S3

^ y* i _j3Ij -j3 |Jj

(2004/ft/1941)

415

. /xi ffo :JjjJ “.i^yU tijj-i j#— /gtitAj

.2008

■^( )

♦(2004/8/1941) i +] .j

r

,4^1 Jii 4-^ldJlj LjiLjLy 4t*jfejH A+J&J& ijjj OjcJ *

jJL\ uUV) jp! \%y*S\ V

Copyright ©

All rights reserved

iL

u«lU1 ¥ ls&U Ijl^

078JS£64W3V4^

S-ii*U. ,£111

- WWJ1 £jli . Jhu!
07e/5Ze43fia^jL«.00M9-E7^72Z72:
00062-27200009^^

(21110) (OWJ^ifeUi-

fllmnlktobdyohoo.oom flfcii 50 * 1 J ^*+ n
aJmaJktobdhoitrrmJl.com

iULVat

* —**Wr £+—Jlj J—IbJI J-S jM j*JL-i

til-- ^\Sj\ A_JS ^L-*P

tiL-y I

Y.. A

ujSII |JU

(jjjVl - Jjj!

y^UJl ijljLS.

*+

“jjLox

<U» 14 uJ|

"■.4—Jjiadl CJL. Jil ..JJ1 JJt

.<jj»iiJl Ci^yi :jjl\

^.jluM >Lui [t]

Y' .Jkill J/; [r]

yy** —...*.... ■"■jj[ r]

*•.UkUl [i]

... *»*b ClUys [o]

0i .-ISjaJI [ 1 ]

.ilj— Vl J«ill

.[\]

^ .“l>*Vl [Y]

'v.[r]

^ .t$>i.i -Ailji [i]

'•y.jjJi :iiiai j-^ri

M .[']

wy.... . v^ ii j_.ij-.il .-. iji.,1 1 [t]

UA.o<>U ^kjji [r]

'ov._Ul jlkiVl i jaJt ipljll ill

.hi

WY .....3JL.j-i.l1l [T]

'a^ ...;.yjl^t ^jju [r]

tO. [t]

t^o__ _ _ _* * * .. „..^LalSjli

T\^ „„...... M

Vto . ...iyajjl Ci^pajll [T]

Va*.L^iUl J-iJl

..WaJHV* [\]

Yi>...(pj-^.-ill) [Y]

t"lA...^Lai. [r]

TAY .A*,*, Wall [i]

TAA.J,1j3Hj M

x\ a . 3 : = :: ^h ^lv.luu :^ui\

. . .. 3Liiia^il litainll I

YA . Jbja2l\j J^JI [Yl

Y f ^, .... - - * Jlu l ■ l [Y]

. .>.jU [p]

rt^.vsAP^ t*l

YYY .:. M

rt^ .^JUU^nJ\ oLuL^i

^ I U - 11 jdtoM J fl^rt a, [\]

Y'oi. ^UmJI *W jjia [V]

Y'lY....jlWJI ji* M

. .o# W

rvv..,.--j^yi^ 04 J l°]

. .:iinn j-Jii

ri. "/..W

..... „.*** [Y^

£\Y ...[Y']

£tr.jjVi iidJi iijV j^iii

tU.-tj^l |*i^ yi VWl CiLL»jJI [\]

tY*.JL>1]1 iljl^Jl .ifeyj [T]

tvr.j*tss [r]

m .j*ui m

ii< .....,, njItlU jjjjs [o]

it* .S—jitflt Udlt v l*jS1 lui

t£T.SulSll iilll v LjSI [>]

tot.iuUii liiii pjjij ^Lus [r]

t 1 £.iulitl <iill pLj ■-.>!<A. [r]

.CAJUUI ly.jLJt Jiiaill

t^t .<j>*ll 6i# [']

«V.Ojitfll yi tfjilll yiU [t]

0 Y. .y^lill [r]

oTY .SujOaJI •~ J “ 1 -- 11 1 :£LJl J—ill

or a.[']

orr.. [t]

o£v.-usib yjaJt [r]

OOi .. ^ilil ^Lull [£j

«nr. W-JIj [«]

fllo ... , . .. ■■ ^ ^j'1 ^[n]

»V\.uL^UI *_lull MdttJt oUl

M 41* •■ V

0 V 0 .ijjliJI Jja-yllH dLiL-UI :Ji,Vl J—ill

ovn.WI s*>J> -w M

oin. <jLu 1 - [r]

n .0 .JL^iUI M

V

l\e.Ul>J1 iLiUUt

1\A. CiUU yi1ji=Jl pjjSJI h]

1iT.ijjjSjJt,? us* >jLa^Ul ['f]

loo. i^ol] ijijjti!! Lil>LJl [r]

11£.^iUI [£]

iYr.u-i^i iiiLjLaiJi rituit ill

1Y1.... . *-'■-* »Hj 4jLa(^j] 1 Cjlj'll mill [l]

1 \T .J-IjSlb yitJl M

v«.£ii3>t [r]

Y*^.(jo^ull [l]

YU...Jdjlsll [®1

vn.

vn . :Vji

vri.

4

A

: [^Lt CiSjLj ,tJU3 Ji <i]\ ^4

.. ijlijij ^J*JI *J

J! y* y“f <LfjUJl jj ^Imj 10* j[

Ail .^uiii ■ ^jlill L^Ll JL jj ^1 <*1U* ^1,| J

<ijlx <JlL ^ ^L-Jll t jL*l\ Jl 5^^ ^ ^LiSJI |j^J cJj

^^1 X* • cU- jL^l ^ *±i jitj J u*J J±i ^*1 ^1*

J* -^jJi tfjliU LLuu i% 4H uJlf lMI 10* OjS^

,\-^5llij jujSSj dUb

*> y“ J» j iajl ^ 1-^ ^

U^J (lujitlj *^jrl nr* Yl^ j4aaIaJ 1 SLaJl

^L«tjjJ iCiLuL^Ul iAjAi £jji li*3 ( JJjJ 5ajjj ^. :; UU

uui (jt tjiii .ftO* sLpji s^u^yi ^uin ^ i^uji

41111 ^ ^L^YI

r 1 ^ ^ £ji>h bi* Aij ^j(>n ^ dio ^

»l jnjluJj tZliilll

^1 J^VI >4 |W-iil 4j T> LJI ,i4 |>*d A^ljJl £jj]| J-a^j
tj-* Vi#i « ,jJ] i!ll>ysVl J*lt ju£j) Jlid

'y**—yaVi [i Irj 1 ^ a kill p I ^ I y t

—tuiilj i^LL-iStyj ifj-A^laJl^ ■ j=^ j- - "H j

u-" ^LuLmOJI yjj J

Jjljj t/ lt -' j-Ji l eU-Llj .Lfi£ k-lfj J*tj Kw 0^ 0 ^*""

<1. Jjil oUl <v l^i BUS ^ '•** M3

Jjit J*aill :^» J*«i Bui ^ JJl I.U -V^ 1 iULJl

■JL-.II , 1-Ar i ■■-..j 1 -Uij .Bjilll ‘LuiIjaI (Uj

IjU-Ofl _iU=jts .Cy>a2l(j .Jtull *La*i ClISjaj 'iS^ 1

»CiL5i>=hj

4jUusj^ -r^^* pj***

JjoaH 11* Sj£i ji>£jj lUmt

o- s# i**i jj ■Sf-U .Jj^' ^J-^' O* *j' ^

iSj .ut^lL B <LL» <0 Ajij Jaii </jL** O' Oj-^ji

Ctljjij £>.laj yl Bij~=" CiLWIVj <f>Ax>*" (“>» L “ ‘ iJ,to ‘

^jill V' -Al l jUiiifl yi J=OU t»"J^ y'j 1 ' >b

.ykiit jajltj .i-Jljillj .Bi ^ > -»'"

jtj ."yLilSi)l jaJt" L. y.jJjj o-^laJI Jaail' Uj

^ ,0 ^jjJI LiiLJJI jltiVl J -iUj ijaA!' ^ r j*L.
oA O' **>U -**3^' ViS'jd' ^b-> yi *>

jail) Bljt «*Jj OdJ^ 3 y* r+“' •“ C^ 1

.iLjilll HVjJI ila.ljjl y->Lui)1 L *U

p;-j-H ^Aj ,($>->)' JLiW-J' S - ia J S ' r34»* - L i AaJ ‘- A **

i ^L-ljJl yi i^alj Vj bJA^ jit sillj Li y' (Sememe

CuS L* CiLjJtiJL JuaiM Li** ^Si

.^i 4i*4yj ^jll (JLlJ!

iji ^*UImAJ! aiIia jl&i ^lill ljUII L|j

-KJ^J ^ijj^ Jjifl J^aiJI dj^ai

l«u Jm ui ^ ^5J1 u^Vl aj£j^ ,L«juJ|

fr

« ^lh i nn1 1 wLjL-J Jtm JjLCkill jj

ojjj CiLiJI Oh ^ l h , r.n Hj ,cLu

-JlUb pW'

f^Cu^jll "LjJaj <Lu»jltl (j#jj iiii AUDI J^aAJI L*U

£>^1 ait 1*1^* frjufc viiiJ JuU! O-^ls <L*3}ISA«j

t3>^l 6-4 s * ^Jl |*i*J Ci^I£A< Jj-Siill
^iixJI ^ jU . i Jl Jj <j. jrt,^, a ^JkUI tj\ JLt J*ail1 li4 , I^JjuJ

^ ^ ^ L*~LuJ 3LL*u j*i jjj <S da»*fl

Lijrfj LjUN JLlIl |Jjj ilOHia

*^Laj^ fcjji fflulaJl jLli-i ji |jl*J J-uaijl ujjj «J

.LililL *ilJ! (Uij ^LliS Ji jSjj

O* ^AS ALuL-W

^ ^U*J <—*jjjJ| |JUJI Ojjj (O^^Ls

-OOiUJI y-ilkiJl jwaj L*S

^idj^ .5 -ijj^I^JI JjLuLhiUI j-1*. jIa £jL*JI L*ij

^lai^ ^^3 La^ fL-ij<wlnJ\ \iJj lZiLlLH

CjLaiSJl ^ ljv V~> Hj 1 iJ '‘hll iJ-ilc.

*fll ■ r 4 a1I1 ^LuUjII^

Jua^ dy.l ...\\\ 4lujl 4 m ? i rt^ i JUU lilHAJt ^

,aijia*n s^uii ^>> <*<* ^ ub-^ Ji

uLjLJJl

J£ JSL~a j5Si yoj* yi ^Julisll jfcill •=“£ JJj .li»

K l. a 31 1_- J'. l .-l l bJdt ia&w yi Jjl->~H .bLLiiJ J-o

ijli yll J-.V SJja.>i U jSSi jjM *^jS .jy-Vl U- ^
U.J JLjaJI Aij .<JL-Ul fJ l*ll yi *IajA» ^ 05^ o' fXP'

*. I -1 > l Q pj LfjUtl ■ » >J < - 6 jj^* JjLta** y*

. ,1.11 ^ yjLJI 5 jL. 4*J»' .yiL-lll y 4 J* 5 *>

tiycj Xs , i-ilJl li* Jlj l*i iiL3—HI -yAj -y^'

wjjS '■ (jl

yLblSJI jajll :y*j :J»Vl n*!' 6* o-4=Jl SjL " ' AUS J

JUtVl yi »LLiS ,> jJS 1 »-h k 1 ! <il ' o' tf-U'

in c,us ,> jis j*»ai yi «iL^i u, .jus <jjW <i«jisii

•6a «**'•*■»* u

Vj .SjJS y^i jl*3=J Js- .iflS y3ll ■tjijaJl Jil—Jl u

^uji o- jJii j«.i -5S Aij .j^ai ^jiai Jijji 6* -yia v--'

.SAjAa. uUlkai J ^b ijlu SjjA=» y* yj)l

pl.1 l jjj <lJ| ‘bAAj Alii 0** '~'. l i n ' U! y“' IJ 4 6i»S o“'j
j=.ji sdJJ J. yib .y*-ii ^ o-o -o'!**' 6b

yi <iLl yA yfl ji '<iH Oip-Vl „ijf yi-IJ»e If' 4*

.jAi 111 ^

dJjj clAul AJ[j Ll*j

3—jjloull uL_uUU|

iyiUl :jjVl

result

i>iM ;£lliit

jUiiil ^ ^ii\ :^1J|

4 , ;l ...H i
¥¥

^ajJ| I^UJI J.^JI I
Vwiil <UVjJI !jiijL..II Jjailj

JjVlbMi

ijjiill ulj^l

[wVl t>» jjjS hJijJ ^uJu.

► ++

uL* ^ ji Itkj oi L^^dJ -jlaitU ij* J-Jti

Vj Lf* ^llL* JjljLijj Jj ji *ii j

■ I Vflj-h ^ji *jVl Ctljluyi til* iSji lAii *>»

JJj Jl tfji <_£JJ1 iiiJl ^ [tJ-^JI

<lii tiilj u^j ■fVfii-I *b-i ^ L >1**J ul 1 T ^

* +

11 JL^Ij Ijjd Jiu UjftJ I ^iidl jji . 5j'lt. ■■ -, yi ■ '*' 1 k 1U ^ljl4

^ us iiiil j\ .uuuj^i j> us usii cj& oi jjl,

.^jLSVlj

UljJ! yi l>iiai Ul^wj EjUaII yi <UkjjiH |uVl "' ~ Q■

™ p ■ ™

*n^ tP i liJJ Lkuij i^JliJ I-Tl l j Lrt l p A I f JUU t ‘Lu^ioJ I

(jj Alj JJ^l JJ_J »JaIjJ! iltjinll U'n nil i^lLu^ib

ojUI Odl>^ p ^ " I * u* Panint yjajb -j^LuJt J** 0 ,j£ll

■ I^jI 'j tj l iljjljjluauJI 4iiJ| Ci|^di

^ ^ Jx. Jj^ln~ifl 1 ( <Jl£j jjl kiLJj *i fl.kfltl uL£j

t-i^Li t-ll^St j4j) j( Vl_|j Jl) ^<Ua!I ii£ iLjl^idVk

jj i>0 jjj^Jl <L*s tlul^ '3 ^j.i 31I 3j~jj^k JL ;. v j\j

jj 3-i-LIt ■JJj ^jU£!Jl j^Ltuli 0 t o-» ^^ixj

<1m=- Jj-*^-j js a-*ul pJ u^ ■j jtkii r > rt i m

3jdU'.U i^LL^i [Jyd * I Liuaj <jJ=JL)

w

Jii Ji oSj (Jj

La J* ♦ «_i^Jl Jte J HjjiJVj

Ji JJij .(JbJl C»lil (oJa*J ^UaiJl jj Jl) U*

iujj^Ul h\j& Sjii ijj±ijjji\ iil ^ J! ^

t J l 1 *t wilj^LdV ^HuJl Uijj&llj

r J-^ .aH Alial 44jjL * t y* Cy* o4^1 *4^* J

J CiilSj 3^k-^il tj jflUtj Ijjl5 ijjj gl jtvO l Jjt .r» l^ C±i\£

u! Jj jSj L fJ t>

|Jju jilSj ^|J 4^«Lj 5 jj£j ill 1 >dVl pJjj (jJ “4

j«iU j ^U" juil ^4 ^U I n lii fl f^tiuiiill

4 l^\ Cil^l *-1jJ J ^ ^

ijj^i *ii u/ll ul jJ 1 <J) J*^d |*^ \J^

V Uj ^ uUjl gr>=4 >*i ^

.jtLd JJj <j X* ( **Uj <ii ^ jfc$3j

J* *Sfi^' ^WjiH o-

JU-.II Jjlii* \jiiijL 5 ^jlkJL b->^ ^J* 1 '

.EjUjj .KaAj -<3Ak? -J4Mj ‘O^AJ *-&? «>

'^ 4 ^, i^\jj b 1 *^ ii* i> j .k^j

Ej^JI **131 J* J^V? (^ J!

ciijkjii jj ji !S 4 *^ &\&***ft <—b j
^ ^b^V\ i-ijj ^ W>> cA^ * -Aj—m J o?i

^ij^Jl ^icj jPhonology (i-klJI |%it- >i£^ C ^ 1 Jj^

d^a« V ^ JU j ^ frjti l*- »Morphophonemics

Ci\AC J V) ( Jlj.iiuu! ^ tfjsy Vj .0**kJ1 J

*> fjSU L*i 4-^

. J-bll VJ ^iill 4j 6 j—

J! (j jljn tt xh (jjj^aJl JJLi J-jii y^W CiJdal

$1a JU lTaitil ^Llu |%4 \ (>( *4*1)1 pl& ^LaJl jjjiu

‘i^eJU 4 a^j U j<LjJuJ1 4-c^jAj kDl [nit ^jl

wIjmhoVI ^jJLj al4 >n] Cil^didVl j^JjL* ? Vj»t <LiJ

jJl^waJl 77 Lli} 4£jjiad . l}luu *iiJ ^JLc jat

* *■

l^l - - * bjLltlj 4iJj jlikJJ i4-LS Hj t.'UJ<£ji j a~, ,j ij

- 41 S ^UUI -uk

4 i 4 j 3 yjJl 4 -k^jkjJl ^ jjjS jAJ iZll^aVl (flic Ja^i IJkj

114 jjij »4dk <uL<uj[ S^j^Lti kj^Liltlj <<L_jj_Ut ^Ij^aVl

^ blA Sjj£ O* p*jH Jl F"^

ujjdVi pic \1a

IjJ kjhldj bj4UaJl ^iLuJi Cj\ j^Vl pic JLj

*jki)l <1 jJus ^Ld^lj <^Ljj[ uLe. jjLiajj i Li^-kLo LjjjJl!

i jL uj f*5kuJl 4 Ajj_L £j bl4 Ji!^ (jjja jl

jvjiJJ .Sjiull (Lutjjjlllj 4 _llLiJJ 1 <LalLa^J -"'j.^ll ^Ld! JJ

u^J J}£uJl *LAc| pl*Il il4

(jUl ilil^usVl |fl_Lt ^4 ijii £_>i tUj ^Luljj Jjij j)

3j.Ct*>K^j* <jjikj J ^1 f- kllj^aVl pic jSjj

^3 *^0*111 CiJJaJI glttj 4^uL»uVl 4jjVl U*r4^klcLj * t jLj

1 g 4*1 jLLal yj CfjdiAil bj^uJl 4dLJl w Afl.mi l Jj+* frj-4 tjio

Ujj kZiJwiU bjjA^Jl 4*dLaJl wjL&wkJl riUlS 4jjV) frl4

,j\ jjjJI <-laju jjj aJ 4idV^Ji ^ i-L.ll ‘lAkiljjj .

^LwAL pjjlj lift yJai .i_]^i£bJl i_iLudj |blt ^Jd!

■ JLi!jjl jaaIU 3jj^io 1I ^ yLt ij^o^u (jjJdl ^Uliil

■ l j 1 -^ 1 ' ^it jijiii ijjiiii ^jj^iaii ^lb^ljl ^uyi

(U ^ bit, glUi Cy> J^S J-3U .yiJaill ^1$-*^ |Ji >

tji}\ tjibUI Cil^aV^ pit £J^ ^

JJj &J iiiUl fcJUl .IjjsJUmj

u^ii ji *U*l ^ Ji± UlS U| tliillj (W»bn

frj_4 *IijI JUBJ *JjVI >tjll UiaJi ijlii

,JLUI jjiS *ilbu ji iyla

U* ^ ^L^Vl |Ot ^ ^ ^ >

J-lii ^ <i- ju V tjSW ^Lm^\ pl*l\ <iV

bJ4^ Ci^eM pit CiYlij lL°

'V*

*JfiUlj OttJfLj -utifcii' : i3^ *'

j-.^ ij 1 5 > iiaJ1j .EL#1 Uj <6^ jLaJlj **-iL-=Ji

.iLiAl -<“Wl

.jWl ‘ T

j aUl ti l t^kcVl

_.*\ j.^H <\aj\Z iliVirf* *i

.£j&j=J\ .*

*1 ft 11 gOli 3 ■■ - ,"'l Uj&

pit ^ (^kil! jiLiAti) ^ 11 "-* - M II 4 jUii ^.1

lZll-uJ jtLacXl *44 J *<ILjlL^I ^jLs. j l t Ul l

tj hi i f .ili ,-u^Liii ^j y.a A k-ilUi^ ^UAaVi bJU C>* j-^t: JiLi ^U;|i t
r likll .^1 0 - ,3141. J ,> ^IjlLJI

CjLm11\j .^jj]| J M i lH j jiLtkJl ^lil 4 sJjjjl J J..^

Cm. U*i JiVl ,J±U 1 J] ^UU! J*ju

Jl 411./' :JL5 jj Sapir jJLu* iiUj Jj jLll Cm» JjU

LLii *[ ^ U U 1 H J J*» ^ J JjM U^U j 44 y .^JUI ^Luul

\ \r i i-^j Vl luj ijla- L JS Jt .{JjiAj

fLifil ^Loc|) i^jlx ^lk> Cit * L* V *5.II

Jw* ifrJLa^j J ^aJLAliMLd Ij'Xlj *i« J^tulj ^

/ ^ JIU'. J

^M-mJ l^f Lol^ Ljj>t ^ W*f.i * 1*111 J L*i

^J uujbt 4 ajm V <ji uij .dOJl£ Rj&idl iiij jLJl j-i 3 J >.4T.. Ytf

^J rt *“* H &*L* uM C ^ .4* Xj £*p—* jjij tj^ tLacl 1 jA^~t

J*- tfl 1^1 ^ lj-Jj * jtLcitVl bij 3-iiAapJl i_fljLiajJL Ijljjit

* ™

LaLu 1 jJj j\ Jjj La Lgoi Xp > b 44

li^LLJL L* *ui (j-jJ jLfaJl Jj Cl L*£

Edward Sapir, Language, N Y,, A Harvest Boot, 1949. p, 8-9 : Jeu\ (\)

^ Ig jU La W-jJi t>l& JkiH dij J-M *^aJqJ)

^ a.s.u 3 —~ dJi£ S l .i -Jff—

" ' '

Wjjjll f l.Ar Vl J^iij (V^ii bAA

ij >111 ‘ft jr ■ -^1 >1 VaJlj «(j h ii »H j -{j*J

SAiU-JI *L«Vi (*-4j -u^l? <£>^1? * £l #Wj

"At-Ar Jla /\ S*^ y** LT^

, L^lkjjij Lp±^»*ji j Lgj^Luj »j^iaJi i-aj^Lii-j ■& trt jLmAJ!

.Sj^LtJl £j\^J)t\ ^ *LAcVl frii JLii^J ^J 3
jLw tjj .b^ushJLj ^jjIqmiH <jj *1 >i3jI ijiltiil (jJJ

jkjL i^li IJufc (j-ii (-aWo^Ij) juail ijj

-Qjti.Mt £>^ U j£>L ^ 5LiS]' yA ^l^Vl

. .<~y. ^a ^lj U^j -*>U JAaJI ^ jL-

^j jiij .CiUljiHj

tjt O.UJ31I ^ 4jUjJaii fti* Jlii lj! J) 6^ ^ jiL-UJl

<Llj U V *UjI Lfclifi (jjL-

»

i - ^Ly I ^ ^Lkxi fleshy folds jLLuuJ JLIuj U4

bj» <5iiAlt ^-4J ylib Lj^i ‘0^ Wi* S ^'-» J*

, _>iVtj .endolibinl bitb u*“d >> “i 5 !

, eM) |.bi*l U-jU bjiui ^V>~' 0* -^i U> J*^

jfcil ji T -l'j ^pll i> ^-■■■ ' !' *-b ul J! J 1 ^ ‘ Ti4J ^

. ^\vr . jjbJt jb : Sj*ii!l - fbli ^

TT

:^a Jjli <±jji u^iLltl (ji (j^jSu IA^jj

<iill jjiUij U^£JL cMtj -LIjJI

^ itj LfJ=»L Lbdl *i£Jl jjiUi Li]

U^di ifcj oSlj .^LuLdVl kZiUlli Cil^d] Cj>u 3 J ^jLkJ ^d^B
yA5 (jJ-t Ll 4^) <jii*Jtj LLJl OjjLIII ^*LU jLW J* jl-m

bJyA nj pfl"**jj ibilabialg -Vl

k-tej jWb ‘[p] tUJj «[b] Sj^full fulfil <li]|

,[oJ>*] j [iJjJ Ji# ^ t^l\ 4&>aJ1

ij-LjJ O j* ' ^* jh ijUjuuMd ^L|^Lkjt (j1ii*Ji ^JmJI jaLLi <j] j±L

J>i * LjjALt ljjLyu>] L|jlb oj&i fiiiljdVl tjaju

■M *UJ(j i[f] tUf( jlu 11 a -LiLL

j\ Of^jridll 6 j1* (3^j -Wj JiUl Jl jjlii.il! liiill Jlij| Jlai

liil (jLi l> I f J - LjjjHa LjAu l^AjuUll iJ^IuaJI 1

u^jdll yj^J .j j l fli ni l IaIJI ^LIj Lilli jjl * ■ La4^Lu i^ * *j jji4

4 t1i^ft1 l kiillUl ^ ^ iL til 1 . LaIUL I jjj .t

*J*4H I^La Jj

:oL-U1 ,y

jjj <1)LJJ1 4^k4i jlfjtLu .jiiill (ji J*

>4 .iiiii jjU (ouui) uis £j^ fwl ciiiLi Aii c ^kJi ill**

3^jUJb JLJI

I'jA ^<a JjiL'.ll jl/>cLi (jLfeuill (vuili

5JL4 J^IaJ J ^ .Kla ! jLuU( J

(tip Of 3pCK ^jl ■-■111 ti11 " 'J .d i^.i 51 ^loJil yjj ^aLlaJI

rr

jau ff 0'| "» . hH ^41 *> ^

■ *■ p

T Lamina ^L**lh 3 Lm/L kHuaII *Jui ■■■'ij <1^1*1*

CiLtfljjJl i> j±& u jfihiJ ! 6d 3 '-* ol £*$

^ OJ* ^ "tHA* j! ' Ltu W* u\* * 5j ^b

£* (ji*±j lH^ -CiljjoVl jflU

^4 JjjJaJu ^j]| *Ljll ' al^T iloijkJj fjllwiVl (j^Ljl ^jb J l 1 1

,4iUl ^>Ua] ^jLutiil -‘U-mJ

(j-u ^at-iirtll tjAs ■ blade ^LuJJl 4iiW (lj)

^L'. t ic JL^JI ^4 bail iJyuVl L_uLaJl J n i~ i n i u l>i Jl

ji

w

^jOii ^1 2 su.^U IJ _AJ : tongue—mid jUJJt ia-<j Qr)

J-dall

£iill J—il <ikiJl :the back —i-ill ( J )

.<Li

, r jjdJl £1>1 JAUL *3aJ» j>&j -the root jJl* (-*)

:oii—Vi -r

*iill jH^t 42U« illuj CuWAj oLuj^i

jkj yi ^3ti ♦jii-Jl ^1 ^ Wj

Ji Jjjujj jL-Jlj 0*^J> 0*“^ cl^Laj

.^jLu L|l£ cHiL^^iVi

j^aVl ^ o*rt M.a jkJ Uj-=>jj jU-nVl f .kVw j

jj iinterdentals (o^L-VI oi? I") UiliuiLjIt ijl^aVl
jtiJlfl 6* OLJII Jj 3— Uoi. t-i*i JtuS u^ll

. t lklb Jlillj t UII J> JLJI j4 US ^li-Jlj LWI

jJaiS yjJI yjj -dentals ^j-nYl

Jl jJVj *bll ^ L*£ .LUJt a^Vl CMi ^ C>U*AJ! j vs....

