accustomed daily to mingling with the Indians in camp would not exercise any fine discrimination as to the degree of health of those admitted to school. When in addition, in almost every instance, it was found difficult to maintain the school attendance up to the number allowed upon which the per capita payment was made, it i§_not surprising that cases of scrofula and other forms of constitutional disease were admitted into the schools. Such cases, under the defective sanitary condition of many schools, especially in the matter of yentXlation, have beeir^^^ foci from which disease, especially tubercular, has spread, whether through direct infectionr Irdm person to person, or'“mdirectly through the infected dust of floors, school-rooms and'’'dorrni|^es?“~TE'ar7fEe3iciuai situation has not been fully realized, either Gy 'dhe staffs of the schools or by the rnedical officers except in a few instances , is shown by the reports received from month to rnonth and year to year Gy the*^e- partment. This fact was fully borne out by my own experience during the recent , inspection. Principals and teachers and even physicians were at times inclined to . question or minimize the dangers of infection from scrofulous or consumptive pupils and notmng less than peremptory instructions as to how; to deal with cases of disease f; existing in the ^chools will eliminate this ever-present danger of infection. i

One of my special instructions' was to obtain a statistical statement of the past | history and present condition of the health of the children who have been pupils at the different schools. A list of questions was, therefore, left with each principal, re- quiring that they be answered and sent directly to my address in Ottawa. It is to be regretted that more have not, up to date, been received, but the followiug table from fifteen schools supplies much valuable information and food for thought.

Table VI. — Statement giving the Physical Condition of Present

Boarding Schools.	When estab- lished.	Total Admissions.	Condition of Pupils now in Schools or Discharged.
Good.	Sick.	Dead.
Birtle	1888 1889 1889 1891 1892 1892 1893 1889 1898 1896 1895 1887 1894 1889 1905	187 31 Ex-pupils 151 82 119 57 61 129 71 56 124 254 124 64 30	42	6
Bile Hills
Emmanuel College (Prince Albert). . . Church of England ( Blood Reserve) . . ti II (Peigan Reserve) . II II (Sarcee) Onion Lake (Church of England) . . . Blackfoot II II .... Blood (Roman Catholic) Peigan h m Ermine Skin n n St. Albert Orphanage n n Onion Lake n n Muscowequan n n Keeseekoose . . h n	71 54	iy^,. 41 at scHooir 22 unknown. 7	1 5 unknown
22	^2_	10 died within few weeks of leaving.
54	18	11 — -


208 49-40	46 20-16	10-80

Allowing for the defective way in which the returns have been made, some re- turning the present condition of all pupils in school and of all discharged as far as ascertained, while others have returned only the status of ex-pupils, it appears that of 1,537 pupils returned from 15 schools which have been in operation on an average of forTfleen years, 7,per cent are~sT^ or in poor health and 24 per cent are reported | dead. But a close analysis of some of the returns reveals l^n intimate relationship between the health of the pupils while in the school and that of their early death sub-\ sequent to discharge. Thus, of a total of ^ discharged from the File Hills school, ^

0 died at the school, of others there is no record of condition on discharge, but all are reported to bedead, 7 others died from within a few months to three years after dls^ar^ and 9 are reported as in good health, 7 being farmers or their wives at the File Hills Colony, 1 a student, and 1 at Cote’s reserve. It is most interesting to note that but 7 have been discharged during the past 5 years and that of these 5 are File Hills Colony farmers, and 2 are dead. In every instance where the cause^f the deaths was known, it is given as consumption or tuFerculosis.^ have referred in de- tail to this school because*' of the definiteness statement made, giving an accurate picture of a school probably no worse than many others, and within the last 5 years, under its present management, notably better than many others. Changes in the principal and staff of a school and lack of interest in discharged pupils make many school records defective, and nothing less than a carefully carried out correspondence could give us absolute data regarding all the discharged pupils of the schools. It suffices I for us to know, however, that of a total of ^ pupils reported upon near^^ W per

cent are dead, of one school wiffTan absolii^y accurate statement, 69 peF'cent of ex- pupils are dead, and* that every wher^thq^ almost mv^aSl^cause of ^ de&th given is luberculosisV Wherever an answer is given to the question, ^Condition of child on enTf^*'it is either not answered or given as ‘good’; so that we have during a fifteen year period of school history, a study full of information from the medical standpoint.,

A reference to the details contained in tables VII- and. VHI- showSthat with but two or three exceptions no serious attempt at the ventilation of dormitories or school-rooms has Mtherto been niade; that the air-space of both is, in the absence .of regular and sufiicient ventilation, extremely inadeciuate ; that for at least 7 months in the long i winter of the west, double sashes are on the windows in order to save fuel and main- I tain warmth and that for some 10 continuous hours children are confined in dormi- ' tories, the air of which, if pure to start with, has within 15 minutes become polluted, j so as to be capable of detection by ordinary chemical tests. It is apparent that general ‘

and Discharged Pupils of Indian Industrial and Boarding Schools.