<J* Ujjlji 4±jaall *L*It ^jJJJi

velum &U1 .1

tSJ-JJI j-*0 W J -Unj j iJiUuVl jjLij (JJ Jjaj ^JJl jjaJi Jjft

^ ffl ^^J! *\+ZL y-^Tnj .alveolar ridge
.pnealveoli m\ iLuYji J! ^ UlaiJI fc JLi

jjSI J*ki <liJ! .postalveoli «Iiil '^ j “iiI*^j

.ijjVl Cilj-aVl t^ki y*J cAilH yj Cj|^* oYI

i^Ej^aljbdl 3 *V U ^ yi l u ft hV i U£) JIjJIj *1311

oUHj ^bUj

hard palate uLalj dUaJI .0

j* L jii jjyj ,jUU dJJi ..jj

*•** ^ Ojj *1*1*11 dill 3iU«j *.

post d-i^Jl >v>« Lfl^jjlj^ jprcpalale < il.all dCaJJ ^jIa L^ljj . 4aU'.„ l |
t[A\j juaJl ^kl ^ju ^iLall JjaJl 3iki* .palate

uA ^3)1 ^l>-Vl •[»>*■*•] J [4J yi y3ltS -i«i

•palatals ijjli jl *j£ja. blj^t:g Jti , .t_I I ..It'l l

soft palate |)JJi tiiiail .1

> CS^Hj .yrjlil( dill Chi iirflll UkLJI ,jjjl _r~-^
uain diJl uAi ol^Vlj .dill dlj i.1^ ^ jUll 5 jL^
.vilSJI -,y^3 i velars UJJI ^Ij-Vl 4 ] jk; (jfJJl)

Ji* ^ J&\ UiUl O^b *^b (Vi^b

.English j [oil*]

ti^j jki £“»>* ii*lll >!liaJI UJ^ J| ^"“^4

JJjj . e UiHj .LUtj jluillj jL^llS ,>iJ (*e^j £““** ajSe

( _^_4j .(jt^lJI yi J*X iU»b '(3JJ' bL “4 u 1 -* 11 ' ^ £W

•ij j .1- -. VI ^ I jj —. | » +u a»jy .vdariied ^S j^» 1+iLi l-ia ^3ll

^ uvula &J1 ttlk V 4iV /L*U jJ JjVl . uvulmzed

,w\j-=Vt »JL4 |» J-vi 3

uvula 51^111 .V

.JjaSli akli li r ^3 -^3J^ ur*J

0* 1 1 1 - i ~ i -a-kVl SjajJl tjUu flill ait Wit l^iilka i>J

aaj«»iii juns 0 ^ c'-il u 1 * sl 4 11 '

tjjallj slail^ tijM l il V»"

pharynx JbJI -A

<1^L jlxy ,5^viv.llj jt—U' (jjii— OS ja. ykAt J*

liwi aA, piJI J-a ^iUi ^jLit <*>«,*> -r-"f

. LlLjJI l^ll {j-4 1 “t * nJijjiVl yJ

L, uij -*LaJ^ JjaJl tl** Jaii ub*^ CA^ ^

jiL-i <uit t {r \^\AnA} (jiWo^j) x**i Oj JaUJ^

, i.Ull .u*>U ^ : ^ < r )

, £rr/t. «vr

*0^4 ilwi i j\aA\ ujS J-d a^UIji SLaJl

■ 3^ J Jd** <0^4

larynx Sja.W.11 A

[*al £}*J (phonsition Cu^kdjll ^ <.uL*yVl jL^aJl u& $^aAll

1 «■ « M

CllA ^4 .l^hjjAL >it Ja\ ^e. Sj ^w \ \ (_£>Lijj ijkiJl

^JJI ^Zuj rtill l JJLlJt L&4 vocal cords oLu^aJl

SjaaaJlj pLi jj AAJ tfiJl jaJil\ ^c. jfaJl J-*Ai

* ^LUl SjhwI jLd £id£A

bronchi I^Lul^l LdiUI A*

<jl1jjiAL diliiij -4> u>* ^>ul yA5

(ji (If^a <J>ta jijj ,5ji JLL*VI <LLl£ jjx

CllfjjJ JjJj ^ j5jj (j-aLc.^11 ,JjjjJl iliLi.jJ

lungs <jLujJl

. jL^jil juiutl ^ia£ Ll^jIj Lidj]

u^» jjd iaLL«J\ iji£ 4-ij^j £>L

jLy *4^ Ojj ^Jjli

*1 m il l 1 1 i r Ul t|*t®** jau Lrtji l Jtxjll JUc ^jjll Jjj ii^Id

jaj (jjjM 1JU *>t < j'itili

ijiiil ^ilSfl *U

,^>Vl C*Ul>Jl jiL-j jAl ^LfcVl £>mJ1
OJj * i^i

4*^

TV

blA ■ Jjb^

bA^ frJgA ^jajj £jm» Jjj pJ LijlJ Jiil ijU ,4£j£dJlj
££iaJl^ Ul>illj !4 j*. ££*a]|^ (V^aII 1 1

jip j djis <jiii l*j4 ^ <±*LA\

,\^iLj Aic JajU JuVl jd flj^ll

L*iU

~>y ^ oii nasalized ^^aJI ul^idVl L-0 Ijj

£>ajJl 1 > £>4 <i- >^Vi 6 ^ ob ^ C&j **-II I>

j^jj (_jjui j^Vi Hjjjj <uijVi SjuJi sjj^j

jLu£ |jj o£lj UJ £jill \ i nrtt l 4iiJl

Lat tijiUJ! _ rt Ia ^^ic. Jj>j jJJj *t}J tiiVl t>* £

.(<_ai=Jl) j (l^sJ!) <At ijAJaj LlLu

L i't Vl JjJaLi yJaiJ iijJJl n\ \ SjLaJI tjt C^ 6

" 41 i .

l«n bJui t>4 J*J-i iJaLauI yi* (IjlilVJ ijft ”* Ij

^ 16>8 J-» frjLJl frli 6l j\jJ**W <>J

^ JjL^I ^ jiii *>i-i J! ^U3-

^ 3j~^.^l 1I <*^J| tjjii jjJl J*»lj*Jl O'*-** l>“ >*J ^b-^VI LjJil

tJ >n

dit *iSJ=^S ^ tylil* ^4 J! >1*

^ ttjiJl hL^JI ^ ^U ^t\ 4+jA* ^\ji\

\ i*- -nAt L*J Jil -njViuiiJlji M i l l

TA

Lfjiili AUsJ Lfc ^| ^ ^| VLu\^

f W' ijLiLi±J1 l> i yVl tAA J t Tmj 4nU^ j

lA4 .‘liiaLiJ! *L>4±Vl <JjiaJ 3ji±jJ^j jPhtmatioJi ^u^aldl 4_i^../>

■yjlj L" yj <-4**^ >^1 i^-Cr Cll^JidVl ^ajjj O^rJ t>“L*tVl

jLu jLod-i .1

LjlaLLnJt yi iajLaJl jLu jJj-i

*WI jLu Jja frWui*j y?iJ\ fUJ! yilijjiU ujM\ >» Ua .5jjUj*JI

(_j*iaj yd iaXdJ[ tJu4 tlidLu^ -(jhjil ^LaXr l j > 1. i,-E.y ^J^JJI

SlIa^ JS ji jLjj <ijj L-Jj -(Ullj 'iJUSjJI ^

*> jl J) JA.UJ1 t>- ul U! ^1 JkLUl bli ,>

Lji*J i<jjj-Lil *>a gljgi 4Xui *j^d iJjUjJI

cgressive pulmonics i^.jLiJl ^L$jjJI lLI(?)

IjLjiWi yjll JLjiJW jiSi £Uu> ^1 (jL-iVl

Cgfessivt ul^i^Vl !j*^u£dj CjUlLII

-W *(j-i ^jU ^ l+ii ^1 ilii^olj T pressure sounds

.4U£ ,JU!

ingress! ve pulmonics <1^1x11 JLjjjII i^*\>uo5fl (l_i)
Sf^ 1 lj* ‘0*3^ J[ JiljJI *1^JI £4 tJJaJJ Cil^^l

fjLuij I*£d <*5j • '* Ljljj-aj j- I)—*; .(Jj^iiil

«■

iDamin 3jn L*j| (jUdiJlj *%£a_uj£ ^VLqjLUuI yd Lj| ^a\

f .i^tJ l yi Luj^iJlS ijVj jMi* jA*j yi >"^

^iVUiLM,i -U^t yij yi £* 3*=“ ^

^ jki yi oUj J^. luli j^ii— *J

^ Jj! yij> UJJ ^^OiJ o*±

jj .AnKt I 1 jJ **■>-* Cf>?^ ^ , - ! - 1 ^ Lf^ *£j*»*Jl

J4*$\ JJ (J&u l-iiljJI ft*U Jlfl yi

egressive glottaltes iijliJI (j-)

Ji* £tiiX . Xj *1 *W* * a^Vl 6* £j£\ li*

^\ * J~ — N AiJkL* M A ^iJl=*-jj iLaUS >}i^^ '-">4 ^Vj" 3 ^ 6 *^*
jK tJJj [j1 - lilfi L?^i3 ynfl^ n

dj^W AJjJ tfoJI M^yJl |3J=uJ V±J*- 'ij^l fUiytl

ijji ^ki uj 5 ^ *6*-J' J 1 J J •ijnsto* Wh“

^ ^jLsJt ItjjiiaJl £*\yjx\ Ujij ^ wlj—Vl

S^flVl ^UUI ydju (> Vl 604 JLjG*J {jAu

.j*aJi j^ll CiU]j (^jjUajill wiLiJJI *> JA£J

glottalic ingressivts iiilAll «L> j->Vkt l (o)

(jjJi EjaasJi Ljit Jaw gif (Jilj-aVl pIa «Ai*

J| <> »W1 jtj3 ^jl» <j1 4ifi |i^i ^ “J***^ 1 J! ^

6^4 jkl Jtii UatjaX* IcIm^I *jUJ1 Ukl* .JiloJl

^ iUJ ^ju yi ^ ^ JdAi

V \i4 ^Ij^i jSS^J C»UU1

r.

oral egressives (^)

\ J (juju ^i] ojj LZii^j^yt «jbi (jJu

1*14 |3^ {till Jilj JjajjJl J nl">i'J Jj ftl^il

djaJl <jgj ^jjJl <lklj| Ju. £0^11 JairiAll J'ij'jj iiZiI^iaVI
^£*i)1 3lhlnll ||AA

J) (>, J

oral ingressives iLktJih Aj^oaII (j)

jJuA* oJi £lil_pll jljjJ kll|^dV\ *jJ ^Jjll LlL 4 ^j-k'i AJX.

4<lluiJl ALj ^jic. £d\ji\ Ui^Atl .^LuJl *VhJI

iiytJt gsa y3ll ,> -JiUl J| (TjUJl Cm *w

.iIi1j|jj^]| jAij j&jt j^Lil ^oii jji j - ♦**■■■“ ^j)l

CiVLiJtXwii yi Lu^fi C^dJI 1 Jut ^jAL wl -MW <jl jjA

,1^j tjjikl'ill

jjuj ^^jJl L*1 a Jkj lIIc ^Luijyi <IJLu ^JJl ij\£ L+Jj

, Jk^l <> ^uL^Xi c.UiJl ^ii>

ijla t>* c»\jpu»i

ijjli^jJl j±L yfl Cy* £,>iH lAft ^).L"h"w| Lpl

Hill yj J^dVi fj| t^ijjlU^ K>J|S~» \\ £• V Jjl <JJjj f<£iJ

^jJui L*j] IJLt fji iJJj , t^J>» u'

filj^ \ 1 ^JaJj Yj> .iill ^jiijijaJl r Uuli

.UU „*«!» r Uiill

ij^hB tj ■*■"!>" ^jlS luj ^v* ji4 Oj Ad

^ J! L IA 4 JLi ClLilt\ L )Ol1 yi yyU^dll ^UuJl

yi <J-tLj^ feJLa Ciaaj L* IjAac, C^lj

.bjJjrfU

r\

phonation 0 jpa 2 M[r]

i_ajLtijjil Jji -iU^AK |>i4 ^ I'^'imij

JLi ‘Ul.LsJb £m 3>^JI ul* t ‘ > l ’ »j l ij^KJ^ Ud J Ai

jljjjJl jl*j« JLsw ^ j" t> u-iijli

■ 0) Jikill ^ >4 Lk&EjiiS O* Li4^=wi

0) jiAii

£-=>J L> 0^*3*^ 01P3 11

jjtj ^ -i- * ^ “ fjjjjjii u^aiii wjIj ui

fLijVl

voicing j|aJI ;Vjl

^ ( >Vl > UaoJ OLhWI ul*jH £-^11 ^ ^

j4 Ui iii'iLLj 3*>skj oj^*

, l - jw. ^ill UuJj ...A\ (Jjlu U^lcj ,{T)

:U* £ ^lj jUsAI ^ ‘uWjSM ub« (*

:3LuV1 i jm-hj kiiUli^ i-i^Lii.1 £* y*iH jj^hj ."^jJjj 11

<r)

-(Jyi ^ J*n1 l <jl5li IaAjj^j <jl5 1 J-fll <Uj£ Cu£ LbJ£

♦ Ui^ Oj^Jl o^i *Jil U*jjj3 ulS ^ W=t£ CJlS L*lSj

Odp^ Jj^ 1

•Wit m>*JI ulli jiSl UijjjI JlS ^a3| jl_pj!) ^\S l*IS

■l»AA. <iS SLdlijj Ij jlSi ,jil Uajjjj ois JjU US UiSj

ojj4^Ji Sju± *f

C?>MaJl o^i ijlSi Lk4^jjj ijlS fjSSi olAJI L*A£

AhAi Jil L^jjj 3 jt£ Jit oilS LJSj JjU

Cjj^o %Jj jHbwtj |jt ^jUt-.-l Jntl^yJl *Jl* - *;■ -■

Cfias Mjd iJa^H ^>-3 Ji a-U3]^

U+-\Y* C& £jl_Pe ^ 1 * •*** Jljjjli o£H>-=^ Oa_rJ\ ut

rr

-Vt * -jjj wjljL iUc Oi 4, ill 4

jl ii/jW 4* Jjjj Vi ^

Sfjl <^UC J* J-Sy di A»«^> J\

4 4 i au*=j £uij 1JI jSVl li* jjMli of oVj> - J«aJl jSl u» 4 J

.tjJU) jl 04**. d* ‘-M tV* li| Ji ‘^ 4 *

41S .IllSjiJt Sji-luJt JjjjJI y» S JkH^' ^

..LfcJl .jLaII -(^IjJt **ljll iJUH ‘J'jJ'«*M' <*k»Kj Sjs***

4a Ji, 4 ) Jl Li-i jyi t^ 1

.( jJj :J1. yi) ^jsj' •“*“ »y'j ■(4 **j

. &—ij*-B ^41 6ii>ilHa ilfl 4 l- 0 * <*»«“>^»J

:liii SjjSUI cAjJili 4 *f ‘’-^'J

Ijili til.*) .Uj «4 Jjill 1 Jh* y* 2^' *>* u '

,4j . Ij^i .V 4 li *S>a. 4 ydl J-jH s j* A UJ- 1 ^

£j^* ,jj ■ --‘‘ tjilS |»4if (jLc jtli JJj UaLjJ x> ‘j* d*
r< t—J L.tj .KjjfU vij - tiS* - *3*4!! fAf *J- 4 '

r <-H 41 0 i>->l* 4 l * 14*11 o±*t v*j •»** ‘JMf

ilfusai^t jaL V* d*

.J^ *LUI ol Ijiti Ji-ii 3 l' d ^ J- 3 ** - 1

1 lU 4 \ J_ks Oil U* *UJI f» 4 ii 4 -i- •*

.s^naUtH L j i fli ll

* tft/l (0

. ^t-vr ^>-Vi - r uti fcui fir JUS (0

rt

iglottaluation *Lk]l \>jlS pjUJ .r

-t^jLiiljj^Ji <lJ ^ -ukj ^jji ^j|

1o4 yL^Jl Uj

. 0 ) <ii\ *u u! «jt£ii

iLkJt Ci^LO JtljiHj SUillj -LjjJL^, J J| I»i4 ^ (jflJui

Ijil5 fjill J yi JLt Vj ^ <? - <jL

.JJa 5

^dJi£ ^s“ ^Li iU 4 iif kitill uij

( 4 * ^a^aill ^Jjjill yi <J Liikj jLuAj V ,-d p^iki jhltli

J^-° J? ^ 6 ^yi 5 _i-=^! 0& L *5 - 3^1511 (*jsJLS <0 pjfVit (jSj
*£“*' ^U*U 1 ^ Ijlil 4 J jL^i LUj Li JkS fij^UJl ^Jl

ioJjVI ji yi 1*5 J^IJI o* JJ-t (jJ

it _A3j ^Lii) J la £j l > 4^* kjUJl u>1Ujj

iU(j

JL» 0*- Lb^J jLu^JI jLxlu j^jJI LU yi

L^aljjul ujj «-U!iU^ jj>*J 3 jM 5 L 44 IU XjLuuJI C±*&

j\£* OJ~V J&i\) e_l.lj J-jj V hJJAjiJI*

Ur>^ c^jl\ oLjij iLa) J! tfjjj Sjj^bj Lu^

‘(^Uli £laj) S jm ii H L *1 . MJ^.

*W' jLj oAj Ik 1 pt 11 t p*]:Ji* ,*\>a <Sioj uj5j ^l

J5*J ^LaiijJl j*L t^Li Ale, . UitA

^1 !*■ iIm vUI ^ Jj^ J-ih ^1 *iijW ^jir : jL jl O)

To

JjUs V jl ^ <-^

Qyai i^^lt 3^ii]i u^Jl jL: ^ t)j ^

.UlijSj ^

(r) Jiai

^ U*J ^Ijiil yi ji yi u'^5 1 '

V*

,*U1I *^=UJt ^j.ni" ^ lu,^+-ll L»l

„lillj .*UJtj ,jl—lb -Oa^'j -Oi**Jl> 1<UJl J ,,U1 ' J

US jlllb *UJl ji U*—J "J -‘Wl'j

d;j„...j JilaJt a-j ui-U^ '(W->^' tf*

:tSMJ

Jjaj J-- Lu .tfilt oliSj— 11 ulA*!' tf* 5 ** £““■>*' 114 **

-^-** iJJi. <J -w V .W* -WI

liijj .jiVl 6t Oij^ 1 ■**' jU3 i^ ■ E ->J-«‘ J ' l>

, 1 ^ ^jH lli .ftill S>* Jti ii«. 'i* jW 1

Cxtiaj 1 .jtklJl Lgj jJUu iJ j\\ ASjjJaJ) ^4 frjji .(j*^Jl) S ^.. ~f|

SjA^Jl ilull jo^j^aJI » Jjut Jj£j

jjjVi* {U^j OjIj LjJ <£3*4!! ^Jki jj LI CefLi iAJj ^ji

JJJ tfl (jlw -iit 61 k*N *jj4*

J^B iiAtj J J-it 4 dljLaJu ^ jjli-ejj

/ ^j\y^ JLulj jvjA* (j£jpiolx*Jl Ci|jddVh *L*_Lc 1 jAj_j <_j 4j

wl^W>Yl ^Lbit ^>4 tJjiji y 4 a^ljU£ J.^fcjJlj) f(jkUjjAI (Jj-O

jcVjji jtSi »4 * c^d ^Jaill bj^A oi JJ

V 1 ft jt j LS Ulw <L^iJu tiiG jjjj ^d£ ■ -j—j ttdJjij

l^id jii (Jjjj mAjj ^lii^dV! ^iu jlIc. jljLijj

, ~ i t * , j *3*4^ ijl ^J! ^ Jk*S ^

6.i ->~ij jLUcL <AJ jj j -'j * j * Xj T

<jlJl*JJ1 ^IaajI <jX ^IjJtjl jLj&L X *Lfilu JAe LjLp^uaJl

tlLi Yj jAc. ^jLjJ^qJl 6 JA 44 i£jJl jLdjJl IJL^I <a*il 2

■<3 j ij h-idJLkii iJi 4 (ji

Daniel Jones, An Outiine of English Phonetics. p. 150 l jLl\ {V)

: jM (A)

R. Heffner. Genera] Phonetics . The University of Wisconson Press, 1952 , p. \25 .

\ 5 *\A 4 EjaLKJI i o t UDl .ujjI jjc ( 1 )

«Y J* Li

« hjai MYo j SjjtLtTl i 0 L u(jdVl .giull (\.>

4 wvr , ^>*ji jU * ^ - r bJi feui ^ jus (u)

■ "1°^

rv

whisper :UjI;

J^l\ ^ iji*

,*1^ 4*>- J J\ ^ tfJJd J • 4* 1> uba%j ^

^jljZl j . >Vl U^ i J& *4^ </“

. dJ J t«- V* C* U.*A>-J\ dlj-Al ^ *3*>-

^u Cm» ^jVl *iaJ\ J| tJjil ibjjSll *^5 bl$J
^ijj! oIjjjj L*l^f ■ liisw js\ Cij*al\ *A>A9

. ^ Jjil lZjJ^aII .Lfc^LO yJ-C^1

6* LoAJaI jL*jjIj Cm* Ce*3>^ 0d>*^ (J J4*

Ua J^S - <W ^ Cm* b-* 5 ■*“* ^ <>

LxSj-* £4 j bolt .L^ujj ^j J Cm

»Cj1j3j)L Xj -E^i=Ji *A*AjN y*s

Cj^kjII *U Cm» ±>\Z+*\ <j* ^P ^

J\ Ju+i k£*^p\ ui UJ^ ^ Jji* >-Vl iC****^

*Ejj^> *H kjlj^oVl Ci* iaUL^J

J! ‘l»f“ i/* cis

Ljjj L|^*ij .WLu. u^i l trJ**» Ah** 'jJ^h*

1-^i j]Vtj jV»11 o\* (o-l^ <t>“>“) ^ -uihh** 1 6iA>ll

J.ja.j 1-fci Oihh* 1 ' (jihJ 1 ' *4*iJ ->J*i * Ah- (3**^ <jl 0*"
lilS tfill U^U. ^ uUh**' o'-M J*“ ot ^ j {-«

•Jllj Jaoj 411 (Jkill U^jki .UfUu 'ij-ifjJ' jtii* OJJ

tjjll ^AjAh-ll Ah*« c 11 ^ ^ Oi^' tlU u -^

^jJl ^jl^yJI filSH ^lkiBV

L-tl _ ,ija.lj ii*4 LJ Oil U|* .L. .jai-U At^ >- L*- 1 ^

\±* J Al f^A>A>+-N liyajc, j]j ■ jLM 04 1j

.jij^ ^J*aj Jjku o>^ ui Aj-^l

^vi ^u ^jji r ysii j*

o*h>^ji u±M*n j-*j ,<is f ^sji ^ jj tf jj^

0^ LiSj '0*H»U ****J AiLImiJj ij^aJt ^ Ia^qjj
<15 A »Jj J ) *LH“N ^ jfaJI HU j^UlU Jli . ^ fcj Ci^ual\

ul £jLa* jjjSjJI <jj) ^4j u ji dlj di IjJi ,^ji

J-xyl ■^'

*“-b* J! u*>h* -wm-j r 5iat

Ci^aVl ^ic ^ .fljsJ*. ijV 4U.JJ rfill ut&l ^ <ALl£i ; jJiil (IT)

. YYY-Yrv, , HVV : (>iUll, ^jLjjli

22 faU)Ui£fi*1ul£y'[t]

*1;;— JUJI SjuJl J1 J-aj lj[ JZ*- O*

i\>y.. JLaJL jj^s Sj^JL >4 ul^y^ OiHjll 6^ b^

.^UiS ^LiAl Ej^Jt ^

jj-U^ J La) (friXA Olij jb 3

Oli* ^ 6' L-Ls ^ ^*b“Jb <sSI» ‘ l b Lta b»

.,>1j2*l ^JLfi ^ (/l <J* £ ->^' ^ ^

* vowel lija. ^jjl-i'mM UsJ^i

tjli *<j>*idl S>=ta*Jl jji L tjliL* ^ jb 3 cHu^ ^1 ^

:iuVl *b*iVl oA (>^Vi U*

,1*^*4 sW 1 jb 3 *b^ u^b 3 *^ uA ^ ^

bj^ jLu.., ^JJl JjSjA i|U)l j\ u* ^ £*>*

^jl ^ JLl^Vl *> j-^Jl Li* £Lu| ^ -stop sound L_ii3*

J*L>b

tl^Jl iuM Lb ^Lilli * Lilli (j)

^ *tiilVl ttkl* oU Sjjjj^Jt <> * W* jb 3 ^J 3 (m)

La.i-J J O^j^Ldl uij*a*ll JL-j! Q:)

l^ j^I I l^Uj jLijl jpLuji

.^kSl! E>4 ^ 3^*LJI l^diH ^Lj>*JL ^ liiijil
-ijLiib j*Ual\j ijLaJLj (JLjJLj j^UJb

4%iiil ^ <j[ .i^LuJl jt^JL £* ^ ^

a > .t *J i ^taJ1 iJLIL LajjJ CjsK?^ 6^ i - j ^> fl

«l_*AaJ| iJja. L£j*t Lj^s | i Ou^J

Lul CijyidJl (ji <jL C_La£ dj V Jj i^ii^

^\ 2uu>i ^jii cwi ^ c.>ijj ui Liij aA*

^UllLd i^^Li ^sujVl *liif L*Lfj£j

^i OiK^I JL^jlj '*Ut^ J'-P- njjiLUll

p-LaJl ^Li Aiull^ iIliLku H.djJjl <J£ <j\&*jYI iL&4Aj^|

oAj^ ^ |1*^ -ylflj kZ^ta 4i\j iAIJuj fbjrfdluJl ^jinlh ^

bj^aJl L* ^\Sh 4 fji fLilf) ijlIjlfcYl tjL^J JtJ
<*Lul j£*j <j[ .*1^11 jUj h—[ jaljlfiYl 11* <ji

a^bji jJJ3J

-■ p-

*U fi’ijJ £J^aJl 1 liLJail jLLUl (3^

^iiVl <iaIa 21 J? *<—i£jlj Y j^lj^J! jLJ

JLmuj (Uil! jL-JJl idklt ut^ (J5^1 \J^ i t i r Ifli

^L-Ul laJi1* f^Ul Lfli^ frjuJl JSJ 4>n i ^1>(J1

>*■1^ 3* ^ IfcMljj I^SlJl L _fuy*Yj Altu Aii

JljiVl Ji -^1*1^ 4 jIj kZ^idJl 111 iwiuajj «U^ mi ll

L|l» *1 i*kn9ji <jl J>=h i<jjl^ >*.lw l ^iliil Cj 1^*£»Y1 bl* al*
II 4 * ^=»>a *ii* iSj*-* Ifjjl

UklA 4*laJl lulj jLu Y jIi I * n lYI

a^ll iSj^+ on 1 ** 1 ". 1 ^Aj j 4y^ t^ljitYI uj&i **

*1.^1 JlSjil J) kluMull 11* ut 03 J *<5^

£\3j\ ^IjiiYl 11* i> (4^1u -3^^ S^ Ajj^uaJl Sliill

.V

.r

.1V1 ^10* Jta£ (^)

(j-* I rt 4^ fl (jJj^-a

jl.U .semi voweJ <£j>_^ ^ * ^'< La^la lL=J^JI ^i__uj «AtJL^j

Jia ptlJlj i[jJ>t] j [jJj] Ji# -1*4

iCil^pil ^ yn' iL ni i a-* UJJ-A .[S^w^a] j [-lL±]

^^ajlftOA Cj* sonority *■■■{!

yi L*j£ yi kluLaJI £4>* tjliLjJLj L&^jI

r^l .fill tfll iij IjS. *[m>*} J [^]

*4*5 ‘fjj£

JjjkVj ^jJl jitjJl Lh£ Lh->1 fjsjijicYl J-i

jj ^IdiJl hi^L l* ^lilJLi ^Luill * fl * tlij]^

4 L|I*^^Lj J[ jjxj

jlLCwl ^ l*i-4 ^ u^Sj Xj \j-A J^Aaj

-jtiB zr** *Wi

<<3L&J1 <LAt uj5u ^

<> JJj aA ul ujj ‘*WI jah J1 uW^if

(3-» jjjjjjS *jl Ua s-jujaII uAJ -Uri*^ jA l*AAj nj| ^*W Yl

AlL tjjjjjLx* 11 CjI^VI ^L+Ju-

OjI tlMjJli' 1 >Lj JL^ WUfl JA -ySlSjil
Aid 6i>^J ui <jpA?° "J^ 1

J Lai ^j 5 l 5"~fc Vj Cilj^aXl Jji (j^Aj «Lil £t*Ajj

jl xLdxIl ljoaj *U_>ju ^ j ii " * ***** |J LiA^** ^

Jjlij d\.^ i f ^ jl^t | Sl.Af J ^lu dit ■* 1 - t ^ J (^iil

Aiii=Jl ^b *dJ»i£ jil^Jl J>»jl

JSI jj4 Xj -Cjj^aJI \JA Jli^uaJ Xflluli

+%

* 'T\j» - 19^-* fao-» < J-S^ JL-i 00

iY

.1

*1#J ^Ul Wl>»flJl j*iMi jj ,^tUd [J^SkJ <^JJl OH 1 *^

^ initial c^\ uji Vj .fricative LfliU a^Ul
4£*0^*Jl IJL^t J^ljyfJl Ej^LljJ yJl i^^j]| £*u=»^« ^^LWuil
0 & M W 5 * * i j i -fcl ) g * mj ^1 L>5

IhM t^JaJUd JUj£J ^t>“* JJLJ»^&j

jjl JJ .JliLfc^U ^JLA^uJl jjVl Jj* ^Ul i—Lii^JI Qjljj ^!

>ai >°-*J Jj*l ilA^ 1 j| l, a j.i.. j < iji'fcll

. £*-=»>• JjU *J ^*jp«t * fljfri" Li'JjJ

/ < j J n t 111 <A\ Y| pjm.Sl ^jJ[ aLallll ^ jo.Tj j ^ 4 * J JUkjf

fj^Lu w< J .i ■ a >j , cavity friction ^ ^ \ -

jaJlj .SjswaJl AU ^Mtd^L La <J£^ bj&&Jl ^1

iSj^i 11 * Jo* ijV Vl i> 4JU0 il Pjjl! 11 * ol
** * * . - >
plj La < l£ llra J 11 * <jl ytjij Lai fViJjLi. Cjl^uaV| JjIj Aic

u-t ^UmII jtl j L_$ h a ji^ Jl if jjg V o-LfcjJl

t *

^Lcr jIUj ^4J (j"H ^*j iLjXbsjrf L£\£3^t jlVljj

.‘it jtijl} Lbj| ii_AiB^JIj ^ j ^ 'AlIl l Lj .* jV Ih^IL^a^VI ^tillAd

£tii|

^LJI^ .*LU1 s^buJI ^

rijuxll^ 4 *LIaJlj jaIacUj} ‘ u_n m IIj jJUIj

: jte\ (W

Kenneth Pike. Phonetics. The Uni versity of Michigan pre^s, 1975 T p, 138,

J !Uui Aia 3 - ...a <0 >lK*t^Vlj

* ■*

<Lxl_uyMi ^ IjIm iZijddlt <J-o jfJoj i JLAjj tjgdaJl SjJ

* Uut -^L*Yl ^jTI

*

tAiiaJl 5,jJ <jl^ AJJj iLJ ja£ Jtt^YI (jj^4 J*5j

i r #■

,3^ Jut £-ns1^ 1^4J . U-m=$ i^Ti Ldijlcl

.^U JUJtj *1511

(j-a 4 <jja 111 tlll^dVl ■ **^1 LZli^idVlj

jiL^J! AL&l^U *Li\Jo )j4 \jjj 5 Lmi jjV 1^.-***<iK

<jj» (j^jjil £j^2uJ^ -U£L£kiYl ClljridVl o$-ljl aJl ilAiil fjijliJ

<j|j ^ji _^aJ1 J ^4 *A1^ kjuuJIj ‘LSLSi^YI

t^lull £tdj*M AtSifc-l^ ^■n'i Y %lUa

OiP^l 5aU">#> ^3Lta ^4 fi^Ldui jJj£j

HlidLdJI 3^ *"VJ «£*dj ijl^JjJ) < 1 **~ij (3^ AJ jj f^jkUjjyiAti

£^ij-o Oifcj \j[k .^kili ^3>* iiLlah j^uJi

^kiijytoU 4±&LiMuyi * it * A ^\ ^jjji All A K*i-> Yl Ju ja

.AlSj^Yl '/*•••? iijLtAJI %3UoJt CiJjJI j-jaAl u<>£uj

,l^j jjIjjj ilfj frjjl dll^idVI uI^qVI

11

1 f >jw jjilfl Jjj ^jj ^jJl <AioJl 4 ajL 1H <iijnJl

f' Jdi* 3 Jl I- 1 * i> jM •<U**}L 0-»

3£jja 11 3£j*JLi iLaj^aj ^ ,H, j'*^ *JA*dJl 4 jjlu jjjjtij -V

tjx, <Jia ,JLdjj ,<jlAj 3»Ld ■- j f> iyJ" jjAj (jiuj J [J^"J ‘ N~^ rt

■ *Zi\ JjJl Lj t^j^.l W 'jlll iHjlthfait JjLmMJ

aspirated pounds ^ Ciljiaifl I^jl
joij (jiLiU ^IL) CiljjdVl ^LIauu ^liaj

%juj jjij tlAiill yj . £lj4 3ldJ ^ j ■" jl ^jJI HjiijJt

i<J 3±jLj 3ljfl-S.lt L^j] Jj iC^JykdJJ -1 Jjj (jyd

.-.Ifllj , ,.U ^jdJU

tll^ioli jl dJj uuJ|j fh_JLldl ^i ^milil Cl\^dVl

J\ ^ ^ t> j* j!

-UiJ lZuL5l t*Jj .^l iriilj il J-^il E*>f * rV ^jJJ ^LHu UdJ

■’ >l j- Jt ^ ^XwiLutVl t jLt jLua^jVt (j^i i<] IjuLjj ^1*^* \*

* »

■L»3lj \jJr £tfta£U fJ^aJl «jj fl? * H

^i^i <> ^ui t yi Udj ui J!

J! ul IjJ 6#3 4*- JLWrf ( V>* J J<?

Lfl ^,-J jjIaAjVI Uaj Jit *tj4 3ii*lJ fjj^uJl M>dll £l*3j

jut

J*^j V i’O ^Oi^Lt ^2^4d jLJ| wj j iri ll Lfll

(^t AhuL^I 3iij {j\ >AJJ ^it JJ .‘LiLLiV ^ il^n JLU1

Jju (^*Ui >sVt ^jji* jj£ m^a]| 3^jJ (jJj ■ i* i n* ji ^jUoll

" * *

. Ljjjrfd tj*»i tCiUftt j t.t l t 3 jW4j 4*^4

tdjua Ujut i ^ *Lil1

*C*jrfaJl \I4 jljjl ,^1* Cj\jt1j4Jl f-U-Lt ^|o_pj kilJjjj

L^iij^al <5'iLj jjij . Ij^u ^iiaj *\j&

ice LaS tJJ jj il^gi Jjj y3J) iZiULukJ! ,ja*^ ^ ^j^.6* L#ilj uLajj

<iLi r ■■f*! ClJ-a iulil\ U^Ji Jji ^ [k] MJ—Ji CM C™ 1 ™

,311. [back] :Ji* ^ dJii

emapluitks ul^usl jLuli

ji ^JIL* V l44j -ijj-aJl &JA*1 a ^5^ ilAiUI

JjLoij C)\ iJ lajL <j£ij T £o*ul4 jjiaj (Vfcij (ji ***WI

yi lilies |uij !*!> Sa^Jj «Uil! Jji ■'Umj

jju fcjnit

jjfc LaS <JI ojLiltL Ca? eJJ^ ij^iS

<L)Liui=> bjLdA-U ^ji ^3U1

4j^*ck * !Jn4 (JLSjA i ii jata-iiVl I

^LLo 4 ] La Igl* EjjiS <_iLum1 fij-4 C 4 J— Maji 4-aLwjdJj?

^j±ijl\ Jj|(Ui £L*a 4l La L#1 *j L> \l^Aj L*£ (l ^ujj-aJl

<a^aJI 1 t£J ; ^i~ * bLic

Y^X&l 1 ^'- V Uj^j ikLl>M?Vl tjx iiiii \_Aiiit_j

I^jL Lo ^ p j^ i l Jj

*kjn ^

4fca>4 (j-ii 0

uui

C*w

0)

n

r

■iiLa Jjj jut 4 |ji ,jJi iJfcLktt tjLJJl j^Ja Jfljj (s_i)

al^L oL-kAJl ^|ia Jijj .L|hlu4j ^ah'n

jLa]! jJai fMJ < . *_u£

™ «

(ji £xj& ^ ^LwAJI VajJL JM&J lille

p) ■ M j^§la ^jjjj |u <o>mJI ^Ju tiu (j^£j LS i4j11I k|j1^4

<iiajuD ^ ^j3ij

^UJIj . jUJij kjUJi :^A ^Ujl iujatt yi ^V^tj

.(Zii^LaVl IJ4 1JL4 4lkld ^AAl J £L*d1jJl ijj»

yi Cjl^aVl ^LaIa jiSl jI -*"—j (jjiiJl ^jjAajyi ^JJuauJI ,jLi iJJjJj

I fjjLfaj <j-° ybjf .vd&rization ^4 wjjiJl

^rl kina IflkLj j4 bjykr V i5^]| ui ,>*JJ frLtll ta .LhgJjl

J-Aj u jjj jiJl jAj * U ft tltuj jJI aj^kj s>a J-iAii

.uvula i4ii\ Jl ^ :^| uvularized sounds

p.^'-s.a.'tU likLn yJ> &L4UI V 3,'kH fji ila^idi^ .ii$

j qi^i <>J 3 t&3] j^L^JLuy^ {-jzedj liatbUl tji ^ * |j'^*

^J1 5j£UI Jiy IjlAj . jrfl 1 yLt Jjl 3J t^LuVI

^Juo C i > wjJj fC> j .fiU 4 ajU 3JLb l^wiLuii jU,yi U)*a

Iu^aJI CjI j^Vl ji EjSai iLAjI kjjjA »iid liuiLiil

^iljAil klli^ia^fl fitljlj 4jtl jij ^Jtlll

1L4I bjkLuJl

3 fliL^ll L^jjLki^ 113.~il^^>Vl jklrJl jj^ ( IJLa

(_4^V Od) <j^aaam p^ldj ,^ ■*. 1 i". \\ l _jjjJl aLaJj J-xa l^i—aljj UIj-ll*

*Lk](j ,Li^ Jl*1\s ( Vb aIAJI QjUd jLkVL V^lj” ^AJ!

^ u*J isi cjj jLall iVlj

Ljij^i-IiJl *V

<^>L-AJ! j*il± \+±*j 6* *JJ-^ 6 *^*

Uji uAw iiiaJlj OUUI 0 * iijj*=

J* *ljilj jk^LH bi^J Lj ^JqU 0 ^ *>“

■i *y>jj U 4 U Lji Jiaj V p r * 1 1 ol

,£Lill _>aLU1 ^ U 4 -^1 * W^>* JM< > cfr

Jjoij Jl tfjj-; Jj jk^Ul (^pjj ol J1 J^>* Furpson u*—
minimal lp\£&\ j* Uilj Vli* dJiJ pJJ* -Sjjj*)! t>

pair

(w) fl y^ <l*i" ^

Lt^ii ^aJ pi <ili f<uLuH fti* Jj£ U J‘“» ^ f' A 4i (J - 1* 0

luull J^jj <<**>^1 Lf* l£>*^ ije*" ^LjjUS ji sj“

, j^l^Jl JUuJl Iaa t _ f L& jjVl *WI

1( ^iU U Aj * 1 * L* JJ JUj tji 0 ^** kZiLuljSJi

*5li JjL-L. Allli
JjU* J <UI U
^ aUU

(<i> /^) *vi - 1* y* aUI

.trVi ^tsji, (m)

Ch,Purgpson. “Emphatic /l/ in Arabic" Language, XXXI I , : (W)

p .4460452 .

uruLarizatiOfi *T

*iljj >-l>Luj „»40 ijj »JLa

<> „i li* lijXIJ .11*111 Jl JJJI t>d

5*“>" ^ y* Lh-*a>* J-al :L^*Vji fCti^^Vi

JS £*^>4 Jj ~> n l i^j ' l t fcll JJAJJ jjl filltSLuJl 4_>A]U jjJ V^llu

ioUj^ yA L^fi *LUI lt* ^ Lf^iJ .Slfill

.Uli LS ^ *£1*111 U*iLi oL^ifi

L r^i: Jl jl JjIj * 6 ^ J! >• J*i *Aic \-t-viiryj

t*U (J^dJ yi tjLjJl A*a>4 Lfl 4Jul !_**»,« VJ Ji£

i " w

V-jViU ,LjL=J ^ ^1 JLi^U!

lZiUh^JJI ^ yj rluid fl^JI ajj* (jiu Jjli* <ji Ul*J

- js^ ^ - j£U 6^ J-Utdi ^ ji^ a*ju)ij

J*!* 3 J1 Lu -pHa u^io _pAjj

^ilill Jki ^ J1-1, y^i £J a osij .(jts) J gis) ^ us ^uji

i ( 1-St l) US Sj*aUt]fj U^.lii l UijaJI oLa*lit -. Li IS

J! JM *> -ilSll Jti Mi* oli JWVl JS yij <i-t.<)

l . ‘ . ' “ 1 . 1 VI (jlS U |»jiiill ui J-4 La Ua .ills <lu iLjlll

* uvalorization ■U+Llll

aiSfij o^iii oil*. ,i

. JaoVt ,ji (jlSu^s tjllLtUi (jldSjai 1-fllVlj ta^ill Lji Uj^JLaJi

JLU . 4LA.1I jaal! JJ yL-lll fUj| AU .\.--^i. ^. U ..„-! I.j-Xlj

.Uili i"illii IjJ I f a S t a ^idj <f*«Ui ^ JS jl V IJL^ .U*2lu

.Lit JVIj U^]| .ja^, j*\ <I|

*j-j l - jt <uill yli <>aVl o^j U44J

,> J>^ .i*>»i' y*Ui y» /w*

,i^i)1 iojJi ^ oWv* 3 * ul3l*i .pii. Aj—1 MjjW-

.353*. Ljik: oS-j V (JU) yi aiVu .Lii. 4»- OUiV 5 *!
J ^-y l-Uj «i>. l*iki ui^i V (^) yi <=^

palatalization ^jjilll

J) Jit * 11 U-* ,j±^ £-s>* IJn^

U*j±]l K*ii ^ i-i* ^iJ *^ALU nilaJl yt j\ii\

. L5ka»* tVSjUL* ^jun i Lji* <j^

uilSH J Ujl>J 1 jiP^' 4f* >*ki <>»

^iiala *> Jjajj W*^ £*>>• jl M

dljj ( ^Lii ^1 ij^SS JjiSll 11* -ii ,34^' ^Lu fi MW lM^'
S^jLo J&H Jjl*j U>±]l ^^Miil ijoa** -LjJaill k T J ^*

j^jll IjJ ULpi *L» J S>-^ ^>4* '^ ,J

^ yaU-lVl yiju jki yi JUJI >* US .^Jt jlj jl i-ii **>“

LUU j 5^4^\ 4iL jA\ Jjlt>«a>*Jl *> ^^al! liAj

S^UJl U^-ilL ^ ^pJt ul -SJJ^' <>

US ,palatal tfjLt *ly-» (*jjS11 uIjSM 4* \j*i y 3 ^

o-Ji ^ 4J yiii 1*^^ iiij^m

OiS^yt <>*# oi v' 'CU* J 101 " o ±**3
A ^\ 3 Jki u* Ui-iU 3 U>—Ji ui aj^i

Lalj ^Uli 0 ^ 6 ^> JH *5

jliaVl LflJaj Ljj lj* 5j‘>«.j1 l

^UJI fuaJl ij\ ^UUJI ^^jJI yi aIj^I>~» w

+ ^jj>J! |«iJ

yf* ^JlLj £uap+j U* i>Jj y»ll Cil^-aVl k_dl£J1j

0! <Ljjl£ ^ibJ <frj^Lca ll ftt | ^JjjJl kZlLa^ill tjaJLf ij^Jj ^Vl

1j[ LjjLct ^ Uv; tSjal ^Li-fl <*JJ .JLdJl fL Jjj i£j Ltj^lS

1*1*11 ,jlj *t ft wr* ji 4 JL 4 JI plj ^1 j - LcjUl

retroflex ^unKiiYl : Wj

uL^uill J »-> 1 *Jl frJufc ^^Jaj ^jid

<jjlU! Cll^idVl (JAAJ ^3lu yj ^Uj - at A ll JAJ jiLiljYl

Ui j Smi Oj-i <<j j_LujJ^j i^tliA - IjJ 4diulil bJLAj *4_uaLk

*xit fwiLaJl ^n^ii ijj yil'tj (jLuJJl 3 jj_L*. tjijil.tAj (u^jiUl ijkuL^j

,JU(j t*[3\\ I^jjV! Cil^AdV!

(j-Lt <j£I j4j£uj*dVI <a^1II ^ ^j.wL^ju! itljJl ^jUt

1 ftjjM (jJJjjlXait uj"tlll jJ < Uit ^ lit *■ *1"^ ^

poslvduin *dlJI ^4 *j~ir) 1 * *1^I I * I |tl'V* l hj — ^LuJJl

jjlL u*t ijJJ ijuSili <L£jj*iVl tlj-ll J-it ^jLluIM jl yj

1 J ^ l lft fl Vj p ■ * *** - H £j^»Jl V i^JJl ^uuj^llj ji

iuiiJI :L^ll

4jAJj! 1 iZil^waVl (J-s Lljam ^JjJtll {jr i

J'd-fliiil (J-Lt *bjnt JLflj . ljLlJ_i^

IIj (fUallj lullill !AjjVl

.gjuijUl \jLtr I jhi-h Jia^ujJ :(jLi i_lL£) ui L

Cl Jia. Will J . jlj—Vl Jlai Jit ■iJ^d

jLJJI JL-jl Jitj <kJ* e—^) Ulji ji uiO* Ji

i-,;l Cj»I ijJJI Will Sjil li* 3 iiA

«

dJIJjj jjj Jjll iLvjUv

ji i- l > blfij .jljllj, Wll iU— 6- *— -tt*** 3

i*. C- .i jyjill AJU V jUaJj -iijlt X# <-*>■ ‘OiSj—J'

Ui^i l« j»ld ‘W >jU—^ <jSi

JU* .JJJASII jljw ujWill uli <((** iU4 ‘*0 J 31 " 1 ' 3 ^

.W^Ji jki JA» <5^“

r^i LiS yi-Jl Jwll JW l-Jit Ijj Jl. */>*u

l,',:, ,j11aS £^j u'W= OWil' ul 3 sf-r^) J <'r*r k )

.ciiiii J> jWb >Jj*\ iuai ^ twit jic Jjj -bJi jLi £j ^i

. Jjbll > J*S J*> Ji* u*> -«Ui W4 jl u. ■*»*, Jfl «*■*»

jjjaSII yij! uij .labialization CjjlaJVI ^ Ji*-* 3 " M** i/*-” 3
V ,JjVl tfjaWyi [JW1I jt ja^ljll C*J .delabial [anion

|j| .u+lj .w iiiil J\ *Al -Wii jdjJil' J! ^

liij V 1 ^ " 1UU ^ ‘^dW* 1 ' J! ^J 33 >j' Uj ->'

J1 jW. V - »i* ‘OoajS J> jt ^iidWy u 3 6, -»“’ “

0 vk .Ua ^ ■>' <d^b ‘V 4 J^ 1 ^ ^

.labialization tfjgLijVt ajafai l> Jj' "jiJ-^ 1 "

H

Ijj liiji (Jelpbialization ^In i rta H 6* JUa J-KS

.^1 1 -1U.„J 1 jlS U o-j .Ciisll illj! :lili Lfija. C*a.j31 jl Ujjl

4jflu .At (ji JJjj "jhJjJLjII IHjj"

4^a][ Jl^ ^jL 'i LlJl j^4j V L*jJu, ijjjjAjll 3Jlj[ j|kj j
■*>' ia^i ^AiiSJI yij <iiU.i ^y-JI pilSfl yi li,

i^Uljb **11 :L>uU

{rt» y4 fciJU <dJj ♦oil nasalized > . lt J

‘j'j—Vl yi lull j*kjj -U. Uiin OiSjauJI Cm

j+kj ^ Jl>As iji^l j4^i i^jiiVl Cilj^sSU

u^J * J-*U t>* ajifl jji L§ji p&jj LuXic. * ^Li\ tii]| CfJui

Ojm oiSfl j^-JI JLL jl r-lS^Jl j\jt U| .fc&u fciJI fly
.denasalized liill LiL* <Jj 43i* ^ JJ| .-.jJ| .

uISjmNI'V]

^-11 ^ Sj-s JUii. - cJlj w - ^

jSSl yi J^al* Jjaj jj jJ ?SjaU iJJJlJl ijikill giullv

^ oij -ji-i _«i ij-t L»W* tf 11 ' '«*!-■#' ' iUU '

.Ujji t> CilSjaJt 3*1*3! jjjU* jlajt ^ *L*U

li* ijijJliuy .SjjLutiJt JS lusl tfjii Jil^J

..till^u=Jlj Jjj lflrtl l ALi

UjJfi ija j JJ** 1 *Vjt

o* ja-l* Ji U* p±J\

iftli yAj -W jd** u±** "* .(^j=JO

:d jiUyi jUaiiL ,ju«»l

a.< : -.^ i ^uLuJl .\

oi -i-j** 6-

:U4 ^ji II* J&AS Jaxj Lji

L^j jLLJ AiUJl ^ -sonority y^-Jl (0

/Ut^ 4^ ^^4 <SJ* Sf*“ J 3 ' ^

^ uUji 0 ! ‘V* 3 <j»—N 4*5 *»j *j! J*

04^ ^jj i> j </ i—Ji

£AZj*1\ ui 3 jV»^ oUljjJ! : intensity W

^L5 jd\ ^iL-ljjJ^ <jja\ ^ Jii .^4*=^ (> frJ-i
j£\ jl .5jjAajVl **U1 S*ul 4-

'<■**» ilSjaJt ob Sx£ w^sVl

• ( '* , *il S^LiJl

4 kfll 1111 1 | iuIaoJI «Y

" ** V am*

^ Li ChH Jl 5^ yidLiJL jUJI *LJ±Il ^ JLiJl

IjJal, ,> jL*JU > Uj £uLa

tb ^ jJ -I^U (Huj^dJl 3**^J jl iluld 1 V

uj^ I^A J uJL+JI ^ Jja. j

^kLJ| wh£j 3 J) 6j>i^ tf jJj cfJLIl **dJj Jutj .IxLLi

.CuLa V[^ i^£j^

d : cU\n ^u-ji *r

(*-^d lIj j. o il J file. ,J ^lijVl <>

> dJVfilil Jf if Jjj J <Vj 151 Loljlc.1 j\m jjaljltl

LZi^ddii (ji |4J1 m *li *ll4 J J±*J tfJLMj -i£jL=k Vjj <Ol*L#
J UUj£j 4>1j2clYI JS i> jl=*d <^jJI

*iiL*U^ > jiiji > ( likUli ^LatVl Cil£^}

<ULdyL jj v jj ^jlc jiu Vj jj ^.j

J**> Jl fnlA ^j J|

illtLd V u^iall gj ^j

uL^^zJI Jblj> tLjlu

,jjJl ^jL£jaJ] ^'.a! jjJjta 3tnl5 3\^ ^JLijU

ul^j^JI j^jliJl frifj ^tijiA'mll ul£jl .,>u gd J^"~

: JJj <jW Jjaj

:>Jt OA)

D.Fry . The Physics of Speech . Cambridge University Press, 1979 . p. 126-127 .