Present Condition of all Pupils.	Present Condition of Ex-Pupils.
Good.	Sick.	Dead.	Good.	Sick.	Dead.
Number of		Number of		N umber of		Number of		Number of		Number of
pupils.	p.c.	pupils.	p.c.	pupils.	p.c.	pupils.	p.c.	pupils.	p.c.	pupils.	p.c.
112	60	58	9	57	30
						9	29	1	3	21	69
99	65	20	15	32	20
48	58	8	9	26	30
• 32	16	7	5	48	30	Unknown, 22	19
32	56	5	8	20	35
52	85	2	3	7	511
70	54	8	7	51	40
54	76	2	2	14	20	1 unknown.
36	62	4	7	16	30
72	57	28	20	14	11	7 unknown.
195	76	18	7	38	15	8 unknown.
84	07	11	9	25	20
39	00	7	10	10	18			j....
25	83	4	3	4	13			I ...

ill health from the continued inspiration of an air of increasing foulness is inevitable ; but when sometimes consumptive pupils and, very frequently, others with discharging scrofulous glands, are present to add an infective quality to the atmosphere, we, have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be. On the other hand, there were two or three instances where the knowledge that fresh air or oxygen is life has been positively realized, and where fresh air is allowed to so pour into the dormi- tories that the air breathed is that of the outer atmosphere. One princixjal in an other- wise indifierent old school building said : ‘ The medical officer has not been here for eighteen months, for no one has been sick, for when the wind is in the east we open the west windows and when in the west we open the east and leave them open all night.’ But, however far one particularly clear-headed man may push this modern gospel of fresh air, it is apparent that it is everywhere th,g^ old-fashioned buildings, their very varied and imperfect methods of heating and an almost complete lack of a knowledge of the meaning of ventilation and of methods for accomplishing it in the different schools, that are responsible for this most serious condition which has been demonstrated and which demands an immediate remedy.

'~"’~What 'further' was very noticeable was tlS’ffilmost' complete absence of any drill or manual exercises amongst the boys or calisthenics or breathing exercises amongst the girls. One would suppose that in boarding schools the need for such exercises would be looked upon as an elementary necessity; but it was found that it was only in some isolated cases that it hadTe^r'been heard of or put into practice. And yet the disciplinary value of such exercises, apart wholly from their health value, is so obvious that one was not surprised at the remark of that remarkable woman the' Mother Superior of the St. Albert Orphanage, who said that the musical tam- bourine drill (which I had the pleasure of witnessing) was the first means she had discovered of making the Indian- children stand erect and raise their eyes. Perhaps however, remembering the very varied types of teachers, the difficulty often experi- enced in obtaining permanent ones of high quality, and the sources from which they are drawn, it may be expecting too much to suppose that so elementary a necessity of school hygiene as physical exercises should have been a regular part of the course in these schools.

Ottawa, June 19, 1907.

PETEE H. BRYCE,

Chief Medical Officer.

TABLE Vll.-REPORT ON THE INDUSTRIAL INDIAN SCHOOLS

—	Brandon.	Elkhorn Industrial, Church of England.	Qu’Appelle Industrial, Roman Catholic.	Regina Industrial School.
Material in build-	Brick and frame	Brick	Brick	Brick
ing.
Heating	Furnace	Hot water boilers and	Steam	Furnaces
	some stoves.
W ater	Wells and windmills.	Well and gasoline pumping engine, 1\| h.p.	Lake Qu’Appelle and well.	Wells unsatisfactory. No soft water.

Sewerage	Outdoor earth closets	Outdoor earth closets	Water closets in-	Baths and sinks drain
Ventilation	Smead Dowd system on bluff.	Most windows vented in central shaft in part.	doors, separate tank. V ery inadequate small vents in large dormitories.	to cesspool. No in- door closets, out- side box closets. No special attempt at ventilation.
Location	Overlooking Assini- boine at Brandon.	Near Elkhorn town. .	Beautiful location in	Fine site near creek.
	Qu’Appelle valley.
Land	320 acres	380 acres	5 acres in valley, \| section on bluff.	920 acres two miles
	from Regina.
Onlti vfl.tion	a.orps	75 fl.pTPS in n.Hditiion	.^50 n.prp.s?	131
		to grounds.
Products	See annual report. Wheat, barley, oats, &c.	1,200 bush, wheat, 640 oats, 300 barley, 350 potatoes, and vegetables.	130 wheat, 125 oats.	2,300 oats, 80 barley, 1,500 wheat, 300 potatoes.
	barley, potatoes.
Grant				Wholly by govern- ment.