OLJl

M-

Jut. Jjl\ UiVl o\ JLiib ^3

tliUjA o*j iJjljj J ^ri!

(11,^0,11) yA i( i .e. e a T ) ^A iuiLflVl

.(0 jsjji

<0 Jtaii

<^Uil iyU*Jl JilS>sJ»

,jLuii diili »V

^, i-V~^ jLj^ojdl tji fL^jf 3b^ Jb^ j

Ajjit ilASja o# JjLfc jy ,/t Jaj 3 jrtLiJ J> 0^1

,1+1* Ji-^b ^*1 0* bj *****

jl jjaii ji £iUu*i Vj ^is>k iuj^i ^ bf—1

.<U|^ ^5jJ1 (/J>**1' UJAJ J! 03* ‘y**^

QjuAjLH guaj

5ij=Jl ujii ^jaJl jLi ju. ^ u^iJ' a** 5

J^L 4£_pJl OJ^j Jjfij Jj£ ^ U^* bjJtJ -bjjJ-

^ ^ (i) Jlili ^ *>*lM u-^1 C>l£pJU -Sjlj^

iVt ililSjaJb ^ O^J' l£ J^

■ *lAt jjjhl-il £jj J 1 9 ^A"V ^

LvL«l ji jjjL&il ^>1] jLiiaJI bijhjk ajj

j{£) jji £^4li&U t^jj-ilill 3^L*J| wV£jaJI iImj ^>1U

^jikrt-^11 U-* frA»(j J£ dJj ^JjVjXdJ!

(^1 Jki J-i£ (jllAuJl CijjjJ IJ^i ifijjJLn* ‘UjliToJl CA£jaJI i_>c
4jiMiLwVj CjLSjaII L*]j ^jUxA\ *-~iliual

[jiaj Jilt [jl *i.*U t | j^i ^LjjLiidiaJI

.<*ym (JJ UAJidl t Lgia

ijdj Ain Hi^^ckJU <J>c k 0 A<i (j^ A j V Aj^AjJI jjjljLaJl b AA

:^L Vt EjaIj l jjurtj *iic JLLij <_$!

jji Sj k »< i \ \ ^Jjl-AjJ 4^uaLui^k ^LljLfcKdJi H fl~ijn ml [i]

■ m

*4^jQll 4 j*mLuV 1 [e] * V

.tfjeSJI JULY! o^l

tfcjjAd jj* j *j n-feAi 4^*Ldl

^JyudLutVl 4jjLjuJl ‘iS^aik l\ j"jrt ml [&] ' y

. iSJ ^\ yuyi i#yA\

• bjjJm* j±L <ju«1i ^jiUaj ■^oL)] lLfi*a^

— yj h.<juIjJI <i^uL^Vl ^jjLi x* Jk I LflAjrt < m! [a] *1

<ujddl

.ij^kij ji£ <idLi A^ja *'j a '*j

J*Lfc . 3 1 h > 1 ■> 11 ^miLmiVi ^j^LtuJk tct] ,o

^LiaU

.ij^d4 j-ii. ijLukid <jiLi

f^uijluJl ^miImiVI ^lijLa*]| t l j ijn i n~ [^] *1

jji i-iiLi. Kja.

K>J 1 [o] *v

Imktal iLfldJ

Jjli: d>i <LykwLy»Vl ^tjLxJl ‘L£>»J1 ll[u] *A

•WJI ^

Uu 4 ±a1a -L*i-=»j

JLkiulij

ul^t

Ajjiiii c>\^y\ ,*i* 0^ u

U 0-4 6A£.lji yi *^*Lt ^jluijl SjdkUa

Ajji ftj lLU j iplxaj .^UjLul*jV\ kljUiill ^plt jjjkHI I

pi* yi ^^diJLaJl til&L^Jl yflTu j L> J*J <— f-

j(_^jJaj yi <1 3j * —~ ^Loi *jaJ f*lt -(jitiJi *2)b*dVl

»Phonogogy "'LujMcaJ! jtiiuJl j*Xc

pi*. S>Jj£ 3 jj_)*JI yJ (%i*Jl (J^“ ‘Mj

jvLtJ r ililj-kdVl flitJF daJjifiJl

jj 3£]1 lijetj CihmiiU *Jla ykj ViW^M^

. K .ia^J I Jjr LL.^.»I1 3jWUj L^4A Lu

4^j4 L^lp yj]] ■Ut*J\ ^ J\ |*AaJI \Sa <-a^-|>J

pjj£l Jj pliJl I Juft <ji <aJ\ Lift Cm «l* ^±J yi ^>-a^

L4J ^ LfO 3

I 3,b&H I^h$j j±-J3 ^lb

^Lilu T /\U11I ^ ft*] yi lJjU) jVl J1 *j Jji ^jU~i . »" ylH

ftj4j_jQji tZiljjjkjll ^JiLukd kZiLuij *A)j jJ (Jmj 1 ^! LiiJ j

jUa\ up «Lb^^ (i kill JS jifi-fc'i ui L^j gjU*iM > ' i ^lui'Lij jVjlj-fl yi

Cb-Vl y*L 4 Aj-J ,0*]^ I a* oi aJ yilli ^

<0LjL o*^ <^»* y* ^!

.y^d ^ui Jji <aA£JI 3jjj yi (ftjijrfJ] kZiijjxJ! !>• _>jjS j jm .i 1

jjlt ,jj]] I^iK. kllVjijl] ftjU j w-ll i pJckiJl p-Lt i'jujJti

AJj >ts> i.l ^uLa^ V-Sj jl .-UaiU»i 1 >IU »jji5i <J>«U1 Cl^sJl

ijjjjLS Lo pTt tZiljjjijll 6JLA *1 frlfcWH 1 _yf7)i> wjAj

<ix=kj yj]| k joj L,irL>l l o-* jJJ 3^3 *^iaVl

jolJ La^gJj)! ^uiU i^J^U bUtdVl bjjlu ,i^i\jpmpV^ l>* jj

tjj V Ju j|hjt i^L«^ Lf ilikj ^AicajLyaii

1^14 ^JLc |jib JtLj La JriAiH IJU ■ J A 11 mJ

^Jj l fljjAtl ( j^ Uji jyi j>1 1 jjlilj yi < ■ 4* * A Vl

u! j^tL! ^*a “~»J LaJ J[ ^£4 *mJ 1 o4j

- iiU! JjSJI J^! ^ ' J *^ n </ Aw

- ^j^ji jj o- jJ^TS 4ridLs» Lgj|,J-ua!j

ijSIj J\ h ji | «-> V\ UJ^J *ii jAuft 6l A« ^

l i jUI I ^Ac. jl jLtjL^ul jlu V 3 it L „ * mAidVl jji| ^ j[^kjJi

j^Uaj ^Ltjyii *frjj3£ LUiliJ jji CiLuj i^hLm 4£mqJU 1 frAjfcjj . L^ic.

k±Lij jkiJl JLi£ ^llaJ tJ'jJI yLddJI J^&Jl IJJ A “~* r - L O'!* Ai

U4 ^jLt <j* JJ-t yj kuL^dtSll CjO pLcjLl *^LcJ^

|fcLtj^j 3^K t yi <J*Lij ylirtiH A^aJli tf JJl

<a 1£)1 |J}iu ij/i 4jj-p (.flM L>4 Jj&1 *<J J *** ^ y4

ijj jjlull jijj^ frj^j-ua <il <iLi ili ^Vl jkLc^yi L*jjj ‘fLcjl (j^jj

.yLrilH .II^W yi Jjjlj I f W i n l Lb JS JlV^AdiVl

yi Uj-^j * L* ^ii t^b £^>112 yjJi iZililll yi IjIj

idJU Jli* ^lij -uldi Lsj ^JyidVl i>* J^i >* L* £A>iN frjkA

tli ^ cJ&j*A\ (3kii .ipjuftis CiUUi Jiil ^SB

j^iJl jJ V** jjji J4**'b Jii

ijjjLuaJlj iJj^Jl jmIj j l .nii Yl ^jji jjrfVl Lji

jHill^i iaJ>usJl (UaJi pit -Jiii jV <U*

^JJI i JU4 ^Lt (J Jj

Y jjle p \^\W UJl (Jjj jjx Jjj

i^jjiijjYl ^oaJI iZjLaJ L^Iaj f‘LAj 2 £riJl j±L CiLjJJt t>» ^ U"4

i^jjUI ^tc ."UH) Ujjcj lAitljiiiiVI CiLjlUIj 3^tl * -Ml

\j\s .wUJUl frJL^J UtfL L 43 JJ ^jrtitll ililijYl ^ ^^jil \jjk Jjfj
5-At lit o«= -^'Jijjti J! UjjUi ^ c.uiit *Ju> 6 * IjjJS ji
tZiUU jiJajJl Uj .tZiLiJJl bJL^J 4jj>yaJl (aJaiU

^j^Llo ijLub* iil juu

>

JjLw*JI J*aj Ijj* 0 * <j!

plffll t>n <JJjJ ijjlt'l^j (ji

J-t J-*jJI^ ^ l±St\ ^>o Al Y j-*i IjJj

■ CilxaLJl >

*■ w

f ->-a >L* 4*) ^ 4 jjL**J 4j^aJI piaiJl pit pifcj

JfU ^Lu4 j Lx* La Jrf>V| li^ uj^j <JjLj x* Jt Ab
^ * *

<tic, LliLt^ilJI < phoneme 1 ,n jij j J-^Yi IJLa ^*.»w j ,‘Ut

* allop hones

piaJt fit. oLcjjii^j ^|AxJ L*

CA*\ JJJj 5 jjj£ fdajl\ wiaUI

§■ ™

[JM>^ ihtrtnti LhiA Ij^iiA 14 ill "t Ifil ^jLt ImsLaJI Cl|_x>djli

juLoJjiJi i"tl 13*™* jjJaJI bi^ jj^I (jj£j jl *^^1

w- m-

. LijIj ili>uA^ iVjl 4iJJ oj?j

Lttjj I j| jpAjjAll jI^VI ^uuii ^ *jl"~:

CiLaLajI jj->! tJulj r \j l^^Aril ^La C>Uu^a^\ 4Jut

^4JJ1 obJtfl (!)

O* tj! <iAaj¥1 Ua t>* frjytjj Sapif jjil r u i£j±

CM Uj ^J! j|>| IjjiUI JLiJI *>

ii_^aV| |^i 4^Uc lIiIjjipjj jLuAj I^Llal iAajVI Ii4 k_ilA.»1 aIc 4iiJl

4^j& 0*° (j-Lit

JUj! yi £»laIj Iaa .jjh'n jji Iaj^huI

Loj) L ■■ <J^tajJ LiJ IJlA Lf^lj ulJl ^aLpaJI i^Ljji

£^*a 11 <iLfciJl 5JiMin Jk^—i

jj.jla 11 il>t V L|jV ±^gjL^i tjLuJ Lgj ^jij ^311 L+L£

^1 wjJLA I J^A .fi^jjtlJl )> |1 LijJl I^LbaJI L^Ib^uij yjJl J^nU'.ll

<jV ¥ llluu jl j^V! Ijj ^Jpull £^a 3I fcJut ut

aAj& JmjJA* (ji. LajLa <^£1 L*j[_J JfUfjjll \<X^ ^jl4jJl Ej^ioJI ^>C JaJU
ji ijVtfJAtf] j>-iAJ \W ^jjtu *±Uj

11

■

3_.itV.ll JjLc jilll (^>11 jXu JLfl jj * 5 djtL l

* 3iill A!u iTil^V wiiL^Vl Jki* jl\ 4j>il]l <W| *LuV

hAA ^^ Lr^ fclijVl Jj .oi |**jl

pqJjj ui dju . ^ j jji lIjJI ojjSjj t(jr l4jj|

K- * ™ *■

jji I-J^j tju^d iJSl Ij^Ij Ijjunl AjjjUI 3aLmAJ ijjl

f-fiJ Uj fv^LhUl JjLia f |*4 ^ j 1 ><SU jImVLLI <jjL£a.

*>*■1^ La jl_>iVl l^fca^jli (jV 3LLi c ^Lj4j jt>wi ijj tLiiiVl Li*

^ OJ^d IjLai 3^ 1 ft1 1 ^ifi IjjSjj 114 ijij pJ Ijjj >n jTmj |»|1rU,a i>o

j- 1 -"^ ji-jJl u- 0 II4] jLa. jULuI

5j^j«a 3 jj 11I1 AtUaJI ^ jJSJ ^kj JS ^lj L* ,iji>i^IVl iiilc^l
.bl^jVI \1a jLu^ij wwJ u- 4 faijJI

tJLi^l ijjilil 3*L«J1 J^ii .<1^ j±l jUSiVl ii^fji
Jjl2 ClLtJjltl 6 1a J f Ij^tj lAj-*i yi*J J£J

(MJ^itl — (*iVl JA lAAj Jjju IfjLui Jjj (jlj jlla[

*Lu 1 o-a lubd <|^Lj Ijl i4ltu j^d ^uLi

— Ejjmi b^Llc-L — (M^ill j! ^jju j Liu VI (jli Ijl L*1

d>&M y“ «W I rtl flai ^j* 1 j iuljjdj Jjli <) ,jujJ
Ija 3j^lild CjL^jj If] j p-j-lj-iU EjjjluJI j^idJLi iiialLLaJl ^4

<jT j>~*‘“ a j JJjjtlj E’V .*11 0-* ^^j^iltl 3c.La^J| itLul J - - ^l (J ic.

, j i l will o—• dJjj 1 sound pressure level kli^uaJJ kkall

■ i^jji nh iL&xaJ Jjllj |>m JaIj Lu f (r >aLa H uiVl ^kll bjxu^l

<uAjJl EjL^uaJl ^7 111 ijJ ^ Jli Jki^

jUljVl \1 aj *L*li£ jJ-Li^ilil jjt jJ-t j^Vl ^aL 6 1 ■uLi

M^^jO ^jiiJl lIi^iaII UjJ

I (')

Ii*j .JLUt (Ot £jji j* 1 sf —Jill |»i“ ^ <* ^ * l—

UiUI -U U ^ -~ s -; i<il) !U*jJI jt^Vl LI j—ij |»i*ll

Jji (jlt (0*11 *ISI| y^iiu V fjij ^iilt |*li Cm

■0*!**W

^ ip ^ai i^ijj yi yi*ui bUsVi jit jiisit 4^ J-i*

,,3,-uJl kjLufiV tJjJIaSU Jjli JsJt OA Lyj yi4-il' Jj-ajll 6'

^. J- 1L, ^bj jjjarfil 61 fu -ijja-* SjJ^ 0^*r! ^ >*-*

jji 4^i iiiAj «jj-» »jLj4j 0*

U1L. <1 Ajiaj ij>- JJ 1 * 3 0-

yi «jU ill i4jjLJ 1 J3»3 V yjll JLHU1

jLSfil yi sVliJVs ^ ^ P SaJ ' \#*

s- j. -.-ti SJkill t jjU3 4J V^jJI

^ Kiui. ya^tjjcKt Ujii* yi (jt j-4* r^J 5 '

Uyl lija. JJj ijl*jij V U*iji .iVfijiU yi*jJI »laiVI CiSU.

l^i yi JuSLmJI ei* 4*}* jjHJ -^j **S»- Sbi y-iaJli .tlaJVl

■4i-i ij&ij ijiiUiJi Jl

jLl.1 a- x <iUj (f -J** 1 ' J! .b 1 * 33 V!

sU 34 ^jaJl Oli - jAfcJI SIj J* >““1' 0* 13 b ■ i -» iUJ '

.jtSSeVlj £ lo,>t

LiljSet u-Ji .gibN 6* u.J...-nl4 tfUl J i» J N Ot 1-1 _

(fill y^ilt J-it 0* J\ jj> iy* 3 *' 0* ijiVl J4 L-,U

UUaJI tL,l oUit yi fcjSi- lj&~ M>«lii «i* JV'

Jl Jja.Jt yi ibla- JJjajl'j life -Vj*! 11

<1'Ijj Ja>l ja i L l Jidtfl

j( jA\ 6^ Ob -fci** 1 ' <*»b (wiu yi*jJi o! r 3

^3 .SAilj 3jl»jJt .JL»yi (H 5 ^ Lf* O ji'^S !

J-*b ^«j^oJ| jJjlL]

J! il^jt bj l*i4 ,&Aa.l^]l icL&^JI jl^il -i‘i^ ■l*1 j < ?a-H

<i^jj&jJI U^Uw

tuLill! 5_>kut ( v )

^4 Jj tlijVl \1* uli*sl ^ Jhj ijj^j^t,

J! ^ (jlc Jil O-a 4jl

4jjUj11 6*14 - Lulj Lfc J lih lj <Vji ^-l <J<LuLjj

bjLlclj juj^llLd 'ftal^aSt *iit L$lt ^.oUuW ^ pjjjiU

M < tt j^Vl ^ ikU l JiLutj V <li^u4

0^ u! *4j*Aj lu^d ^aml IdJLlfi Liil A}j -lir <JJ 4 J

*1a Ll^^J Ijlj T y r | -OIaj <3U«J Jklf L,

^ imiil l klijdil (jli j 4<J ^ ^4 L* jt* '3a jU■ ^.t l

<4*uid rNK^U

5j«X* l *h (JjlijjilJl ^>W3 ^JL* J Lil U^S 1 j[j

^JiUI >* (^jill" iLlU *Laj¥ 1 114 y l'—» 1 jLii <]

4±J*Ul ^&LuJl uLuI ^jJ ( ^]Ll1 ^Skjll ^jlfc £jri*ut*Jl iL« ^ic

4^14 * 4 m J |i i rt^ 0 4 l il l a jjl jnill V ■*“'- * ‘K-* jJi

^L^jVt \j 4 s-jL ^ t r> l <1 mC. J*JU L jj ^jlu ^

<J-* Jjb* V i *tJTh J W Jjj>±lM J1 LAm»I

4 ^ 1 mj jfiaj u# JijjaTM %*rtil.n£

0“ *> ui>^ ^-Jb 4iiLJ! ttifcJI yi >4 tfJJI oj^lVb *W15

, L j a ±l* A £jl aJ4

r+'jM o± jAj *A ^ ^ - ^pw 4 * 1

dJil _>*Vl *Jaii <jjU ^-tJu=h jA Lttjj IIa i^l^iai *iit

4^ J>ajj ^JLiu J1 6* JAJ OV- *4f^j Ji

, [> i]Li. ^Uj £i*** JA JJl Jljj^ J[ (( j*ltaJl LJjUll jilaal t>
SjJti jj <*L *L^V\ \1& (/^

^UJ| ^ (yAWiill) t> <“•* •*&£*

LfuLJh J! ^bjj3j ^

^^uoJLL <UjLa bj&l jj blaJiVl 1JJ (jl ijjAaAjJl *V^A l>^

oUrtl (g-)

iLLfl S.aUv 5 ^jQ 4 jLi2c.Vj jjujjjtt jjlj \jtA ^^ * *> 1

Jjlg~11 <UjL£ jAt LgjL&jjj (jlj fll^ nl[ ^ n \ \\\ \ tliliLitalJl <jf® ^jjlLl
<. ,\ , - 1 1J lt aajju 4±L*^ u^-aJ iS^ ■**■ 3*

Ijl* > > l^**J j * Daniel Jones Jjja JLjU bluVl \1a j\jj u-*j

, w . j^Sb J& ,jA-Jl *Lu¥l t-iUu) |»A J fclaJiVl

*> JS -lit Lua^j ^JLU ^HSll *UjV1 ^*jW t>

jkiM ^aij <i*io ^ fA^' £-»J lH

4JJ j* Ai dl Oau 1a 4$ .dlljjij tV>A Ait J&tf\ jA*J 6^ ij*^'
|^|^| ^*>1 1 S^Jaltl Ljl^di {j-a ^4 J^J uj y^l

^ij kjuji 'jdSS *U3V! J^5 ^3 ^jL-1^ 5^1t

L* aU y?ft js*» J* **i 1*3

- UA^ - tf>U! ^'j J * J*^ ^ T )

of fclijVl j ^ lit ^ujjaJI j^ioJ J**" ■

ijliU*,, 0 |j 3-c-UsJ) pLui 4 jjj JjIjLu

v 4jlhi) 1 o' '^4 J- |*4Vij T 4,nlLn^ o^ jsjij d

o[ JumI 6 - Jli** ^-j g-ojl Jj4e of

y4J .bJtUll« ^iiki wt^ju If] i ( > -*\\ ,\5 i> j«l^

iuirfJl Vlj^ i(l_jjj) ^ui Lii %££ja )1 Auill lUklll Cil^>u]i
Jjuil. <JV .(v^) ^ ISS^JI Uiil! Jj3 Mi f(^) ^

V Ifjt /t-ijV A^Jii ^A o! [^ ■ jL*ail frjijLaj yjftj r<t££j*iJl <ultl

n~k^k * r> Lfl jLa ^Jj JljJl t~nli UaAd tjl IfjV Jijj

of ij^# *^£>^1 ^-°-^ Jl <J^ J i^ JH*V|

«o 'm * I' jjjiiJ Ujj idJj j hU jI LoJ ^^11 jVjLlu V

■ lj ' 1'*^ Alt " u jji xa (jjIS bLuVI IJLt ^-Aa*d1 o' 0-4

Xj -jv-Tt-Lo-^ 444 ‘4 1 ^ yj LUjjII i "^^ t iiH jjL |uu^ill ptl■ ^

0* u^ a^Ij i*J j* 4 ^ Jr£ o£ <UjLJ\ i~ti *i s~H »JLa

JjLlltl Jj* ^4iJ Lxi| J)t '-“Jj tpllJl

d *sUj oWj Ait iiij Vj

<[|*J 0 -*J Jao 1 ^' 05^1 J*-® J ^ 3 ¥ [JLS o-a] Jid yi ^j]| ojAli
<[(*j o*] ^A <j 2 l' jLti Y [jLi t>j] Ji* ^jJi J>JI of i /^nj

(^a]' i n n t \ jj-4 \A4 O^ Ia^A *idJj ( 3 ^UJ t-a-^ 4A4 J>lai3 Vj

Aj V jj IjJjjii* Yj jjj-Lu* ^4 L*JJ * I n 5 1 4full jlilt\ p-4j Ki, « ojpj^kj
uU Ait V oi*Jl ot o 43 ^ 6 -»

^ * 4jjaJ! JjUitl - I 4 V -

4^4 jj J! fSjjuid i l AjJi^jjjiVl lijLtjiiil ^a ^uJI iS^ jjj
t ^y * ' “ y4 ^jjlu JrfkdV] IJ 4 o^A i iJ-idl ^jlj CtLc^AlH

liL4 !> |4^J^ - Aiij J[ [_}-aAi Jo LfkOAl

.complcmcnury distribution oKlIj %<wj L* j^uull

CiUUJI ^ .jUl CiLc^utl J| u^aUI uax J

^jaJ ai» oiiU jt Ij-lijj ) 4^1^11 (VUjiU <ii3a-»Jl

It! 0^=> JL& X±*.\jl\ l^l jl *±^11 fcull yi Jl*-ii

5.■,.1- l|-.i: d T l<U LfiiLij ill!* /bet/ <*i£ aspirated 3 j^Aj

6- tfi o~J -^IjJI jit* ^ ^ ^ <i-»' >■

dijjj .Lua. £j.inl. jl~ii ^1* tijaj yill iU,jjj)t »-U

•free variations £jail t | V s * “ ' J

obJVI (j)

«-

JUJuwl ^L*¥l ij ^ <£>J

JJJ*3 siiviil ^ 3* r 5

*> ul

5,K ^ US A*i£)l ,jii- ul u±>^ ***J ^ lJUiSil

jjjLa^j ( L,U3 <*131 ^ j*S /»- *y» UL, ^liaU \j\ ^ /j^i/

./j'*ii/ ■l*A£ i>t i all'** u^*-* *1*^ ^3 tfjjf

L*£ jUjj il^sUiiji *iaJ tiiaj 1 _ r n* itHJJ ^*j V <il
U1 .,>** 41 jjj pj 311* L*i- *Vj 1) cjii U[ ^aB /^ ^

*ja> Lpi JS-J3 isi4 ^ t - i ‘ ii

JjjjUa jt *ljui* 6* ur^J

(*4^ ^Lil ^ I jUto (j uirttM tjl (>

J*aj U* iVx* Ji 'J PW>1'

VW |HoJ"

Jj^d II ik >1 LS - ^ l*^ 11

o! i> ^ c*-^^ £A+*k3» t* e?^ 11

^ jUJIj Jj\jf ^ f < *“ ii v 4 6i * J '

^jtj^Vl ^ JJj J^J 6^

V*

U5i*Jt J^. 4i* ^1 Ja U| Jjiiu J LfiLi ^alt

/». /jU/

^ VI ^a^LJ l+w u>-J ^1 CiUiii ^ jiUiiB

aA ut i minimal pairs \fjidll jSLtiill W *

f»^' J V) 114 U^J Vj Ot

- yi, u! ijW J <*iUl jil iji ^ilLa^

*jh*i ^ tfl ‘^1 if* ^1 JJ£ A>«» “ Ljjji a^LltL

J jl jU=J1 j! i j*u\ Ait jLicU |U4jj jjj

.fcW ^ >1 A*-

oil *^^1 J| l*iSU yi i3 ^ pj 1 j| U

CiV^jJI l >-i OL>Wl *iJJ^JI
Oi-Jl ijiaij <^^*H : J$al ^LyuiJI b J-4

yi jLaU i» ft 1 1 jj&j iji u^J [jU*m] l^ift^Lj LLa

V 1-iAj ./jLuu/ yi ui mll Ujijli j* l*ljj ^ ULuu]

j>«iJI UiJj . JULI* UVj <Ui, (J [j lft.ru ] jLoH (jl

*/jl n >m / ^Lill! EjjLkt ^j]Vj jjH pj

Jj^iall j\jj Prague School £ljj f^Lit Jaj

Jakob&uit U>*“f9^ ^Vjyft Iqal* . J^ rtliftl l ^jLuUI ^jjJ|

^\Sit o-i bJL* jtil jJSj , Trubetzkoy ~. , jj'ij

JjI 0^ Lujij *Baudouut dc Courtenay t£j (jljJJdJ

• <r> " *4*^ Pd3 J-l (*4j>ll" :oj*-*jS' ! ! Jji >* f*±i»iU i/'Aj

: >t;i <r)

Elmar Holenstein , Roman Jakubson’s Approach to t-juignugc . Indiana
University Press, 197G t p + 171.

v\

*

JLt , i p J uJI ,> J\ iJJJ* M Ui* U 1 ^

t u^idj ^ jJi i

Wj

^ 1 jJj .distinctive feature bjjL*jj»-H ^L&j*JI 4 —Jjiuj <—l

^ ^ ^ ***

ijA CJu l*JI jSSl 6# ^ J ^45*

6"5-^ J* u# SJ*L? v* ^_ub -*^^1

*±Lji oLLUa^) *4*^1 ^ J^l> ibl ' u! ^
li^l <*3 ^ ^ <j! ^ ^

Jj^jj , x>l^" M^ 3 JljJ^j '(j*J H “+ 4 M>^ ^ ^* <1J -‘

,-1.-11 ^ ^]Llij iiij^y JU-Jl ol* tJjiH \±*

JIjjj ,/^AV gv—li J1.U1 J" ^ ‘■^ ^ <> X4 J^* 3 ^

^ M ^ u- *</^ ** ^ ^ ^

jUUi* Willj j^b JLi^Yl :VS

<^1S ur ^ jjiiii .Cm—U Jj'i* y* Jfr l* 4 &J ^ l J ^

,/ijLj/ Jliii 0±“^ J" t^jJl '-* J - lt /Sj4-^

iits c.ia > c^Vl 6#

. distinctive (jfliH p-L^ 4i^aj) jlrf-aJi (i)

.gradual ^jju*Jl ^aUlli (v)

.equivalent jiiljil^ (^)

jt ^Aju 0-^J^ ^ J*^i M* Jsi**^ ^

VTJ .ti jjj 4iiUll 1*4^ 4iiUli ^ tiL “

j^ij (J Lt 4 JYj 11 { + ) JLiiit jLIjJj .^_JLJlj

^J\ ftJui JJ^J ^Jlt jli 4JY^H (”) 4-iUj -^>-11 lH

. [j^j^-oH - ] <5^ 0*- ^

J^vil ^ic. tjjl* ui jw L^4^ “]

vr

< iinj Jlic 1 ^ wiioj iJLit [j^a-*"l“] :y5 Vl

juaj ijLiyi yj j^lii x_iLJl (joi j-taLnH O^J

^ fcLYI

j ^Ui* g Hj J^pjl l!h> <Q j . nJ (j {^IjjJl jJaUj L>t *Ljjij ^jJlj

jLnaJl Cm jJoLjJI ^ JLaJl jA L*£ ^bjiaUjUJl CjLa*J| J£ (j-it

«■ ™

Cm jJaLuJ!j jLaJI [jj* j££- uji*iHj

.dJtjj lildj < ,uij *UJl

^-uJl Jjij ^ jujjdV) ij^ ^jJaJl ^IpLmII Lei

%^uJI oi (jfi .£jJia jjJI iJ \-£- Ijjfii ^ OdP^° CJ-* 6J-il^Jl
JH4 ._^Vl "‘j -Lilt ^4 Ia£ l a ^~^-^ j - 1 ai 4 JS

aAJLo^I 4 jAiui Lj ■ 4 jUji!l yj L gjj ^aljjll

di=J1 Ji <jL-W fLiJjL ^Yl ^ ^!j bLJl AJUyij

CiUfUL yi aIU*!! aJL«J1 *jfit\ Cm ^Lsl! 6! .■■■J.ntl

Ij^jJkJ Ai] tfj 1 ^ 1,11> 1 1 jji Jj-iij ^ Jjj Y <Sj* rJ*nt l 4-UjjJI

JliJ) LaS jjjii ililiJ Aj&J^y iLuuI^i

.5^

^ tjy^jd ijt^ySj <S^\ jJaUoJl Le!

jJ slU J uUjtJ ■ Lffd 1 ■*■ fl'j; Vj + 0 JLiljjk ^i-hJk JjjLaj \ nflijj

j yj I ^|^i cLLJI (jjj CjitiH jJaluJl

bjjijj^Ji yd k *■ ii—I^AjiYl Laji LhA^l^d -|j4Ui^Jkj

^U&JU iYj! 3LJ! £**>• Uit&i l* iijj Lfc*ySj

jjVl£ jii <1 (JhhJ ^ <-J^Ll±J I 11jijj j -^jM 3

Ia^Lj jlaU] <U\jj fj 4 1 jLallj (jAull (jjj L flN~A.Vt OilAJ t^JJI

Lilil .tUJlj tbll On <J±u tjjJl jiiftS Vj ,jLt>l

Uflij. 1 jJbUj

vr

bUrfl U)

aLajV) ji>*^ C^ Cm

^tLajiVl ^Luil Jl L^i iLoAill O'* ^jj-^LtliY 1 !

jjllLbui |*AjHI p^jjin 1 ? 0^ * 4 ^ ■* 0j J *l#^! i^iil

jt (jjil ^ ^ ut Labov t£_W .Uj—-I j 4±U

idJj ,jl£j 3jrl*l a.V\ 3 AaIH <j*2\ O* i^A

Oi^ji jj*j of ^»."r>AN 0^ fJjuU ILVi

£ Jpjuj JaLuYl ji O* |*A>^ * '-i**^

CjJ\S jlj jjjiH 4 A 1 L 3 Jjaj <u-ii i^^aII 0^ niiL*j^>»U Cm jAlH

i|~iL Vi yj 1 jiti Lbid -"^ ■*■j‘j fl ^

u ^i oi jibij j*au ^ian *±s±ut ^l*ji

j*ja*tl Jiij bLuVl II* j! jt^A y^L*jiV\ *UiYl jj*j

.j^ll L£j^tf ^ <4*1W ^ o&-j L* JS ^

ui jJ »iajJ 1 oi lXJ

<4* Jto ^Ul uii ^ (iLp*! J! SjjJ^ Cm

oi M C* 1 ^ C^ ^ ^ jli C* 3 ^'

.ijaU* Ujyi L^Aju ^ oLtjjlN £±**i ,/jJ^ >»

, 5-^j._flU JLj^tU ^ *ZiL^yi 5S^li j£ilJ llL-Jl ftl* £Ajl J*=**

a! V j±\ llA t £^aUJl ULJ1 ^ r^j.ni <^U1 jIaN Lj^l
AUUl L^jjLj^ *Ulcj (j^A« *Zi) jSM jLaIL

: (i)

William Labov, SbciolinguUtw Patterns. University Pennsylvania Press,

1972, p. 72^73.

Vi

w H

LjjJfcJ! ^A jK'll uAS *LUJl unt JUL kjjj *SjddLlLaJl

f^Jut (^iiil jif^afJI lAjgJiu LfJ J ‘"--^ j|J I^UUI 0*0 <uaill

^jUmJI frLaJftH (j)

tli jirtl lj ,4ill IjLwlMfVl CiL^UI jl ^ (jj

^LriiVl IJLa ^i «<j! j ^ ^jIju <1 <Ui!l *1 aLc
* 4±ul Ci^Vl Gjg& cKJ 4 Jl° Ijlkul fliill aLjjI &jLli!

^ LLSJl Ci±ja|j yl]L* Llj o^&i 0^

u# U}U1 ^.i£j ^ *jl ij^j u^i ^

F

i^j4 1 Jut! i^ujjJl bjjlu yj Ija L^J jlu V -^'* * j^iJI

(>* uy± j^h oi .-su c u u Unir*) ^

iji jAjdcwiLtJ^l^ 1h >* jjlc, tjjjjbtJi (jj^ L* ^jp

ojjilj p jiJI ^LmaI iji jijlu . Lua* ^ja4 jjj La^cIaaI

'q^Hj dLtaJI LS uiLl^Vlj Jjj i^u^Ci LAS

*<jU ^ ^^la-9 oi jA fj t>l J\* JJj j<j

-ujji ttt Jl (j^a!I i>* j^aVI ^jJI 1jjj£ jjjLfci*iJl j«ijjJI j^Jqj

O'* 1 >Ua!l illij Gj^^Vl Li! >iij

AVj \1a .UVjJiji ojj ^jLuAll

Magnus A&jVI 1-iA ^1 -* j^Aii 0 - 0 j .phonasemanLicsC^iAJl

. ^JL-Jl > ijj=. iUl4**| r ^Li t/JJI

: (0)

M. Magnus, Wfial‘s in A Word : Studies in Phonosemantics, Truman State
University Press, 1998 .

V*

V u*j I** J J-4d l— |*i>l' ul*

bJLA tjl? .5jilail1 tyi ^JjJtLll tiLi

^ JJJ 6Sd |U uU -UU1 6, >ui^ Cdii^ Ai u^L«UI

.L ^ 4^i Laj ci>ia jjj (ji ^ijLiAdJi tj* lV#* ■

JJ ^llaj L* ^yLt Joj yjli CiLJi]| ^ Sj A?

.jUj ,ja : A*JI dlj ^ Jju U *i&\ cUSJI

tla.ua^ j!u4j n aj (Jdij <pUj

^ SjjjS CiLfliS ^ M5-J1 jl ii-i V * -£>b *\ j 1 j *o*A?

*> Ej-iA** Ji* i^jiLfci^ frjLij

JUji Vj ■ t-n £ji 0-4 bj£ftU tj! h ~ 1 * *J ^-* 0“® ^ -yjVxfcn

^jiJl <Ljj ^4a H Jjljjilllj tj y i**H o^u 4j^kJ| ot ^IuJaJI 0^

.jiS J3 o- 1 ^ j+> iCiLaiSil

jl yjUj^JI bLijV\ jJ-=£ o“J^J

^alUai u- (jiJuJl ^ L, J! J*i3 ^ ilikiJi

JLj^ <ji ^ ^4*^ oAj

- £>iU* *JYj V “ UU^ jei^j <£>ii] ^ -Ij

.^jlxJl 4>

^LaJSVl (j)

M-

jjLaJ ^Jj Pragmalnigulscics ^jjAUI .IjL-JjaH J;±m

Alj Ijj JjA ^.‘J 5±>*AIl *IiLJa**Jl (ji >kiii lH JjVl LaJl

l^liaj .Jllj ^i jj^j >fc L* ( *fl > »fa >-**J ^

l jj-us ^ mjmJI Jjj ^ tl^<Jl ^

J^2 ^ ^JjII y4^ ptj J4* *(3^-* S? jLt C 5 ^ ^

b>i-4 Cy* pufJjku d-ilUi ‘>tj j^-^j

Jkj Ldj^c 4 j 1& <jj^flilj Htu ‘UamJI Gj^-nail

^jIj Jid Alii i{p_iJ^iM) lZj^sJI (^s

■t^jJdJi >dL LH U^ J~»“‘ft H

ijjjj jJSj .TwadeH JjjI^jj ^SjjjYI fJLuJl Ija ■ _<l -**

fJAj [%J 4UaJI £* * Jtix 6 JjJ cqJ^LJI f*ya 1*14

JjjIjj ^lU L*A -^~' L * Jt ^ iLajVI > bjkj 4jfl .Vi i.t^. li»**

iZjJ^aJl (J^Llu J<j_jiiil 3 jjLba1ji 11 SjJajJl wiUk^uai (jl£ ujj HJLS

t>» i5j " dd ^ ^,1*

^d-JyiJi bUhjYt (^)

(J lf <a11jLs £*A£ (^^Jl bLuYl

iJJLfJ (wJj^msJJ b Jj^d u^ ^ Lo ijji iu>l!

( >jjL^i£Jl Li^Iaxo L^ji j^jill .3 o^» »tl i-iljJ!

V 4i^ LtJJLil <J jv-u^tli .LiUj 3j-s. U, ,.H 3_ujii

■gj ft *i. n i 5£L±4 j^Ylj »£jj_>-AJU ^ 1 tjjSj

iZjUjLlii <durijj EtilLft jj bLuVi IkM <ji ^ ^«*■ Vjf

AlJJ t-ijdjlj .. LudJ ^JLa, (jl (j£*j L*3 odf <^jJ!

jjm3u o£«j V JjlaI) *LtJI (jj. .^Ljj^JI ^Iju!

iHijd Ltlj jd ijj| Jull ^Jdli *jUOdYl *Lf ^>Cr JjiAj

jEi^dlj (4 j J iJ4 jl^ jljdli 1jJ}Li-a till!

y * *\j a bi4 ^1 ill^ia J “j Y kiUiiJ^ >4iid ! J tts«

tHH CiLj^jtj]| 4^1 n jy|j ^UJJj iiJbuiY] tUi JaI

* 44 ] ijjiill {*** I(jtjl] o^ t^m* l)^J

A** (jijjlj JLuV^

VV

[Jjfu LJ| J d* (tSaJU fU£4j

V Lajja^j ,ji Oi)4“^

^phonology p hill frjlU O* JiUl-Vl ou

yj» 1 * 1 ^ n Ji |*-Lt 0^ o* ,^* 1^1 j .phonetics lZjIj-aVI SjjU

0j$* UiJj -*aS>a]I (UiiM uLi 6- u! J

(j**o IdJLii; <«dlj J*ij d ^ uLi tH>

■yi^l Uj>ij

UjSj ^JJI (3^^1 d y* d“^ ’WiP^

i+Li ^ill

^ji JtrjUsj yj jLmi ^AJl fU)l ^4*^ >* ^

SjjUlJl CjI*-mJ\ k>Jai 6^ jLi! £• (Jli-

jaUll ^ «il*»ifl jMii Ai* JUti* (distinctive features

^USUI DboVt (Ja)

**

d4 V- iilj JS ^ i4JjLJ 1 CiUU^iVl yi ^ L-aiifi

.,VH>U jjj*3 -uLt uA d y*A! L*-* d fd

j***^ jjjij yi *U±**. 1*1* *4#ij ^

<ia Jijy V U-U TujU L*U U%j*j JlS *Ui> 'j| -f^ 1 '

,<iLU*JI J^3 j US <ia ^ J *y-“

^jLc iJJj (jlSi jtljririf *UjU Ajij i ^JT iar jjfJJl

^jjjlU^ LLAiN ^4 J-UjH d* fi i^>s>Aj)l d tjj^>

Cii j 3jjj*a 11 Xil^ d u^4i

■ fl.Uj ~11 JjU f*Lull^ i^JtaLu* (jJ-t jS ^’i J „W\J

^^iill WJl (-cUjaVI jkiii 4 ^Aj5j Uj n^jUiy\ ji iyJVjJl

VA

jUijVl <J uaLai La |t4l gJLij tfJJI li* JMji u^-J

(jjiJJIj o-jjJt yi Jill-Latl i^ULsjVt Jl y -r.~ ,oll

:jjSl

l> ^tly .Jli, LaijJ jLju 4i .1

***111 j\ UUI cljji J>^JI yUJJI jLfcJl <_ij£

Jlua Ug 4 ?J jj ^1*4 tf jLo tp^iUu ^1

giMtl ijA Ifljlr i *3 ijflUill tZiLUl_4jJl

JISaVIS 3j. ..1 . .j| '"i'i in d^LilJ ^lia{

tj* J*“J -CAjujJI Cv* L*4^Jt 3 I

iH&u ^.ii* 1 11 jL5t <j-° idJj ^Ic V-JJJJJ Ljjj hZ< 3 iaJ 1 ^ yj t

r3,iL?i.*i\ Jjjjtl CaLjjyui^j -fc i

.yiUtb JjVlj ^LaVl JJjSllS

3 * ^ J AS , 3 —li« Jfllm* 03^3 Hill *1 at

Lu ^ Vju Jjiaj Ij) njijill i ^\ Ejjjall

IjL^j . LijI ldLij£j HLaVl kZjj^dJl l jajLaAi J^aj

OJljJLaj fliH <±U1 jilij jjuntj <3 JJl ^1 J a",^ U

JjJl jCiljjAiVl hAA >_>j Hill fi^^Ual Hi] l

™ «-

3d J3A3JI3 ■ 1 f Hill illiolS t>4 1

*

j4*0jL> 4A llhi aiiij Lilj *h_u£jjll yi JjIaJI

^3j\ iLaaj^ y 4 3I»j*Jl &JJ 3 A rt' ll I rt^ l l . l M l I^J ji

j^lfl'iiiin Ci \ fl«*i (jji jijill aiijl J J^jl LaIj -CjLjjijJVl

J^jtlo <j 1 ft 113 ^nVll tn^J oibaj .^Ij^jjllij *lu!1 yi 4 jiiw »3

^Lj^jjJl 1 |Jl£ 1 j .||jjjAlJ ^jLldJI 1 _LjLaJI Jja3

[■-*;--j uj^] *IaJ 1 fj[ Jjli Lui iyLaJlJl t*AjLaJ 1 JIaj

iu i I ■ LL J* (J x Jail JJ (ik 0 jL tj-S 3 d Ijya L*djJ43

tjjSj (jl iJaaVi iji IuIaj! jJ 5 4jl

Jjli ujh* M* ^iiU^ jj fhKjiM

JLjiiU ^U^Jl jUaj ^ ->1 J) W* 6- -J'jSl'j
<*ii\ CiU^ui aNiiJ ^ aj >-* ^

.Yjl Uu .^Jita p^j* i3^ ^

j.^f jj4 j^LjJI .^jl ■.A'itii ■ t " '■* > - t > Lll^j ul j*’*

j^^*H jjiiU OjcIjImj ^ L« J!

,UAj IlU V ^i rtf 5 jj»1

j\ Ue-! i-Aill Jib jaal] J,u jw*U u! pi

ilj;i3ll ^ jijiS J[ U*** J±>*l' O^SJ *Uji j\ ijLj

IJU *1U yi ,>JI JJJ3 J! (JJid Vj -Sh^"

.iilli

iiUl Jjljj iLfjati tliLuijj j-« j5>J1 |*dy*N J j ^ ij! J* 3

jL J US .L*4rt l*f «LJ£ jJjij >( " ■ -> *» V 33 ^ s *> u

Jljj JL»j Jl—j JUj JlSj Jti/ > USj ./jtjj jljjt jUj
• iilji* Ju »JU» -jl! /JUj JUj JUj JUj Jljj JU-j JU.j

U5^* oLu^ill i> j*t JjUs *■ « ■■■! 0A** j 1+jSlj

-IjuIj li*

- SjpiU* liji] Y - 5;jiL^ yViJ |IJ^1 UJ 5 bij

<iiX4 Jjljji L ."“^J <jj£L Jj* 1 j^ i^i

,Ujli LJui .JJj (jift iLJj ^4” J o-°

V*S -J^Vl fULJI ^ JYj wiJu* Ij |W*N Cu* P*^ J*

.Lai b u£> ji ^ ^ pA>^ & iLL "J

Ji. W' ^ ^ ^ ^

jii <j^ ^ t tJ^ J ^ ^ s^ ifcLp '' 3

Ci^£ U u>iM uS JJj a>"

JJUJ jj iffcMji ^jj J*yu ^ ^dlil Jit O* Yj

A*

J ^ ojj *l> ;A>*M

1 3iuj jll /e/ <£jail ^jjLuVi J *|jj J*

0-* L^i ,/churches/ <Ji# J £*aJI

j^ali liUj ^ * * £uJl 4Xi*dJ <fci£ll jlli J

bJLdk jqJ \jl ilLWU tiiLuil 4 a 15JL |jluj (ji ^

j <*dJLLf1 L ^jjUJI ^ j <diJ lx_j

iO ji *l ^ U" <1 h* /<*/

4H*i 04 ^ i.^L*Lff L*jji' ilj Ijljj f consonant >Ti *1 ^ LaJ^i

:^i oLasJi j /o/ Sjitt ^Jj

speed + meter —speedometer

therm + meter—> thermo meter

bar + meter —> barometer

\ tiiiVj J jjj f«J /o/ (jl [jLJl l^t Jij

,i&id jUdl ^ijLaJl J 5 ^ m-> , -» l a

4 fctli^ J JUu C^rfiJ ^ %L^\ 5jjJI ChH J

j4 JU Y fdJj Jtj ^fltl-% rtti 3jik il l 4 jLc£jj jJLsj 1*5
Axull J ^Ll <jLt ujSj Lo (jlu <3®1>J1 ^L^l

JI ^jjjJI J <lkj d j1 r uj^i 3jL*aJI

l a'Uk^jH Liib^JU J LjJuJ) 4 jj -dl"^» %Jf I jLjuI p-AJjiJJjJ

4idlL Uj jj!i I^jL ^1 UYj p^ jjJj jill

L^j J*j \±4j ■ JI \nn *\\ J (ji l JuH

<ijjJa Jt pitaJI ^Uji£ uJ J J

4jJI Lfl gb±l Jju Lm fOLljjaji^

4iiu ^ ^Lid ipjjjiU ^LhJl

a

.n

o-* juJ f- Ij\ U* J*

i^jaj <^JLSi i 3 ^HJ *lUj t>« ‘U*^^

■ 1 " i * * ,

Q 4 >liJ V * uL* Abu j!

tj^Lk i Ju. ^JJJ.4 £j \jdV AV}1 0 llu li 5^ ul ^ j U-* (4 -a1j

jy^Jt tj^Ala * Lm ^4 <i^ V

*jtdfej±c 4-it i-oJ ■ ^ jgu ^ IM'if

^UkiVI JjlJI {j* jjui Lai4j ij-4

Ujl USA "UnjJ ^A oj$j Xj fc*L* tji u^d

*-^|1 h ulbfli ■*■ i V ->. jUl ^>14 ‘ t ‘^ ji ljIr VI ijdJ

jLAll Ojitij od-SJ' J! ^ '■*! ** oUj

pjj. ^iLdjyi u^ Cil^UI ijAii ^ ifLt

ui t>A W

jlS J*Aj |*j IjJA -laii (fc 4"i>#1 l>“ I- 14 I f t <*k >

. Ul&jLj ULdJ tjlS j^j^kL LiUl k I j^J . l^pJL» UfedJ

*J0^YI o^lj ,UALu.i US 5 Jj^-* UAUll oj

jL-iVt UU»l ul u£*d Sj^^kLJl
iCjl jj jjJl 4 >j^ .liUl klitjdV ^iUj^Alt *- , Ij

cbjL^aJl iUjJj ■< -IflLLJI o j

bJUl (3i>k L>* ,>>*^1 **U JafiAj jjtj

Ejjjfiiil ij>4 <—ijiii (jl oSjjJI l>*

^Liiklt i_ijj 5 till ^JAj

Jjllu 114 ut i^*i ^ ^ 6 ^J -^lj jt (4^' ^ ^a.i-^n

F ^UJJ| 421 ^ LlJ

ul^lluu^j[Y]

AiJ yi AaLc, CtjA Lu jAjj^u^JI pJodjl ^jJluj LLj j Lj

yljj tAh 3iJJt bJjt yi (j* tLgj L*j jL^uXt

La.j j L^jJ J^Lajll <j Lu ^ J£ yi Cilj-aVl

^Jl^ha yj <J±Lftitl ljL ^u| yj[ UU t^jjj -jI^aJI L^LLu <LJ-c
*<a itlil flK\) JLaJjl

iM J! yjLijaJI jAUUlji^c y-L* J JLU Iajjjb

d ^ A jf . 1 l t*i j I A, 4 !^ut y* ililjuLtfaV^ jvLj

L» *iUj (ji L*J w 0-° '^•*-} ~ *ixj^j} Jj <jL& ^ilil ^u=>1^

jL-J Jl

kllLiUI jji ilal n\%\ \ tji (_£jj i_i4J Jjj

[jJ I ■ )J < it»1| ^Lt fuU) jji (arbitrary Jluja clii 3y>l, ./tVi

utjU|^ij ui . (v),i * 43^ <iiL JjIaJIj jut UJ# «BUl

it^jJVjj I^KI I *Uj jJjj AJ ^\3 *■!-£■ *jl ■ u ila.')aJt <JJ

* t aI^I I .'j"j~ (4iUl «Ljj1 <ijL ^Ikj IA.JJ V 4jl ^jb

.Uto 5iiL <t «ijJI J*J ^i .I^jIVjj U£lt ^ WL o!