Fire-escapes. . .	Pipe with hose	McRobie’s, 2babcocks hose to all floors.	McRobie, extra es- capes to verandahs.	McRobie fire extin- guishers.
Established ....	1887	1888	1884	1891
F ounder A noommoHa.tJon. .	By government. Staff (8). 25	Bygovernment. Staff (10). d’otal salary, S5,818. 100	By government. Staff ■(16). 230	Government. .Staff(8) 100
A t.t.pndaTiOP .	98	97	235	56
School population. . Age of pupils ... . N umber entered, 1906-7.	Nof, on ...	Not, on rpsprvp	Near reserve . . ...	Not on reserve
4 to 18 4	12 to 18	7 to 18	10-18
	4

Discharged, 1906-7. No. tuberculized . . .	3 to leave for colony. 2 tubercular phth- i.sis. 2 with glands, 2 with eye trouble.	7 discharged, none on account of sickness.		5
15 sick with scrofula and 1 consumptive.	4 scrofula

T)pa.t,hSj 190fi-7.	IVonp	One (1)		One(1)

OFTVt/^WrXOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.

Battleford

Industrial, Church of England.

Fr.anie

Furnace and stoves . . . . Wells pumped to tank.

Outdoor privy vaults . .

Windows and openings in attic. Not good.

‘ Beautiful ’ on bluff over Battle river.

640 acres

About 100

60 Acres, 6 acres of gar- den and potatoes.

High River Industrial.

Brick ven. (girls), frame (boys).

Furnace and stoves .

Well engine pumps to tanks .

Baths and basins indoors, w. c. in dormitories, outdoor earth closets.

Windows, 2 stoppers in chim neys closed very inadequate.

In beautiful valley of High River,

100 acres mostly in valley and balance of 1,550 is bluffs.

13S acres .

14 acres wheat, 1,000 tons hay, 20 acres turnips, 60 acres of oats, 34 acres bar- ley and large garden.

Calgary Industrial School.

Stone, not in good condi tion, floors mostly good.

2 Pease combined hot air and water. Had to close up rooms. (Cold). Well (good).

W.C. sewer to river, pro- tected against reflex in high water.

No special means but win- dows. Air space ade- quate for number pre- sent.

4 miles from Calgary in valley of Bow river.

275 acres

About ^ cultivated. No school this year, all boyi working.

See annual report

Red Deer Industrial School, Methodist.

Stone and brick well con- structed.

Smead Dowd in parts and stoves. H. P. pump from wells to tank water to basins in kit- chen.

Outdoor dry earth closets.

•Smead Dowd in partial operation in many rooms very defective.

Beautiful location on banks of Red Deer.

640 acres for hay, plus 500 acres.

325 acres.

2,000 wheat, 2,000 oats, 1, 000 barley, 1, 500 pota- toes, 25 flax.

Tank fire hose, broad gallery. Good.

Tanks, pipes and hose, bab- cock extinguisher.

Standpipe and hose from tank, also fire extin- guishers.

1884

Government. Staff (9). 80

1884, 1890 (boys)

Government. Staff (10).

125.

1896

By government. Staff (6).

40 allowed, 45 in June, 1898.

59.

45 (boys), 38 (girls) .

19 boys .

Not on reserve 15 miles from nearest.

6-18

Not on reserve. Difficult to get. Pupils rather decreas- ing in number.

14-19

Not on reserve, nearest 13 miles.

None, except stairs and windows to balcony.

1893.

By government (cost $60,- 000). Staff (7).

80.

78, July, 1906.

Not near any reserve.

13-18

Number grown up and left last year.

None noticed, 10 with impetiyo contagiosa.

Three (3)

7 discharged

7 girls, 4 boys

No deaths in last two years. .

None. Reduced from 27 to 16.

11, 1 ran away, 1 stole horses.

Two (2), (1 one sent to Morley Sanatorium).

One died (1) ,

Four with scrofulous glands (4).

Six died (6).

REPORT ON THE INDIAN SCHOOLS OP MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

TABLE VIII.-STATEMENT SHOWING SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS ON INSPECTION OP 25 BOARDING SCHOOLS

Blackfoot. (Crowfcwt) R.C. Bdg. Sci)I

Peigan (Sacred Heart) R.C. Bdg. Schl.