yi tjij j*Ltaj jj^j Hj jul <Aa^UJi oJL* jLu&VI jj^± Yj

4a 1£]| l*ijj J *3f23 Lfjl (^ja Ajjoiajyi LjdjLdA t>s (j[

JIS1IL U£]| oi Lfjj Jj ■brave ^ stop j*i L *S Jo^uLa^i

|UiJlilJt J|dlu i jlu)f1 JjYj .yjlA^aJl 0)

. , MM * S>ilii1 **iS-

Ferdenand de Saussure. Course in General Linguistics . N.Y., Me : jjiil (Y)

Grew-Hill, 1969 . p.67 r

AT

V • stratification _j struggle lyi t*£ Ifjjj ,j-J

iilju jjlt -1 —11 JjSj U.ije dlJJj -tjjlaUaJ 4elS)l Ujj iji JjSI

:^s IS ij-se U a “ J! J"A ^

j] JL* ,VUjj,l 4 ipiJ jsUii jA u' Ji*j X» -»V“b

J^,lj ca-iylj <1 VjJ1 an yu*' ■*•**- Ll * J ““

•iadsll

ftyjjj --■!-'<» Al. yi 5Jiii U31 j>-3 ,> CASd J45jVti

JLj - 311. (t r U“) £tjj3 J>i ui J«d -bH

.■-. U-.fJ I £,*y yij iijj>U iUjLa^ <1^1* Jail) yi — t-JiHplf

ui JUu>Vl jlj 6* 'i* u! j a*. Jlii |«

Jyill Jp <t ^Jl Ju 5IV.il] 5331111 ilj-Al *14 jL3i.l ^

(ji dll 3'-l- 5jjj (jli Lula ,J**J ■ < L(A lilfleVlj 5jj|>i*]|j JWAjVIj
J* i .JJj yla (A=J1 ji ufZ&i JiU— la-ui

. ,- L J - - r jttl .-■ !-!< |]Uj LaJkle <<il 5ai J*i ul •!““

Jjlili!! eUialt siijl. £>i pljlall 1> u^ *1 LiSfj-i* Wi* ^b—^'
pj. . .1 6±# 4 jV iilL*jJl sla p£^ll i> (5 jM .le.Vlj)

ji .JJJ1 dlw V 6a I- Jiij ' 'j* <** Li yj '

Jt t-ftljXj i *‘ 1 " , ri ^ J Jd

ol^Vl b«* ui 0- y **»( ■*»

-ijalS 5 ^jj» 11 yi Li* .Ulfll yi r^* >

UjJmj uiit \j\k .^jUtLa jjjUUl iCiUUl i> UjJt ,

Jji J bljjAli g minimal pairs * l < ~ >

gjSLtill trJLA jUdl Jut dlj JLt-lwi MJ .lJftMij ifij

:^jVi uU^I J US

Ai

Jjl yi

Mj

t->

?4-fcJUJL

c

J

A*

.[s] ua±i \j\* Ulii j dij ja. <sj*i3

i j4 LS jiUiiH OstiSS 15 1 * d

:<^Vl iyill

:^t Uy^i\
(3 * 1^1 yi S tli^ual!)

we t x t

iULUl

(1^1^11 ji*\ y/k s

fa

ra- ce

ca

t jXt j £*1^1^11 ^ UM l vllJjtdl <Sj^-J.

tj* |J(j jf&Jl ^ 1* 1 rt U-* (ji Vjji^ *1^ CaIa

4i5 ojli JLU uLJ <S}li ^ukn Lj^ -ku iL^L

Ia 5 i-M*^*^* Cnl junl ) tjjij j^j '** jIj ^ *jlj I LaS *

LZi \* 1*^1 1jE tlufjimj SjjjM Cu^oJl [jj£j JLdj} 444 «--*^j

■ w« jjsi ai-n li* Jm ^i

AY

J .U ^4 Lfct J±.lj tZul^wJl **-j J a >

J\ JjaJLj ii Jl Ci^=Jl o' ±*“ ^ ^ ^ -liii—

J! J>^d jj 6' i»" j— 5 ' G jj¥^ ^jjh^ ^

lijj Ol* -^j t> Jjfi' tfi*' ^

hjjj-Atii 9 illjjrfJI g rj i rtj 0! U-" <^*^1 ij* ^

IjU LuiJrihfH* £V^a£ o' J±*-

>i oL^yi o!) «*ySH ^ ^jjj G^) **& J 1

OiiUl ^All i Ji *Ull LiJtij *(T ^J^) (>^

Of-Ji y 3 (j^iJi ^*->11 o! ^ jUa-U»f

Aijj^i, 0“* 1 **j *■!jJ1 0^ diPj *^“L? ^j J J! -

^ jjj =UM u* oi ^ JtA 5 j ->^ iJJ ^

'£±">*^ J!

soimd JI i>—i-A cSJ^— ( CSL ) J 1 —^

( *yi^ .Oe-Jb <*UJL : 1> (3-1^ |>JJ level

.(j^l) iJS JaIj JU <V>i- l#i* JS Jki JL*

T^jjV) ^dUuJVj

* f

rs Jl jksJI j Vjii. flill yi i»**ilt J-“* J-»j I5Li!

.J .. . V* Jl (j—U£ ,j*»i <ki«i Jjii J“=jj ■J .'-' I "J J

<Lw i_A]Lm3 ijjL-i jISj rV>u <iLJ J Jja^l Wall ol <ji

.ijjSJuJi i^iai Jiij

Ijiki u-"j jjjj ijilSll 1 > "J^AY V>la *UJl jlai t>j j4 *i±ik

yif. jJjj V>i. <tSUl ix. <ji (^i i> ■j'i* J*-'- 1

.1*1£J1 Jib <bj ix. Jm .JsVt

*

^ J ;: - J . ^V V>i- <aU JU yri

Uj J y—* > \A bj^JwkJI Ulll Jilj Aki.a J*iio J^=»j OsP»

^ d + ^ 1 | o| jS ! 0 ±“JI Jf* Ail

AA

t'i.A jl Ltji > V lilj VjJj I>14 JJJ

ifJJl IJLa ■ ^A~I ■■ a Vjj-La <jJ_C jA L+X tSN ij-^l J

■* "" ». ^

1 j-4 Jad*M JUB IjjJAid UsjaLo IjJtJ ui i<ij^ji

4>d JjJi^Jl jJljil UhgJ faJJl

<^U=JI illljjjj ^LtJ i^JjJl ta.\*&> ^ja JJLj ^Jki. li

■<iiuJ

* m

<^J=u ij-oij .4jjUUl fj*t * jY A \ VjiLa jjjuill o-*J
4ilu Ejla (jl IjAj \0T* EjjS*x*U 3-bJ£ 11 t3-^ J

„ Yj» '« <iiij 5*14 ■■ a->K*> |jjj£ *XjJh V %ft ^l ( JJklj

j i r\ Yj*i» *uLj JV» jj .*yi ia£td (Jjuu s L i* fll4 i

jifi] jAjiil IJuij W ^a^U J^Ij <Lxa Ju -14

p

.¥^JU« i flitnl Jjlflj

t3^ i>*j fas <j-* *jYYr Vjjtio *yi ^3^ *>0 £4 il-jL*

^iaj^Ld jjj£ <ji^ ^lin {J-* 'jHY a <*Kl l 1,3^1 j tljJI

1^4=. <L1£]I <ljLiliJl tfa- (j>ij l*i*

,^tl* (j-tj) 5-aJS j-i LijJaj Ij^i '^>4^. 3 ju\jIaJI jJ-c.

" Pi

^jj^S-1 Ltolfr LglLc frjj {J-a \1 lu J>»i -JJ Jlj-M

^ Ji jJl ^jk u^ U j 4^JI <j ^jJuj jlia ■ VJ^xl* ^13^4

„ 4_jLi Li^ .AjIaAjI fll fl i (J>4 JLj ¥ iJJJJj

p

*> JJC IjJJ

jiJttjj I Li Sjj-y3 JlLil ^ V j » Jt I> LdUu 6i

V ^JLll ,%aA£J! tj4 nil

^yfl ^ iZl«Ld tft JiL^! J-t h*>T1

ji JJti V .». JUJ J>U iWj Vji

.IA*1\ 6- jjiVl Ji [h, w,y] ^

^ I m T lU; <aJ JiJj .consonant clusters 4 jlal.r*^ i j ol iit tj ‘^au J—

Jri ul JjSj J SjW AjiiliJl «l4 J>j5

^ Ui aUj* J*ii Ait *UM ,> jjiVl fLaJi

■ 0* + JUt J Cl5j)

pl,bh] \*JL£1I 3 j1aj LiXl jujiUaJI JjS^ W

Ij* \ .i-*\ aaj^laj) 4-oi£ AajS yi . A■ IM l jif yi Ij lj * 1 Xj)

^ U^ 1 'j! *1 A*tiH >' L> ®SSl' fcJLi

help . : SjjXI iliUASH yi LS [ipjb^k] V\ >a*iN ^

.buLb, dark

»I* r U~X ■Sjt.Ull USJ1 Jib -b-Vl yjj3 Vjj
**UJI *Uji jLlji yi f La—jVt ti* u-±>U* y . ATl * ; -1+ilUj <il>Aft

r , *■■—. UjSjJ JJ bjjJl fUlt Jt£ ^lUu, 1.AJJ

M (j_jl t-lAi Jji u^b* y* M

l-.A JU. oA U| ,U£H Jib ib-A' jjj5 ol J) (jlTUu)

JU-.1 I 1 j^i ■ S.Uj’ia b&lai illS lj[ . f U... tt l JljU

US JlAjaJI »i* ul ^itlj" lyia. bi' J>4i -W 1 *! >-"11 U 5ijUt.

^ Ufl^ji- yi ulijUl ^jliS bb -6—1 AJl=«' y* **AJ
•Uji*. A iysy J! *sj* Vi -jbJi i**- Vj .b^ ri .- » > i

.jjia. :»jSS y* '-b u-fb -^b ‘<Wb

.'*^"*41 A-jaJ j iJjO£j

j|j : JAaJ .yjlji* 1 >u. *J jjiaj ■vb»y' A- -Irfb Ch jblt (A)

. 1«A . UAe . (JUI

^all CiLjiI^aJI bi^ul A^J 3gjjjJl |*aLjlaJ 1 (ipi ^aJU t^LujdJI

.L*a*t {j-° £ JJL& ^jlll jji| Ia^J *_l^duV^Jl ilidiAluik

^oui jlu jUtb :Vjl

[jjf] IjOJ * jj)AAb ^MI + \

[>Jjj] 'Ja£ii jjA^. -Y

[aj] ^L^jykalL \ Ajj iJaJX ^ V^ m ■ Y*

MJ ^ ^ SH^ Jtf ^ ■ £

yjjjialL 1 AjJ i^dl j< 1a — r - . tt

[ Aj] Ia^S .Ui *Lj^Lj £ J '** r * ~l

[a,] ijLU^tdJlj 1AJJ <iaU k*..l .V

[^] 1aj 3 IjAi ji* r ^nm" .A

[ jj] [J ij^J f JJ>lA Sj ■* r. * *\

[i^] Iajj c^ijjxH <1*jlL.* h & JaIjt 3-*i£ au V . 'l *

«A4 J^lAi (.>* Ia^IjAXlhI {j£*j ^jJl (>• £i\la ^-»5j

. w c.L«0jJ1

^11 U4i jLptL :Lili

[Is] I"*" jiaJJ 3j4^l3 JjAi*

M 3 (jasj^Lj jL>-^ *y

1^3] 6^W yrfSH JJtt V* j*i* OQB -T

jfcjlJL\..^V* plaudit pfcH> jjAaJ L-ljJ “• yf*&* W

. • Mvr , c*jSii b«u ciV^jJu

[jj] tJJJJJ-oJL jllfLU jLu^J

[>»] j-lt W *&

[Joj] jiaii ^

E{i] CfcK^b 3L»13 jjJu^ 3UiJ .V

[Jj] (jj^yaJL 4^UJ b^ J-^ ***' ^

(^] ■'
it. $i\ <jjj*cJ 1 tlaUft^JL ^±U rSAilj? lu>£ ^Jd V .\*

+ [^5 cJLj iJaj ‘(j 41 ^ 'j^ i ^ 3, tl ~*" ll 3

kdlj ^ Ujl>tL^i £J^l *>"

^ LajI 5-uljjJl
jjztt b jiS :iilli

(l ^y]lzLi 6 j*^» bb* 1 *b^' ^

*LH l^JL *o>ilb *l*i*^b **b^ -ij*

Z *\frlA j\ jAj tl*it <Ac. U" ^

^A3j^) Uj*— duij ji ^bj Sh^ W** ^

ijtLj <*IS JS I^jJjijj IjJ&i *|*4Ait LwLi* \1a - (iSVJJ1

iaJS bi4 Ail LfcJ U^$J V jl

*j4j£ ia Jl Vjftijj ^|\S tji

- * jJil—JI 00

*To,Tl ^ - ^LJl 00

qaj JjLoj I 4 I d^AjjJU lajj! ^ assimilation <1 jLuJ1

o(j-Vl

EjdUa -j |*1 JL^j ^ijLfcfcHj 1 _>cm I »<t> jfiii >_ii nl^j

^uLhujyi . litilh EjLav

Jib Cjl^idVl ^jju ^sJI JjLut! f In,W1 |

yj lTij^jJ! jjjj (jl L«^t Tt jjitLal) ,jJ jjin'i tjjt IjAj^ji

LdJ.j *4J_Jta i >,11 ij ji g iritij ipitigrtislve hjJ ilil~J1 .ja.iU!

l^jL ^IjI mH tiiajjfl ^iLJl yi uji nl l j!yj

.Ejja* l A**—^ p j ^j * regressive

j^Lu C^msu ji jjjj jj lZi^jaII <j] f \ *1*H Aajj

iA)j£ , irrunediale Sj^nLid 3^*i - *11 ijjidli ^ J J ■_;; ^jvJj 4j

Vj ^^aJl (ji jjilj V Apj <j^ lljLajJi ji

EjjIj ij-u £ji-{ ^ | rt j^(7 nti *UJl i Jj J ‘hTi ^*** r

jji jj Lilij J dJj Jjjj T /CuSj £i±uj yi L*£ 4^U1

AJj *p_iiiiH wliVl j}t <,^iiiT^ 1 ijl J jpAillll ' j» lift*

■tfU J! U£“Jl 0^ IIjUjJI jit M>d Jj Ci^uaJ!

T jLd Jl

, ja.1,,.1 1 JU^UII ilil^jilll j Ltie. L EAAljJt ^IjIuII ylj ^Iuj Ujat

tfisi—H o- £ t>iVi U jkh

'complete immediate progressive <L_il£]l Sj *\ j»11 4—JjAilll 3 tl l nnt l (1)

l^A JU3#¥I ttj jj|^ *lj jjjb 3 jj_>*II L|jli*]

ST

iJlaliVl ^Ijll jjf <1/^ ±pk*

jl JO .*\ilk jl M>" N jJaiH < tJ-> fl ^ l=l >* < * -MJ

ilUH JliJl Ju .JljJb &\j}\ 6^ J3U3 <\** ^

\±A <jjli f.\jl\j JliiJl u&t jlLaj 4^*3

j*^jl pj *<JIaI 1 j4jf *jLrt*““^ *>^»J ij\ Ei J (J)

:(\) ajjUJi ^ jsuji .u^ui

Q) Aljbull

- Um^ +1 L»*"+] + -Lh"‘1

t (IjlM^-* '1 -* s4) jLij) Cjj-*Jt T

« 11 jj^^n iZ^jAAJ L5 jln « fl

partial immediate ^—u^l Sj ■*!j*tl ? jfl .i frit i ^AjL+^JI (v)
yk jA ^aJVi JjsJ iujjdl ^ \filial Cwj ; progressive
^ b^A-^ <*j£) iflii-P A*** J| *(|Ai* JJt JrfV\

lift £*BJJ (T) iljliJij .LflAj U^ U.J 0“^J / jUa/

:J5L^i

(r) jjjUaJj

+] t>*

4-

H

Wu 4-
*1 *jL 4-

f

^uL»! 4-

-h

<L^L 4~

^ i(4li>iJ1 aJVl) ^LjUt a**lAi "

|uJu CuLaj <Jj4^-u*a f ( J ^fitVl) <Lj^ia AjUmIj Ajilit

/' jLiL^L

complete * - jl&H Z j .li ull j *k 4 _^jJjII 4-JjLuJI (^)

JIjlII (uJj AjjjjJI 1 j" 1 *^ C>*j Inonimmediate progressive
pikiuJl jLaJI j^jbu * jLd Jkiil ^giaj

^jkUj Or) *U*JLj , 4 udll L~-|Jjald

:dJj

IjJ” "•"]

Ll4^ +1 '*■

(r) jjjUJi
■ I &**+ ■]

'^LJaVVj \ ^ f [, 4 jiaj -] _J AjJ) jLIj) jSj-bil W^oli

- n |ui« j£l

partial immediate 4_A^JI ^ ^ aIjLuJI (j)

!yL^J *LsJ\ pjaJS V^llai u^j I progressive

^Audll jA t ^ q"-^ £4 i^Vx^yW j**** - ^ jLcJl

:dJj 0^3 (0

<0 4JjUJ1

- + ] -]

complete immediate < _ jl& 1\ lj _uLaJl 2 ^ j$\ < 1 jLuJI (_*)

ji jLa ^11 Qj iii tt Lfi t>4j ^regressive

:dij 0^3 (o) iijliJlj .jutyL *UJl * 1 SLJ / su...,/

(») iljUJI

[jJiu + 3 - yS'' ■* - LjJu-]

P- V

*UaJL Lc^lLu 4jj£] (Ladxo fjfluJl j*L i^m*uJI

m n Jx kJL

parti at immediate Kj *,LJ1 * j* 7 j^ 2 ^i^-1i (j)

ifjibf ^ ^Lill <ud LfjA^al C^ 4 j • regressive

IkdJj (*l) *Ll*Jlj I 44 J&J

(1) IUUaJI

<*-Z* +

+

<jiii 4 jum£*JI iSjpJi t—

." (auji) ^x=jl i^i ua)

complete nonimmediate S.^iU*J 1 j^c <i^LuJl (j)

IjLd j‘^.l 1 i ojmJI 'jJsd jji I|ll*n j -regressive

,^_aJVI 1 *|ijf Jydli **Ua]L *jibl /Ja \*Mff

ikdJj (V) <UjLloJ^}

[jfciA- + ]

-1* +
3.1U H-

(V)

"I - ] / ] * IjiU '1

Ujfli IjLa j if ^4^1 f

partial nontmmcdjale jL-u}aJl j^. 3 1*U t \\

*t^SI / jLaJ yi tXiJ\ il y* u+s ‘regressive

jta ^aJaJI aLLJIj Lc^jXo

:^Jj (a)

(A) iJjUJI

f^ % Jm ~\~ ] - y/ +] ^ [pail -]

* 4

pall fiAl^JI jiL I ) ^**ai

11

laVjUJl

*U£jj 5I <Ujtia (jJl jSSl jt JUIjIju ■ (jt

%1jLl* l fir _^LtJ &JL£-Li yj ijAUaJl CiLlA pJ j*

yi <-iIUx Jj y-oXij yj]| ,>*WUl 6*< 5 jI* ujSd £“flj ,5***^

.£kii <dAcj jLkyt jl tiaii j+aJLi

ii»j *bu. ^ r*o,v

■^j J iji*j <ij rJjjij AIJ

iidij jjljj

- t54*« +] /

L>A« +]

*— Lit* “]

- LjJu +] /

154“ +1

* Lit* -I

L5#^ +]-/

Lit* +1

’*— Lit* ^]

ft) JUjUJI

ft)

Ll^+]

Ij4« ^] ^ L3^“ "I

-ta

:^L LS jj&ij

ji L*Jj* (34*^ i 3^ ft ^ Ji* Jj=4i

. 11 ,JJu

*[r] Ijit ,j 3 J\ >a-taj a^I^s iliLwJi ^

J4j£ l^MwLtaul jljJjLuil ^i] ^ rt 1 J.~ V JLfcljJ

(JA1J (^JdJlaJLaJ^ iZll^iaVt J^t=fcj i iimj <JtJd j^jJl

■H » •>+

i^jljJJuJl <uiLu>l ^ji-C Jjutfi jjiabL 4-ij JL£lj£]l frJL^Ij ■ >"il ~ ...11

Jjjj^ditftll frAA i^f jJI *Lc 4 aj^ * l'^*; iii Majj^JS

■ L« tiA (i-Al 0-4J Jjalt

yX}tfi .\

^£alad Ci^d ft mVl-^Ia Alt jj LwA H JjJjjj ijLijdd <*a

^ill jljll i Lajlj jjlajdoll (jljJi I n jit-il Ai£, {jLuJJl tjji «<J

i AlJ Jis ,ji (^lll *LJIj '[>^>*J <aJj] Jifl ^
j\j ^3^ Ait 4aLc if All 4JLu)j ^jLaJJl djaaj t^SVjjYI jl^J!

tjLwJJl (JjJJ (jjJjOJl L**.l^fl ivelum datVm ( AaJ!

j^iVjjVl jilalt j ^J l*L4 J j^c

frlul^ iJygJl ^Id Ait, 4 jI t ijt^jSu ifJJl 4Jh0j) L>* oL^Ut aIjm?

yJl 1 a 4 (Jjj^ Ojj -jLiilj pi julll (jJJ JaidJ lilaai i^Lill

tjjj iZijdd Ijj <j! jVjjVi SAtLi

-jtf 4 jL&£ [LiyJ IkU j|j

♦jljll haml L*Ju*i '(l&S) jAj *JLi JjiLl ‘LfAll ^ <*—=»V$ \ 1 a

{jLjLa ^majJ fjtjJl jOlLal! <tufl Li 4^ i^jlajauSlI jj^afijLsJI

.(JLS) UjiudJl 4aAu |_}*d]l ^jydcui flill ^Lj£jaJI

lull Li CiH '~‘ ,I ~ k i ^

^ JNj ;Vl (Lit Li^uj ./J£/ (j4j -(JL.) JiilJ y**JI

j 3 jLi. 1 I 41 ... J -al l ^uut )Uli l-^iartJ jllajill (i •o j‘ ‘ ~> ’♦

w

tbjHt&j iifu- 0 * 'j[ *4 Jl jWI J>“

UjLilJI JlLij jjAj ./Ltb / iiJS) 3 m-»~I I lull yi Li Aljj

: u 3jaall Ji»jll l-L* 0*)

(|<) ijliUJI

IL*lJ +

iii-L +

M

c/ L^>i'+] <s*

LiVjiH-] J

*b J\ yS*jiVI jljll JjaJi Li < 1 jUJI *iA ijly

.(>ill u*j) iLjiljii lijj-j-j L*>iic

i^ill ^iUU .Y

,i~iSl\ .li, yi is^ull **in Jl W" EJ 53

.usn <> jssl jl -»-Lh l.Ij .«ijUi ijii ji-ai. ui

L+i* -JLjjjJI ^ jj— if* -rt^s* *4*^' ^

^

^j) Uii u»*n iiLtt ^ i-u -J^ W ^

ji^.-<n .JpfjiVI EjlaIj *LJ 1

aA *>-* - J-J' P i J -* ^ W — 35

^ 6JU4 .[flj

raamiyin

^ r**mitn

#■ namin

raamiin U..M L JJ raamiyin <AJl ^ JIUjVI L>\

(v^) SLWJt

(\\) 4 JjUJI

<uL.i +
Lf i i -i +
5 j£a1 H”

+

/ n\ i

tfWjil +

u» +

Kjja 3 ’f'

j K>

tr»L,l +

W

Moil llaUJl

|Mj L-tajc i[y] ^V^iYI iZi^aJI klmj

, Ir ^ajj ( <Lii ylU ^ 0l~2 ^ ^

3 £raamLinJ i ^U.^. W Jj lutl JliuVl Uij

(vr) yjbuii

Qt) SJjUJI

. /I

u.u +

4-

i i

+ + +

m

i_._i

-

4±JA +

H“

:li£d ijiij

i#.\J .(aJI tL) iLjLil U^Jl ^L.Vl fcjJI

l gk •* iL'l' U.l'.f i(ij miS) tjiidl <Ld

."fLLJI

! j*j JiUitl iSjjjS CiLiJj I^a)I 4JJ

kAaj jJl jajJl ^li jj 14 ill h‘i iIm* lfj» 5 j4m»aMj UjjIJI

j I'uXs C-sS] ,> JS o* Jitil J\ SfUui\ J>

jr“^] J l r“^]

frjLuu Sj^j&Up -MJjaJI (5 jlnu UJ^T* Hj

6 - *»-» oUUi yi

iiiiaJl yi ijiVi ,_^ix-d\ jiJyZfc L»ij ,5£>aJl jj-wa

cjri p—j [jut jJ J*iU ^ ,41 iila (J-Jj jj^aR

Lb \1aj .[jiJ |j] Jjfcill isL* |fc>aj LjJkt Vj 4il

J^Yl ^ *11 j CljLj .jljll ^iuLy :i>lu Jjw -BLz^iJI <JI

,J*iII <Ac. 0^

:>LsJ 1 .r

jJ p_LjiH dlJ LhJ 3 jj£ 1 0>«a 5jL*j

UJJ 0* LLjla* ^ 4JJ **^>1! ^A+Lj^l

,>J .^1 J—.ji Ui Jiii ySli J-jii i>-» -U|1 W' sr* ^

.4x131 j^fixs JJJ*J jSi tfi iis&i y Oi 3 ^*

LIYj L*£ Lo^ j4*1S)1 ^jjl* j jjill jfctiaJHUixj Ai j-iaJl <jl J**

■ ijwd] Jm jfl uj$J tf jJl .tij ^ji

.['*' o«»j

.JL1SJL ^Ali jla L*it J! j *!j L *±>±4^ *iW >

Vj JkL Y JUjSH ^ Jja J£ ji

cotton ^manner -summer (Command i ^k JL^JI >-* L»S Jja^l*

vr

Uj .ijsii ^ijia j jj ^ji( pUJi jj^ji pi*
yjJI wiV l^hal l (Jjj>juJ 1 Jjjj (j-* *Lj^ll !JU ^ 1 * IjJLj

l*U jail i n~S jult j^JLl La£ wlulL LJjdll L^IijLlJj

AM ^ JR * i> *^j tj'jJl plait .<A\ <Ulll

pU j 4 « ,CjL-J£J 1 <1 V U I 4 I 3 J ^3N ^jLaJ^ Ujj 3^9

«L|j <UUl ^ix* L*ilt ^yLlaj

3Lial1 Jj—t>* * 1 ^ 4jV pic ^ JjI*

i>i ^-ij—all o! oi^l^l ij-t tfjaj 4*Ul EjL ^

.iilll ^ jSUJt ^IjLtfl ^iLJl ji\ CwL^Vl rJ U\

jl*. *ili ^Jt JLxa 3L1SJ1 iits LJ,

^jvU! < v jaaj pfJ J-ifl l oi^t uj * I rj plilt 1 J^4 (>» Lj>-u»

bjLd 4 * l ^l lj ip -\tfl1 |j L4i^dll gdi gdjllillj J^.|jjJl l ijiA ■

Lji *m>L^ 1 I JL^j» V 4j1 U 4 J

I^Wj ijtjAi pxiJ^ . 4 * Kit ^ i*i-h

■pAAaJl (jb^ t_>o kiUj OLiiS 4*1^11 tiljj uijdllj -II

3-ijJL*Jl LijJjI Jl\ CiLfclSit t>434 j£j J*. 4j[ J*

-iH-“i V) Xj ^ *! ,>>* * p^JVi

LujJt EjLJIj .morpheme fuij^xll yjft *■ ij.^.K ^ LuoJl

IjJ yi EjAul 4 fLk4«1 Cut£ (j! Ejjld 3 aKH jjj* p p fc A aJl

L|SlJLL i>a <ji ^«.~px» Jl IdjUa} *.« Kf1 q . N.«o

4al t>* ^j\ a^V ^ib jJ ll^Jj <Lijl^_^I]|

tj|^ .Siill iJJj ^-ijJLj pi tj] 4 jjJu lAIj L«

^ LujJl J*d [J

.lexeme "‘LulaJI

^ ^UJjli ,41-ljj JUt klaj J-i tfJJl tjiVjll ji-UU Loij

.iiiULhil <j^L1 |«JLjJ^ IlLa lai .iililVl jjjVj fjf. i^J uiw

UbU J! OJ-* *4“^ ^ Ci>^ ^ ^Vl urJ^

^Jjti jliaj yi JJoa .CiUlJl Ujjij 4“^^ yjll iaUlVl

^ ,<^,¥1 ^uub <ji u^j *4**rt ^ ^

JJ ^ujj ^JJl j.iiiftH UjLt»l

iijjU ijjl ^ £“*4 fr 4^ *^AJ &Ai 4 ^
jiji oiaiii jSIj r^ w* 11 ul 6-

d >1 |jU*j liiiaJl ^ji (q^iti ^SjJAlfl

*bJ ^ SJ^bH ^1 U

» J > i*a 4-±^ j£l 31 nil 4^ ^ M ylt I j 'n (Sjiliid

^jjj ^JJl *LajYl .JaLoHft ^Jjb 3—ljJ ^

. -■; \j^\jl\ ljJ*\ *> < 42^4 ^ »* ^WVl dl2

■*~ ; H ,r JiUlVl ^Jjb L-1j J ^ ^ J* >**"rf tf 1 ^ 1 is ^ J!

jjx. JaLiJVl iilij CiliL^Vl alt illj U4 . JjLUl

(^iJi 4j^uil t>4 illMkJ ililj 4i\]l W^Ls

l Ja~l l ■ **-» *tt * tZu^ull lx* iuf i-C- JJ**|J

, 0^1 tliWI 3 *J,j ^ 3311111 *ULsJVl J C*j

Ljijj Jiijj ■‘■•-t=Jl Jlaj V -il-ilj -^*>^11 3S11*- I 4 I

i ^.... jL^l tmin jjUj o* -uLjjvi

fijS i&j .3*111 flj3 -iU J]j ujSi ^ li» -y^tJI

3*111 *ljl u* ■‘■^: LfUl |Uall >«i Uij .J»ii *>
olilJI oi 3*UI *lji »-*ljji tv* 3*1* ujS i> |fc»»i •l<l i l J

3*111 u! -ije« ^ Sj=-l* .Uj^l' J^k jj- Wl o*el ySl'

CiVjajJt ijt jadjuJ iCAiUl (j-JLij

.frJuiljJl 3nK1 1 jjL la jJju (JJ ^ 5 j Jj |_fJ lII

» +■ ■+■

.kliWjJ^ > .. fril I jLlc.Lj , ^^LlLoj p i ^ * flJ ^ 11

j^j>Lmi :^ j| r I a l l *LyVl pLa^buV) pliJ) I »i& Juajj LsjAu

* 1 \i *M 4 * 4 n i t (^UhUA f^dl^ I^AULU4 (^hwd

^ J>“ **‘» Lf^ Lb Lj (jli IlA* 1 *La-MiVj bJLfJ

i^- \ »">ky Vl wjJlu pjli joaJ; l^u j-iij J£

JUU <J iialilVl frJuh iaflUl fji jjjij <d

L»Jj* Cull %LA£ *lLm, ^ix« 4j]

Sjl-aj Lftjlij) <ljHftii> LjJa ‘Laj ijl xJLaA J Jjj (^aLur) jLaJS ^ ■ y"

Lojjx-j <a 1£ jji i*»i4c ‘UhaL&II ^LuJk L^j .3rj^^

Clj^iVl Od pLal <*k “■li izj tlb[d jl (^&ukld) <a!^ ■ ■■“

4_l!iJ ^LmJI OAlk *i_J r 'J^J t.‘ I'.l l^fcUii ^glui ^jLtl If- UiVlj

*■ jji Ll4 ^luJ| CiJa gl ^ ljU| ^g jjt ^Ll 4 yJ

LflJt g ^n l i ni l j <V> >nt i (_jjj ^jh ^J J j 1 J V JLd ^ ■j^j- 1 ~ t

ij-a^h bJLft .p^ISli mj ^ AjJ] ■■ A - ‘LJLCmiJJ ^jl ^Jl <LlJ Jj

^jj jaailu ClIjL^ij

*

*LlL <jj£j J ^iiM pit ^IH HjjLjjaIII

^jLliilajJI jjLjLi iJ \ Xjj bjLj

^Jali

4^JLb ijAjlJI jiu ^jJi niUjuj) .(^jLld pit 4jk i_fl^LaJ| pic

l_^4 islUja (jJjlllI Jkifi ^lull tl ^jjLul# j| ^aJ|j .LaAuj

LaJU pJUJl uj&i 4 ^£^m3>oJ^ jaL jLsJI piaJI I 1a fj\ p^aijC ^1

^ pj|jA^ bj^VjLB <J 0j&

j^luJI ^bjjVI .1 i^Ltd p_Lc. 4 jL > flj^l 1 i_iid^ j_jJ
3 Ktl tLld y!l jJ=lJI jjJ ^IaII ^Iaj bLaAjj i^Lljiaij

V i>AS <1 ^ ^ u'

pj .>hj^ utfj u-* fc J^ jj—J' u'

C jjj Urt UiVi ^U^il bkft ^Uuai <w < 3' ^ U Lf j&£\ u* 4 ^

^Ljuj julj ,jA ^oJj-^*kJ\ 'r*^ 0“M' o*** J-*-^ ^

<jl£ L^jj <-uS ^ U^Jif L^J-JO^Vj

6^ U*“d (J >* J! |N** J

^* 1*11 ^>i-*Jb o^-Jj^i J! ^ *j' ^ sr^ i

,pUH p^*"^ JsJjj u jnlil * H j J! >lajj V (^Ul

,^iJ^l^*Jl 0^4 it j^““* ^ ^ ijj^aJt * j*S£ o!

J£I Lu-^Li* «jLkli aj&i O' 4^3* U-* 9 0“rjb

frj. _■ t jjia tjx. k^i^JLi o^ii *0^ LjJj 3“ U^l -O^j

diji dJj J-aJ J ^a oil fj tSJ^

t '»n~j ^ji.LJ I Ju. £j,iil\ pit £iLu 3 liiill 'jb ■•Hi**

*. 1 - -Al l iaoJl 3Jjt Aid A^Aj^ C*U-J^=>JJ> I^A

.^jll yl*jJl iy—Slt# .Aji^JI iLL^lj .|*JjL#^' -V*1 j*ol*J1

^iUj oW '^49

^ihi

Lb i<J wtjii 0^ Wjli i-AJjXJ yjA *LJjd1

i u^ Xj * ^lll LijJl iiijjiall 5j-i,jJl jjft p-ii^j^JI jl 0^*i

-i.fWi Ujjjij u! i™

^ £ ^Sn 4|^ l*u < j ^\ ^jmJI ^ USj

J! >4 (fcrfjj-Jl nJl rtTlm Vlj

.aJIomorph *—

3JVj Ld i^l&Ull lJjLI ,j| JLjI Xj

Xj i~jjjj jj*Ti x iii 4 Aki i tji rLhdX^i < *- jj* vi *n

♦ *

. I ji»a, i 4.rt tj-il I-l. + Lujj^a kJJj 1 l- fl5U i

yji LoS <LuAl^ IgA u,M*mA kllLoi^ll vdJJLt Jlia

fJL^O <^L*i jjlL l^jj] U i^AJjill

U 4 I *<lXiit o* ,a^£}\ j^L JjVI (L.LJI) ^ , (ft*
^ iilJj ujSj > 3 -a-^£ tilj L*xj f^jLul ^jLuljjud

*

iImj NjL* lu ibVjjjjl u^JJl JjIjj t£*i]| tjj

3 r> K U jj aJaj jjjiiii J V^ j J! ijiij

Jiiij jji X i&JjJjJl

■W u

t>* Ei>«s jj^ucV^ (jt ^iUuJi Hjihili .^w.n (jjj s^>

tjl ^ilJ>J Jl <a!£]| AjL&X ^jVl (<c,LytJl)

iadJJl [j^jS [Jjj |4JcjJl Lfix. j_^X\ 1l jx ^flli m» bJ^lj J5 l

¥■

J ^ cH> o'

.5I1» (*-jj^) J»ill UJLii Ijji .SjaIjII ?j?(|I" Stall jLL! yi 4J!

JL-.I1 ~ .ibkt .Laj' ylt tiki yi ti > uajj ObxjUl k.la.,}

i^LDI jH# yi is* jjj£ yfJ iii J ‘tf t/* ^

SIK-.. lijijS ill S.i=.lj)l V* 11 ! iil£ Uj ..Ik jLJI u*itt ^

. ^ 0 11I JJU o' -taJ—Jl 1 > o^ i> tSjilil jjajJU

oUJi j.71 ojSj Mj -(^j*-) iMl ‘^4 J**" ,i4 ^

^ .Atlk -lit: Ut« .*j.ial» <kJ ^ J*ill lit Ujie ,Jaii

4 ,>

OJjVl yi U-^t tf* -W" tf“

i «.LtJL is* . jLiJU Jaill lit Jtt i> -Sin*- VJ4J

j*. .til JUI ait yi .jL^Jb Jail! lit Iflji Jkb y3» 4^

j.ill 11a Jki Jau rtiJj W L" y*J .-jjjjjli fttlb Jaill lit jtj

1 JUal^t yi jtill 4b, tt-i y3ll ^4^111 yi

.1>* W ]| iLpJl

^jill :U* Oi“> J! “ “-’■bLj JkM tll jb^b “ £>5d

1 t jT!... .1 1 y. U.Al t ollal is*j .potential o ^" 1 " J- 1

^ -4dj*"

^jA\ yi .ykilll ftaiVlj jtSL-V| yi Jj^k) I

^ C,1 L» J! ^L-U) ijiJt ^

1 "t J" Liai 0^4 Jjt tpjiU-Jl 0#

3JYj izero morpheme jiidll ^

iji JjaJlj ./men/ -U#

^ Cfilj Wl* ,> V ,^IS /men/ ^

*.^ ; VaV ^ Aillkall ./mart/

V U* ^ ^ M C**^ ^ ^

.jL *Jl (tfijJ-J' ^ ton/ ^ Jf o' ^

AilU_4 ji (VlfljJjJl Isiyfe Jj£l

■H^-iUji j i Sii. T ^ 4 * ^iLicuJj jV Lfcjj Uii *Lj£j LJ

^ empty morpheme * 1 ^.^ p

u-jj jjill uj^j 3 J¥j ^ tVjA ait

b» . il^ ^3ll <da4^\ t( jj4ji*ii yk V I&aUI ^ L5^i

Ujid /children/ ^ /r/ mj-J| uW

|*-d*jLH ub 'ja^il jA /child/ ,jj jls .tti ji.**

/r/ Lsjj * ub±* I/oxen/ JjJaj ( /W «Uj LuJi

I fTj ’ c '

^fuaJlj * aLtiij •djJjLi -U ^iLa

Lo u »oli» j jjV !<JL£ Jlii Ujij^ ^J.j] iii^uajj

>4 IajJj ^J ij. l fll l 1^-4 0-1 u»a] kZl^uali I J-4j? *AWj laid J UJJ^ ■■■ 1 ^

Jsaj ^ jLili alt ^1 JixjLi <j («ji

V / en/ <j(jj Jj -/child/ paij^l 2Ll#i

■ 4j^ j^.r

ui ^JuJa jj jiua^

V j31m*aJI j^bAJU 4-ijjia (jt jfjil ^Jaj ^aJl %jj£jill

la^ ^yfl UjSj £HU ^f>U O^b* Jd^a 6* Vj

*£^b Lf*li i/vtllaJ^/ <a 1 S L$i* <j»UJ|

1 .>* ,jLi**Jb <JLiji jjit <UVall ijJjLi J SjF ^i

0^ jW^ J j ^ jji

.JLaiSll $j_4 /‘m l il b ^jit (jViaJl {jLujj^jJ!

Jshttp/ itis 1 ^ ^ ^jail O-J

ij b '^i J j '^“^b jj^Jb *^>®Jb 3^ u ~

Jik lj-4 .[JjjAua ij jrtj ijjj f*aJb ijjlaJi jji»

■ ^Jl I II l>H 4 Jut IjjIj

Frank Palmer. Grammar. Penguin Books 1978, p. 115. T jjlil (^)

.Ibid T p. 115 : jkil (Y)

gil Inin* ug-UI UJ^i (ji *Al

l^ij^' uA Mj ■> JI pAj* 1 ' 0*5 ^ W>* ^ em P ,y mor P hen,e
J, pjljjJl ^ J-Vti .l«Hp yiSt 1<SWJ 6* USll g>3 £>*1'

( | | ^j tia ,^J^]j Jji ^ till ji <aHj jj*

Uiit lj| .JLi±>*3!' W 34 ^ *> £->* V 31 ' (J'J S' 4 i>J

■~J.*l l ijj iUjjIuII Jliri slji ji jl! tj 4 Jirt

*** jj^—-Q— k

Kbl yrS JuS ul ^ <>

S\jV\ bi* il#5 fJ ljji -I didn't drink no juice today [v#l>5 Ji* ^ /no/

.^iiU ^ £«Sj V* 1 ' ^ lWSajl ^

^ JjVl ^1 >* ^ ^ ‘^VhI

jj jUU jVjIcL 4*JLt J"iri'’i 1»H

•jtiJl Sjjtj ^ ji^t J4J . jd>Uill i^iijjJl M* yilill t jii * Ll '

... /.Lu .J=-j .tlfcM. .jijt/ Jl* jj-Hfe jjjJ ^l-JL S(lt

■c 1 '

i 0 -.. js .yvj ,>* >iiiii !/>“

i*s» -in* /iW us o' 4ij oW -°'j s? 4 rA»*

'■I^i L* *“>•
*Kj

.<' CwSisHj . ji>yi) Bbis!' iUAu-Ji

a.i< ^£j J oS- V jl i«Uii. 0-» l«A j* 114 *' pAo^'

:Li* oa ±*, jj. yyj ^\j /j

r 4 * -Ub (jjjju ciilS jb i jljiVl

.JjklJl

L|jV i&^LtiJl ^ jA L*£ — JLtiVlj

” UjUltL - JliiVlj L^tic Jlaiii ,^L.\U JL^,

Jiiti iilJj .<gU yi JS <JYj (jaSLai

V# ^ (3jL3£]| jAj ^j^JL fv-Jtj^ *ui fj\k / -7^/

(*j ‘ J L^XLs ilh ij mrt Z* pjdj^aJl \ti4j , (jLi^ii} JJJLJ fJ&J

j*iii o*j£i yi *-u ^ ^ jSj

.aJi5 -uLt AiiiJI ^IVj ^ j 4 l^ .<ul* fetSall 3 JVj ^ j^Ui

3J¥jJ^9 IJL 4 I LIYj Luij^j <uiil uj&

Ch» JaaII J^Vi >“-* jij .jjlii# J±k jjw ^i 4 j
|«41 ji>JLj s,XA CiLj^Lc. Jjrfftj

^j <^Vt tg. A^ i uLa^j^aJ! bXA <ji \jjji \j\

.wilijJVlj fU iijaJ(j * 0 **^"^ /tJjS/ JjtiU yi jLw^l pjjjjj

^SS

(S^SSHi^)

( J >-)

Jjuil uj&i V ^ jW

^jAt j-c V) ol v jii^yi jV yt>* (^j>* * V**

jl iu^ VI jL Vj .Uii ji ttJ ila j! <0^ j J j**

^ tJ Mii j^v\ \1 aj Us* ^ ) 1*4^ j'

^JlJ\ JLtj .ffilill £jj* *^* ^

, JuUjjJ jlJJJJJ ‘jSjJ OrfJ tiilLkJl 104

j*. i^ul u J* jU-yt , 311*11 itiiJi y*>N rA»^j

( | ) J J j iiilj j 1_f j . JJi Jib ^LduuuJl tJu& jji p 0<* fll ViimJ c i■_L a L aJLj ^ Ijftml
JS .CiLtiijj-fcll t> SjAUiH ^a.i £>ij o'

<ji ^ Jil J*± V cL l*u ^

LlhJ ^■■^~ Li* l>J .£^lj yi C** *je* j -

<J^ J ^ 4_iV flayer morphemic ^ J^L-^

-41* £ j >ix» CiU^jj^

(_^±J <JJ U yi JJJU (J fJjUjlt lii* yi

y^u; lM yi *WH ^ J! 6« ^ C*^M'
<iiV *±A 4iiill pj.An lu. Ail VLh£ / yi U£ *( ^-jjU) j>U
^ >-....j1 ^t«U tJu CM iJ ^ -^Vl

j! 4 j^>j y^li j^— O* Ja>*- o' Jl , ^J 1 ^!

jVIl-VI /l^yrt/ ^iLiJlj /u^/ SjjjjII u-t Jjj** *3^

sUJI KiLSj djji Aij, .^3 ^ J>W «s?^

J] \jJ^ [^iV U>iAij |Ui fbiili

^JU 0^ ^V J ^sill £il*» Ij) Ciili !ji£l

. r< Ajj/ Jlfl yi b*uii* pjiJJJ ^ ^

Ijji «jiijj V J^\j3\ J^lill J

<J| Lij .SULa Jilill oAl o' y* i>J^ ‘^J P^H ^ L

jjSS ^j \^sl jw " u—yi US & j^!

jlj Uj y* JiLilli (V\ cjjUl) "ji^a

.Jutlill J\ olijU! vi Qj* mj

Lia liiisjj ■ L*lj b^Lla Lot _y \ A^ 1 1 ji n—< jji a* JI ijj

ujill btull j^uiA .i^jUa UjL^lL j <■ - - >

piWT.1l jjl rtirt I^Lyuil “ waUsaJI jLukIj jjLa^uaJI

njJj-ot jjJl jj**'l LiA_J jjLluSJ) il-iL1uJ 1 jjLuaj

jt-jLLi. jpLp-ms )|T5j5-^ l-jLIuJIj pWill jjU^ ^jl -lAjJjt

^4^ ->LtaJ| qIQj jjUjdj j*LiaJl i_jJaL^ail jj -r -rr

4^4 l »0L]iljj jjrtiA <jL p ddj

‘Ujilt J~k m »> ^ j ht d l^j[j iJjUui (jA tjjjlf La ^UuJl
^ Jj j<iij-o 5 j>iit l jiLfljAi k±JVji) J 1 ft rl "rm t jl-flivH

J-ifcrtO bjJwul L* (j^i p^ll 44 ^LmiJ jJijJl AJJj r JLt LjJj

[«i&LiJt 4 jj>jwi£j t-iLLaJI fjx. lZAlJ) J cj^4^- yf Jji

*j^) jjLuall J jLj\ (V^ili \<±A

{jt JJL Ja * IjJiiLi gll JA£ kluJ^aJh jLm i ji *{*Aj (Li^

4j^Lj jl^ .«Jj I * .*1

.(» CjUzH\ iO Jt [JSiJl jLif o^t y^U-l l

X? Jj^i ljX*- V < t>r AJL4 ^1 <jaiit ujIj (jj

.jLuJl s*Aj
^ ■ + ■

Ujld <i£>hi Lb ^i! yi tjiki V lilt

fjj[_9 jj£ CjUl) ^ (^li) (jXr k!uJ^]l ilj£ 4 jj£JIj julu^Vl - l ^ *

p

jjinli (j-*) 0^ t*ij-ii~j)l Cj\& ^J ^>3 ♦ Lii jddib j±L fjj&i ijl V[

JjJjia L>£ <jl (jLt JJj Laj j3ji! i hi y\ ^llllll jjJ £jLj W^JLwfl

jjji j^Sj jl Vt ȣj^jjo 1L ^ jr ilu.1^11 ^jjjL jt V kZiljilVt
J^AJd O n JJ U LU Lb (JjAji yijj i Li4 ,^Li

*cA *iJVt

no

3 J U4Aai uU-^J - JAJU jliitlj - >4Ual!

^ :^3V! *Ujx>J1 «*Aj

Jjj ^LuAj^aJI *JL* i> JLa.|j Jii £Jl' b *

Vj jjjuj ^ CuIj UVajld yia /^ilV Uli iLu^

AjJx ,yVjJl biuUajll JJUuJI (*JJjjxJ\

c polymorph ^lku J-Ail portmanteau jilw

r I .n't l Jjj poly *jV k i rt t l l ,_,J-t <UVoJl jj

.JrfiVl manteau 3_ol£

jj ^ *UiW'

JJ p^ijJ-AJ yvJ lu^jUaj jj i£j*X*£* visUi^

tf in Cji) ^ ^VI ^ 4U JjVi t jin U ^

dlj .V^LO># |Vwul U$^d 0^

Al*_y *Ia>£ p~Mil U,J^d O^d^)

.Lyillj ^ J. n~i ».» j <jjJi /who/

Al-i f Jj<lj.»H yiVjJI jj Ulj

jAj ittill ^jll! Li\j . jL-Jl

j\j1* u* ^UUI ^ ^ J*

j5Sl o! ^ ‘U 1 " uAj^t t*i* llAilj JL*to^

frjy* «~-i s-Wl ^ kliLali

;o±^i o±m^ J) i> ^ ^ (^ r*

ji yri *ouo^ ^ ^ i#^' J* 1 ^ 1 ^ *'

ailLJl 4ii Od^b jh^'

,liUt i># ^aii

N.Y, David Crystal. A Dictioiwry of Phonetics and Linguistics. ;^kil (r)

Basil Blackwell , Inc* 1985 . p- 237 .