Hobbema

(Brmineskiii}

R.C.

St Albert Bdg. Schl. and Or- phanage.

Onion Lake, (St. Barnabas) C. E. Schl.

Onion Lake, (Sacred Heart) R. C. Schl.

Th underchild, (P^nw^^^IL

Emmanuel Col. (Prince Albert) C. E. SchL

Muscowequan (Touchwood) R. C. SchL

Crooked Lake (Coweaseas) R. C. Schl.

Keeaekoosc (St. Phillipe) R. C. Schl.

Crowatand (Prea.) Bdg. Scl.

Portage la Prairie (Prea.) Bdg. Scl.

Frame addn. 1900 ; very much out of repair tioora old. Old framt building.

loga

and lugs. Stone logs.

Frame.

Frame

and

Ifigs.

Frame.

Frame

Water by pipe to kit- chen from wind- mill; this out of oixler.

1 u'ell ; not used ; has caved in ; water brought 1 mile from

W. C. indoors, drain to ravine. Also outdoor W.C. Baths.

Buckets to earn away slops, outdoor earth closets.

■vy

(Quality of Ventilation.

Good driv gravel.

I well in Out<loor privies. I Outside privies.

Outdoor priv Outdoor privies.

Stoves.

3 furnaces.

Stoves.

Furnace.

Stoves.

of any atternjit tojentifate.

On Sarcee res.erve ii a valley of Elbow.

In valley of Bow

Only windows ; no attempt atlln valley of Belly adequate ventilation. I river oppo-'‘

- ■■ Blood reserve.

Windows and vents into attic either end. Attic windows open ; good attempt.

No attempt at ventilation. CroivdecT dormitories.

Well. Engin tanks ; h o t a n d cold water.

3 wells, 1 with broken windmill ; not very satisfactory supply.

Well in bakery ; good supply.

Outdoor privies.

Outtloor privie.H. Outdoor privies. Outdoor privies.

Wells.

j ; by win to tank.

Wells and gius engine.

Wells ; also river. Wells; insufficient. Wells and windmill. Wells; inadequate.

Wells.

Spring, piped to Scl. But is on other pre- mises; looking ior a supply.

Outdoor privies closets.

Girls’ closets off dormitories but outside. Out- door privies for

Outdoor privies.

Outdoor closets. Outdoor privies. Outdoor privies. Outdoor privies.

Outdoor closets.

Indoor closets, sewer and septic tank ; dry earth closets, outdoors.

dormitories.

. by (

No adequate ventilation

Windows only ; girls’ school- ■m crowded; boys’ good.

Windows ; some openings into attic, closed.

Only windows • no attemut at venciration.^

Windows ; no special means.

Rooms crowded ;. air re- heated by furnaces. Poor.

Only windows ; a good.

Windo>y§ and attic openings ‘>''•^‘2 attempt at ventilation

Windows only ; but left opeiTsysteniatically,

Windows only.

Windows and vents shafts from moat rooms ; fair.

0 speciaj v

jiartially Buc’cesafutT

Beautifulsiteonbank of Sturgeon river near village of St, ■ Albert.

Fine location, nea agency on reserve

Fine location, r agency on resei

On 1 section odioin- ing reserve.

At suburb of town.

On Ch. land adjoi ing reserve.

In valley of Qu’Appelle.

10 aerf

On brow of hill over- looking Assiuiboine river. On farm ad- joining reserve.

On File Hills’ re- serve.

On suburbs of town.

100 fod

Only the garden.

lopes 100 acre fodder.

3 have ; green

25.ac,i 2,500 trees ' planted ; groundi graded.

Onl^ 2 tm.J^ardenl

Fire Protection

1S84 old bldg.; 1894 boys' bldg. clo.sed in 1901

No fire-CHM . cept inside

Garden products No fire-escape®

tinguishcni. None except ir side stairs.

Garden produce. Garden products 10 ac. potat

icres ; as garden, iio gj^^en

100 acres. Govt, land ; i sec. of Ch. land nearby, sec. o\vned ly scl. lying 1^ miles dis-

21 sec.

300 acres. About 10 leased. Breaking 10

110 acres.

100 acres.

100 acre.s.

30 acres.

Bushels : — 1,250 barley; 4,520 oats; 1,000 wheat ; 2,035

potatoes. (4 men work here)

Garden stuff.

Good crops.

When begun.

Outside vprar dab -for es capes ; good.

Outer stairway to lobby.

No fire-escapes are fire-exling- uishers.

Wheat, oats and ■egetables.

300 bush, wheat, barley and oats.

Oats ; potatoes and vegetables. Bushels. Wheat, 1,6P0. Oats 1,200. Barley 250. Hay 250 tons, potatoes aud vegetables. Bushels. Wheat 2,000. Oats 800. Potatoes 400.

2 exting. inside aaira, we

No speokl

Onlyinsidestivi;

Only stairs.

Tank in artic with liose ; no Bjrecial pro- tection.

Tank in attic with hose ; no outside escapes.

All in farm crops.	No spec escapes	d
Wlieat, oats, barley and potatoes.	No special vision.	iro-
Bushels. Wheat 725^ Oats 2,200.	No special vision.	,ro.
Wheat, 300.	No special	iro-

In 1885 a mission Present school, 1895.

1898; previously a mission and day school.

1897 ; previously a niissiun and day school.

In 18S1 was a mii sion ; since 1895 'boarding .school.

A mission until 1891,

In 1891 a day school lidg. schl. since 1896.

1901, a btlg. school I originally started I

By R.C.; govt, gave S2,500.

By R.C. Ch.

By the Ch. of England,

By R.C. Ch.

By R.C. Cl).

By R.C. Ch.

crowded with 16.

25 allowed.

3C allowed.

80 pupils. 42 pupils. 30 pupils.

30 pupils.

50 pui)ils.

230 in all.

1895, a day school.

1898.

1884.

Only garden plot. Fodder, corn, oats

IN MANITOBA. Vegetables.

Outside esoijies Dxtinguisiiers

Was a mission first, then by Govt.

girls. •' —

33 pupils.

42 pupils.

31 pupils.

34 pupils.

64 pupils.

68 pujiils.

(Indians ed- ucated in p.art witli whites.)

16 : also 37 whites and half-breeds.

Present School Popu- lation 01 Reserve.

1G2 pupils.

162 pupils.

6 to 16 years.

6 to 17 years.

5 to -16 years.

6 to 16 years,

to 18 years.

Not very far from res., 2 or 3 whiles.

ByCh. By Ch. By Ch. By Ch.

By Ch. By Ch.

Ifumber

ni‘redl906

1907.

.^pupils.

Number dis- charged 1906-1907.

by exam. Lafferty reports 20 per cent.

Only 3 pupils not under care of physician. Most are tuberculiz^. So many were sick at Hospital that the classes wereinterrupted.

Health fair ; gen- eral health in- different.

, iNo sickness this j year says D Edwards.

. Health good, i cording to 1 Edwards.

How many Died 1906- 1907.

6 to 16.

6 to 18.

6 to 16.

Ctol7.

4 to 18

6 to 17.

.1 ...

5 to leave this year.

1 witliT.B.; 2with scrofulous glands

I boy unth scroful- as glands.

Iwith consumption "rwtth 'sc.'grds: r (both boys.)

2 sent to Qu’Appelle foroperati’n.

3 ; leave for colony.

3 with serf., 2 ; tre.ated in ToucH- wood Tent Hospital.

2 Tub.

2 serf, glands. 2 eye trouble.

3 ivith serf, glands.

None.

1“

pupils.

pupil-

3 pupil- p&“r

None.

Lafferty reports 20 per cent.

ll died after beingl ,

sent home. diedinl905-6

of T.B.

Only 3 pupils not vinder care ot physician. Most) are tubercuhze .

So many sick at hospital that the classes

, were interrupted.

Health fair ; gen- eral health in- different.

lo sickness ^hisl None.

year says Edwards.

Dr.

. Health good, ac- cording to Ur. Edwards.

Is with scrofulousj glands.

None.

I2 with scrofulousj glands. I

ll with T.B. ; 2 with scrofulous glands

A number.

6 with scrofuloi^..| glands.

U boy with scroful- ous glands.

N/'

oNlq

-oa<3

-oadh

•Q68T

•0681

1 with consumption!

•Q68X

Isaiu^l

•[ooipos Aup u ‘0681 ^l"l •6181 ,

•ps 'Spa (•saJj) oil-tia

•ps '^pa

(•saan) ai-it«a

•ps '^pa

•sard;) SIIIH

•ps ‘^pa

pU’B^SAlOJQ

•nus '0 ‘H (odiniHa 'is) asooiiasaaH

•ps ‘so-ia

‘aiiua punoH

•pcs '0

(ssassaMOQ) aipBH pailooJO

•mos ’0

irBnbQM oosn j\[

•inog -.apH •a ‘0 spopioo

(•iqos ’O "a)

951'ea ^tonti

•pios -a -o (!>aaqiv 90Ui.id) •PO puuuuiuia;

a'ps :o —