(jLoV) yjA+JJ ji tfj \^ fty'nuJl ,T

-Jla JS Ji <1 Ujw4 ^LLla ljoJ . 4 jU <tVjll
y^t ^li>* Jl*j <j ^LiVl ^iiJI J ^ J^tii 3 * LdjJ^

lImj £j>L1d Ji*j JL=mJ1^ J&Ijj 3 d

-4J4J

3 ^d L& 4 j^| ^Lfcjj 4illl £lj^Cj jLutL jAltJl

U JhiV^jj tjjl * 1 l m VI yi £j \ ft ^jSt JLi US ij5*J_u jJJt

archaic j t~i 1 *H p jfl j^aJI ^n mjj <£jjJLu ‘UaLijb < lLij-o Jj

j^y! ^r* ^ £dJ^ £>i)l , morpheme

^ i^SJj c£jau ^ dl3 ot <iU iU sl^ L=hj L*jj -ilVl

(jw )JL* iljfljj »<*lll ^£jLj ,J-ilj-i (jrf 3i&Jyd 4lw.lt.,.w

CjLi^lt (ji yiin^j <jV ^ ■ftMS UjL*jjflj,>JI

uilij (Jj-o SjjLvi ^Jj *" **■

(ijliLll) j tjjj >j 1 N*"

(jJj J >i‘“J ( 3^1 |jj 3 * ill) (J SdJl tjji bjS-!jj

jt^iJI 4 jU. ij JLI La£ I^jAa]) L|Jj jlS iiij^4
(Jjjll iUkd^ji |*5 l(j>j 1 j) Ab ^fLt ilJj US (jMrtjj ^{^jlj)

jj±. u-4 (ij) jjiJi ^ >^1 ywi ^ t -

£o ■U.i.fcti'ilLl (<jlj) JafliH LJ^JJ iJuJUmJ (jj>J (ijlj)

■ 4iJJ) ^cjjLj o-* 4U»j'*Jl dd5 yli VIJ kiJJ j

|jU^j ^UUi jLacU ^ jjftLtall

bound .\ jS*. l| ^*ju ^Vljdffct morph cm j^JI ^—jij^^Jl

(»j|it j-i£ <.»akj ^j4j j&Jl Ul .morpKerne

Jj ,J,j **_* ^Lj V ^4 .l^jlij ^UjLt 'U.-uVlj

Cxj£* i<X±ki <+5i #u(J! U*

jj U i rt |l bJU t[>* Ul ij[i yj jjUaII^ <4a 1S]I ^ Uj^

«■ "

jil L fc uil Cul£l Jidll ^a!£ 3 d ^ >1 j V ^l^AJ V

ylil Ciuill 3 d <1 mJ iZiilS

4ii j* usii out .sui

<11*1 u^j -J-olb Jwij ^ JjS*M Mjj* 11 J\j

jJtj /act/ jJaJI t>* L^j^i ./interactional/ 3 jJ 5 Ajj^Lai)^ ^

u-^lj >A-JLmJI ,> hJ-aj fjij J (jLt >■ jV^jiJH

jjLi jj£ ^1 ^)4 &it__it4 inJtcr.Lion .al i^i-J1

(> VI tUxo Vj -4 j JjLi v^is J£j J-aZi ^

.<j <lJLdjl

jjJl l j I L" iXlAaJI [wJj^cJI jj gj^cJl Lfllj

<GiiJ .ija. VSi*^ jja^U <jj£ JJ /iujia ^ Ji*jj

Ji US ijuifl Aai j+ta b^a? *J uV* ‘/ able /

H V

able to understand l£ \y* ^4^1 VjS £* .understandable

-^LiiLa xit L*J| bjLii Vj l^it ijf» |J bj^ ^

* T 4 I *

ji i»ad \JA b^LlcL Ait IjjAaj Jj tU^i* jl lj^ <jjl jU3t4

. Ui&d jj 15 H

iJLiiaj ja J) (*j' '■* * ■ jl l^I U**i

CAA 5 ,> £J>« JjjJ 4^ 3*^ C 1 ^

l^-id jjiaJi Jt ^*1 ■ -lI jJjj kLlli-U jLw Y^ ^lfl7n '•*

Ait *v>a ,S^iS J 4 ^

► #

Ai\j -(ja jwiij^) ^Ua^i *> Vju formant ^Uuu JasiaVl t>

^j^Jl) <Ac. (jLUi U ^ pjijj-JI JUai^l j^ai *>

J1+ ^LL™ J^M l^S JU Jjji V ^ .(jaiJi

^jjBj^aJI) ^liiuu Ja-» (formant Jl^i) ^tUwM J!^| |J^ tg rlh i nn
<J jLutlf *\j±- a^ltt SjjSiaU Ljliill uj^ tf*4i ^ (>*^

^,L laijS , <iUi (J* zfA .(^4 Ji>L. (t)

- We o-4'>

JLajI (ji Jtij L**0 _ilil V^—^

.j*J\ ij^i ¥ ^

^wilJ £jjj *LjLidJ 1JUU jJfcUail fudj3*hil JLajjj

frlu Aj Jl^I {_£ JJl 3d l*ld .Ciljjjj ^3 (juLb^uil

*-■>^1$ 4 i«Jl 0 3 ^?^ 4 J*-\ lM u* P ^ 1 fcJA* 5

l%^U ^ jj 7 *.U I ^i n i nTifl i—a]iliJij .f*H>-wVI 9 LaLluaj

^ ijjiu mtl^Ap L>*d pfa^wiVl tJjn*A» jJMjsj t-li^Llarl <j-t

^♦. li 'WJjjJl frLull jj-t. cLo^l j ^ p~u>Vt J-S-fl J-iJ La

™ »

3I 4 -Jujju i. ah y ui La i ^w»* CiL 5 Ijj U-J

J£ 0l 9^ jJiill * i y* Ct-+j f^uil 3^* p^¥K j^jj

l tiirtj V) (hid *yl ^aJ| LjJaL^I 3I3 jl V. .<yi ■~il_>i |j| 1

frjj^ iUlli] i^Lijlil ijA bjJ£ |Vuj¥ 1 jjMjl 4 aJIa

Jla. * 5 jJVj frJaj LfJjL* jj

34A igh S3J34 £*1^*3 <j! jLiliL AoJ[ jJuj Lidj , 4 ,» K M

U[ » 3 nKM tjm *3^ ^ jLitL *uJJ jM^is +p& 3 *

1j_d jlxLtVi il^j <U[ .jjlxa LjIj Bj-i.3 <j! jLi^Lj

j <_?^U

Lai ij^id^us kZtilil ^-IjHua (jjMdJl iJl] ^LjJjjJI < 11 . 1 *1 - morphoneme

(jLoJLldl/ iJ J^\ L*S *Ljjj "La^Lc jj / H LldJj L4U3 ji

* * 1 . "
j\ /ijjjdj/ Lai clIiiIS Ij^ud j£*aJ 1 jlj filial (>4^

|%J\_- vJI JLik^k irLJI ^/(jU^uaiLaJl/ Jji Lai f <a^L&

*■ ™ ™ * fr

iftiU ^4 ^1 U>^ oi Jj (J* Lai L> 3 ^^

*/ Sf 4

^Jl aj£\ AIa^s

, 4 j ^ llllj J^iLniyi ^ J-C. i^N-Cr L4IY IjfjLwJl jitldJl J^\

4L3 *Alj o -°3

ULW^i? o'j^K JUiVl

ri^ yA ji b^Lll Ol* ^ J±“

ift^f^ipljL^a IdJLA^ * til Vi *1.1^3

:Cll j4 L ^ AIj (j^JJ >*1

H l

jjiIijSj '"‘.'''Sj / u^ (J^ Ijilaj ui

hJJts^Jl iJ Lc. ^Jb /ulf!$3 i\* liT^ j

^ Lpiii. *L.l-i. >1 l ^jiLLJt j- r*^- l-iLL^aJI)

t ^|i lUJJj Jz*g$J ijA p Kl*ty i^tiuJi jjaj yjJt ^ u! ^

*P&jhk&*

Jj ^U^Jl ^sJt ^ /c^jS/ yi Syuy&H o! ^

.jvuyiya^jj w£Ui|j i£jji*Jl

j*-s ^1 ^ W /^S/ ^ 4^1 6- JU* ^ ‘t

• JjitJl %-iLUjJI ij\ i_jlJ=k=J!

<il** Jj ^VkUt Ji It / /(^H^ P^' u! -*

a\\

t-Jij) 6-iil Jl £*eJ' >j>-5 y 3 " y* 1 {j ^ y* ,«j! - 1

.(jiVjll Jji olS L» ii)

£•& Jl i_ilt-i^U ijjMM ^3il /O n~i^ i^jiaull jjj o!

.iLtuji iuyi

.OLui»t lJ i>uall tSj3**uJt yle

.CiVuj^i ^ jniiitl i ^jic. y4j

^J US 7s/ £*aJI <^Lt iijjjliiyt <j* iZlU_*f3ijij>*Jt Ui»I <>

3nJ person singular Jj—Ull i*i tteW o rt ^ * l " s** 15 s k® 0 ^/

,/drinta, eats/ Jin ^ £jLA*Jl Jailt

:4jU^j Ji £*4*

^i 7 N JUiL £>mJI lii jj-e .altomorph

1 Ujj* ^Uj^ i/z/

./stars/ j /care/

Jain ^ J>JI illin u *±ll\ UUt 6* JLL dJj JUj

oi J! o±fe>*n ^tbUl <-*ij Jij ./kills/ L*S f^-jtl^jJl

/churches/ £*sJi

£*aJl ^Ij- ij\ </«/ >ft pAjka

J U^ *J Uj frJ^j C*J *rt1l U-A Jji d-JJJ^ .hi iJ A /churches/
|*A>* <>* jiSi i'iii i jI ^ <L3 3S>aJl L»1 .tijjjjjj <jL Obd-JJ
^ M^n ^>* <JUIjV1 J j |ii m ^i Ji-3

liiij ijji lh ^aJl 'lijia* IWiA j JJj .£mJI U^Lt JJ

.‘Utj^Jl ^4 { jjj d^.~ Lfj}

tUa plSl*l l *lj 4-ilj <a JaUuN u&au Luj

: [k=J| / ^ii/ ^ US ,*tU4 cutf Ijj .jL^n ^

VaajI <«j ■ [kji] / "un fft/ j JkjJ jkH ^1 /cJaaj/ j

L*S UU^fl J *♦"■ j “ ^ill |Hl jj# UjjII i_a] 1 i)LI

L+ikU ^ ^ y* (*UJ1 ^Si,) *akL*J\ Utf SU^^Sj l ^

^ i * i ^ i *Sn >|u^u^j^Jl billH IjlS

ut 'nui ii j*Uan ^UjJV tjn'ai* 0) Jjtiiii ^

.J^ain \SA

V. Promkin &RRodman. An Introduction lb l^ngua fl** L NT,. Holt, J jJbjI (*)

Rinehart and Winston, 1978, p. 143 ,

jdUaJI pL-iii

jWif

jV^*L

1-kjVzJl

jWW
,i_gi

4_ kii\

JJ_lull

i*A»* ■'

.\

rA>» 1

W*J^ ■'

rA»■ ■'

Jji (*iHJl5-* ^

l5»J*

>*■

jj) j'UO*

|*A>>* - T

Jj.^1 .T

tAjk>» ■*

i*A**+ T

iAj>* *

>*

1*Ai#* ^

jlLLjfl J4*I*

JJ (ft

J j (v)

IjKj

JJ ^(t)
S*j^

0)

Vjrfty) jiali uLUill [ T ]

CjLA^! jUltL — 3..L-VVI .-.UIH jVj p 'i-1

-U-* fUS! 4 juj1 -

isolated 4Jjt±JI oliUI A

3 rtK 1 j J j ^lll iZjlilit

^idiLa jgL *jjiJ Jjlt c^Ja^UI jl SjLjjJJ <1 jU jaL

CjLLljJI (jxr ^jilI dj,rt t' Ji ^bdJl jt j j *l^ IhJLa JIajj *^iLj

ffufcjuj <J£ iiiLaaiij <JiU uj^

■a

0* <jJJ$ U^J V 4 Jj} Lfl*

^Uii\ 6J4J ^JhL&aJt ilfl M.JJ -?J^U ^jiVl ^iLuAjjII

-p jiVl l) fr JI j ^. i fJ V^ JLaI^II ^Ui^h

^ajJu JjLt Ld .J>J! yi HjLtJ!

i^d L&fjL Llball tiidjjj *iiUj ^4 U lfJL4j i^JU

jjlx. * 1 jilt'll ! * H iit^ rt j) ^UUI « JlA JLfcjJU <^jJLc AajJ yj ^JjLlJl CjUlUI

jUj Ja] 4jLd£j V (CiIaI&H wlijldj

, 3 jjui£_)j <"iiiijl 4 j\ oj! i 3 .jl I4J4 uLaill (>Jul * *-^j"

flexions] idLualll CiLUUI -t

■H tfl^

11' ■* * iSjJJLhdJl I |1K ,*!■ bjjlUaJl ^laliitl feJLft 1 *"■“

^4 LttS J JjIjJjJI 4 j [Jl^ ijiIaJI LjLfcidjJjJ 1 tlujj yj .1 o**j I4

ullfVl ^4 jii 4 >S l |~il n I** ^1-471 JlaJl

j! jl laiSU Jji ijLij^i(lj^L4*j JJj jAj) <j^Wj

-U>!

jLuJlj ..ijljjll -uit .stem jLJ\ ^ jjo*j C»U1 41 ^

,6>i ^ aj& oi ^ ^ jl ^j ^ tfJ* 3

JLj i. A J l tjLj hLu j^iidj ^i\ improbable <*1£ Jl*

**U jjUjj , improbabilities I Sj 45 ^improbability

tiiLikiiJ^ l njj.^i *JUU L^ijl (jI \j\ Ca? i3l>^

„ improbable ^4 Uil “ jLJt jm&J — UfciLS oU ‘P robc J* AjiLJ^
jji t-ibkJ ‘‘W^ ^ ^ULiaJI i>

■(^i^jS ^ L*£ fliLu jjj IpJ) ■■ .i-il JLklllli -JJj ,^1* JtU

.41 j >1 J! <^jS S'b 3 ) * -< W* ^ *

agglutinative LdL^lJfl uUUI »1T

JSj - jj[ 4*A*j “ oiljjll jUJi <^1* CAiJJI bl* J^iij
^jiLsjyi iiAiUl JjjI i> 3 jSjj 11 3iilb (*Aa*W Sjl>**

L* ^ 1, J,ft * U ^ a \ ul

:X#t

p fc;H <J J ^

i_u £|^14 jaJl <j - a igeneMtive phonology .Vuj-ail

p ^^3 <jL u>«d Vj ■ grammar lAlSl

i^jdl J}3 [J J[ .Uj*-y J2i V oi

.jliLiVl C*U ntll bsU 0±y*y\

:jLJj cka

yi liLi Lkj i_u£ yi jiLi L) <LLjLLt -xlb

jj-mj jkLfli <j-ufrl JLU Jjji. -^LmtjjJj

*Li Lbj» lki4 j^Ll^ iJJJUIj , jjJaj <lt u^J fjl ji-

™ ^

*L&jI <J^ p ijlj&u'NJ I.L4 (Jj^i wuS yj

<Wil1 *LuY1 a Jut Cj*4 j-=Jj -iilH ft^Lc C>* *a*L> yi L^ia

<ti* pu jliLi^U jk^JU

xic. (jV *LuVl aJjfc ^3 j yi JjlTfc^Vl &

CjLiIAjJ! Jrt i t i j IjJ^j *4Ldj klilj i^Lc. Jj L# ^Lt filuJI

44^aJ|j <ajji4j (J^jiidJl f*uui^£ *JiLiU puMr( -jAj ■kjii j- »*■!tl

JV‘“ rt ^ >±*\J { j^l\ p-^d -jJ j i Afril l p-j^lj *%fl j ■ » # J l

jSj 1-4 J »Mri 4 j}j jjij^dJl Au ^ *■ *1' Ui 1 ^uVl |j 4 Lju

■^j Knt tjfr jjLajJl yfc*wl *(Jia jX=k <] (jLi L» j^Ljakj wJ tLthfcJl)

:«Ml JUiVlj ( y**J1 jju^Jlj ,^lj £j*]| y^lj ,;uVi ^\j

.JUiVlj ftUwUlVl y>* liidl^ jlS Id Vj j%£^Lo4j ■^■^.1

^tkJl J-U. jj-sJl !^i u^iij-Jlj ut>i>a*jJl yiljlijj

(j-* « J **■■ wlj> £ii\&

* *

ulj *X^1 0-* ljj^l-4 LJJ^! ejl (J3AJ1 yi u^JajXwd d^JijIj}

jN*j j\ <Jl*lj[ **■* pJ La *jXsJ1 (Jj rt i fiTI

Ajlt fj\& L* ^Lt h£Lma 11 3di£lL yi jjij^ i i jj ^ . LuVj

bJjiL* (j) iJJj j*LaJ1 yj hJJj

jlj^ +^i-j ,Ca *iJ) haS jJ^J!

^d] yl Lft£ Li_>A- *1^ JtlU

/^A*/ yi V-UVl jjdJl y^jji u! fi J^L^J JiUJl yj

Jl£Jl 0! ^ 0- yi OLS L* ir it + l^jyi j^Vl JJi

.#lflt |JjJ yjta #1jj1 jj* *! 1 I|jl

jiiJI *ulc 34 Lu ^jliLiVi *u\j

( jjjU£iJ\ jliLiVi <UpA*<4tJ_} i<Jt. Jjj^ ^ J " "■■ { J+ 8 -iJj^eaJi^

p ^ j IVi ^liLiYl 1 Ijami -Ot>^ ij^- t J^ ^1 LflLui-a

LfllaJLij <*i£ '-iijj^ Ltj j-a- ^*IS Ji

J /j-Oaj pit/ j iliji/ J /ija^j J"

w —J jlSd V Jj -jjj£ jAj <A* >a L*J HiUj f/ji-aj Ji-a/

Ojj ■* 1 ji.* * ^yjta (ji ^JJJ JL^l^ll jlsJl k-u)L£i CM

4J! <±u JLE (~aW o^Ij) jluI Of 6 ^ „h*i fk-jJUiJl fti-4

.^uLmtI (ojJO 4-ai*J

_■A.Si li^ £jJj>LLi Qt ■--' bJJt i-uJUfcJl ft_ptUa v-i^sJl

yi CiL-iljJj .(yiliiJt

ll^ 4 ujj j^ULiVl SJjfcUltl 4>i4 yi UJ^J mT i n ft ll jl^'j

<1h> y* UJ*^ 'Y^ (jli a5*ij (V*i^ W*.p» 'x* - * 2

SjdUaJl ao 4 ^ji*Aj jl oi l

t^ii, yilSJl -1511 ui 4 ^*' J> o=^k» -W** W »1
.jkJl ^ iu>»— Jt UjjUs tfjji "r *^ 3

(Jjuit) j-U 1-1311 u*> JJ- ■> Sj>“ s?* **"

. <¥> (JJ3t) ^

pejSM .jijili s ^aut v^'" jiuJij*. ■*— : J^ 1 C*)

yj ^uyi 1 iZlLJjjJ\j *Ua>“^

M\ jjin jjjJL - jj±-

m\\ *j£ yi yilSJl ^AiJ\ ±+=*4j

. * o>> jjji - j>*- 0^ j“ ^*y y * ^j* 11

* ilL-jJl ?_jUi jb ^jjJ^ yi

WA"l

0^*“.J ,J 3^ * ->*-ljS-i»-j# t v )

, . 1MV . yaJUJl ^

(jJajjI) (jri-C- lUJ ijtJ| n i "m i l 1 J'tfjJLuJ

^jj ySll kllLoiSlI ^lU ^A wfllitiiVl <jj jh,^o jjt (J*fljl)

^lc Lf j]| lUjI nKl jj j^d^dJl s^AxaLlJl fjaAJJ ^ULJI wUJJl (Jjtijl)

^jULUI fji (,jAljl) Lhfi »j-u£ »-■ «LiJ

<*J£d <jlLs. (JjJi U J^j - l^jij IjLqjt ylH

^J jM-kA ll ^a^Ul ijA /i_jjSj \f T (ijlj|) yi*3 3ajLj*uJl yi "ilhqri

jJl 0^ L*Loj i.,t,lHi ^jA4 I Jl*jj « (Ijjjl) |yiju <L*dLtJI

n _ > Trt |j i^uwl) L*Jk i( JjLidl) <jjj La

.<jL {j^ J* L“

0>l yijJl yj| t~ll * t L "^ j.^ ■*■’*^1 jjv)l 4jl

pi*J JVjJI i jiKH JJ <uj <il jJj .<±* £*j U (ji £jiji

^jVjLd iiul^ Lkjj .^jl~H~^ T iji

p 5 ^> lJI 4^ J! 4^

<-jjJj if'.LH u ^a1 1j nli££| Uji i o o-i .juaiijJl UmaII

^-fLt JJj (jl l_jj-*M jlijt L« ^e. JUIj <Ujm3 i^ l i5j j ((JaajI) 4Ju*0

.O^A4 U4

U j4.| ijL^ll fl * .* Vl *j ■... ijUL^yi j^i pjI
* ■-

La ^aK j> 1& ^d ibj>l& ■~Xj~i *jI

j^>ij (Idij HyUoJl^ tlLJlj fJojj JJ4 <F lrt M |*Mii ulijj£

yjA tjrfl *^Sj J 'k < n j ♦(j-i.J l 3 j J

" T- *

Lu JjliUtlYl l>* £.>iJl II* Jajj^ i4JL^j >AJj yl Uujj I^aJu

^>* n JijjL i4^A Uj f^jLuJ^ C^t 4m >.jfLul

. I ^ t

jIaJI <j-o i^>5i .l i« *.llj JLioi\j iU j^Jj

jLqJI [jli^i tiAIj ^ (JL|^ ^ JJl

^iii ^iJj 0^*^ ^ a«^» SU l^tei rtl uJ—*l\j n_fjjSU l^jdJ

F »<5^1 4*j C^* M*i iSJ^

MTY

isjlVL -'■••-j- \Sii ili u^J> u*

- w " Oi-Jl

:luVl Ju f.jij , jULiVI !> «^S1I »Juft

J»oi {y, ~~.t ..KH ji A»l£ XltjJ jLiilVl |j| .1

jjlulli U.lfl£ J^VI jllVl ,jj ot Lj I Jb~> Ij

m

I

L£|jl£l ^ J^Vl Cilj eAt T i JjUi .V

(J'JJl £>A>aJl ^>111 LaS

Ultfut ^ *lb **1£ JS oj£ ^ aiLaJl! uU obJill

V J—Vl ttLiJl *U1£1 ^ .1^ U-UJI

,J*Ii wilUJI ^ Vj .LSi Jiljdl JL >^2* jt

Oti <li* i>j .ji4 ^ J! jlji*' 4«i “U** jliLiVI .V

LfJJI j^UJI ,> yiU3 y - iLjjiJl l+Uj “ S»23-ilfl *UUI

iliilAwiVI j*i& J2j Lt.n i

JLJ ^ \^u!\ ^\ uVi M

IAl * W ^>-a jl^fcVl juit

jb - -jbJI yA*. ‘ jo5U«Jl i> Obit (A)

mi/v j *

WA

0)

■H

m

kill

killed

killed

eat

ate

eaten

come

came

come

run

ran

run

shut

shut

shut

think

thought

thought

go

went

gone

come

came

come

leach

taught

taught

is

was

been

leave

left

left

stand

stood

stood

sleep

slept

slept

forget

forgot

forgotten

feed

fed

fed

has

had

had

B=*

got

gotten

say

said

said

sit

sal

sitten

can

could

could

begin

began

begun

ride

rode

ridden

drink

drank

drunk

fall

fell

fallen

write

wrote

written

i> lilW &*** JliLiVi J d* A 'Mj

jj <i\i tliLtjMfr* (V^l U-* jlii*iV1 u!

^Litt d* jt-SfiVl '.*J*\J&\ d ^J*ll SUU1 JH- J“*
^_pl .4 j|^IjJ 1 ^Hl ^JduJjVl t>* 1 n^ ■ » i fJjliLLiVt d

d* ijijM^iilj *4 jLl tjjrf^vi'iall uLoJjJl La d

<a 1|1 T bJLihjI d^ I.LiaN lift iji Xj . jii*J| U-o

J*S d* fijiSS - £-*J1 - d** -jd*^ Jd-^

»£L*Jl d* *LA±1I J_u£ Lfiijt v* 4L*5 fd- 3 d ^LiJI

d! uull V*ji od*— 3 *La^ ^ L« Ciil5 d

W«

4 <j-^

Lii\:

d O^d L* W^d iliL^lMbt ^>1 uyu jd* ul d^

jjbj .practical analogy tf 3»hlU j\ d- 1 **^

.Ai^iili r t^ d *j*“ ^ d* u>« A " ^j*±* ^JL- ud^l

djl ftjlil iu Uj La Uij Jj ijtLa^ill 4!tjj d* ^>^d 6^ t£^
■JjiSU^ ( L)bJl Sti-Jl d* ^ijiiJl LuLpi d J twtj

ft*!* JU^A ^j . n i ti ^>1L| *ij*4 pd ud 3 ul ^

^i^*j d ul>^ 3-tjTi if> vaA? vA* J 33 ) *j* f*-^'

^jd ^IA -►jit J JiliH g l hm a j lip* Otf J ^ 'u-dfi ^
«aa l flt^ d d* b jL * t> <_!>“-* jAi *_pll

aJub .3jjiUl 4jLp d U d <4pp-* J1*1 j

d Ujp ul on* ^jaJI

j >.jih ^jjji *ijpll cAj\jto\ ■^ *j > nl ^ -tj*** 0? i| ^~ * (^)

* nt-rirj* , r.*T f ^->0^1 > :

tiJj iliLij Ui.^U ao4 yjL5^

ljk>^> <1 iiajj ihypotbetlcal Analogy

0* '1^4^ ua^>Laj <jj4J UaLbj Jl*jj jajJl

i

(/* Ji*- IjAj ^ . AU gJfr iJJ J»*J i^jJ i/JJ ifi-M4Ji

l 4 u5 J tjodalJl <jiLt LkJ_>i .^JL«jJl *LaJ!

<** 1111.1 1 * jl4 J| Sjj jJj — iiLij

EljaJj uP t^J ^j»Aa V ^jll 3-iL^ ,_}v^u l>* jj51

<j i *p IjI /(jTjfrV JjldH ^1 in'll I <15 iJjfc

Jjti T <**ildl JJ illi jj /<*-ijf j fiajtf JJj (jalu

.fclfl ,> <1 uLi Vj ( <ai ^ill jLi V o^ljiil luJ±n J\ CtLAStt

^Lc *1* <LaJ5 ht>i,»J(j *L*±*JI ^Lia *>14 iilij

jaj jtl Lu f J2 jL* 1511 ^1 *LaiS

&j-4 *<l4>* iljij < 4 ^ jl fUtt jji .Ijjlr

jU aii *S>rti)l ^ *ilil <1^ 4ii Ui4 6 -j -<dl3

o-t JjlijJJj ^ Iti^i £uJl

^tlj^ *£i=“ J- 0 -^ *L^I ti4 *l>^i ftfji U^uull

liill <1 iii jJ L*_* J| LfSjj^k

l^ijtl J|i ifUj 6* j^U -W4hj v'jjI fJ4 1-jjL ^4 {J-J dQjiollflJl

l***jft u^ '(^*b*0 ^ L*^ ^4 jt l*4j Jrfjj J-^1 tjfl

^ (>*J ji (%4j jaLJl Jl Uj># J!

li l tj iltH ^4 jjLill |_^wLlB tllLlj lm n l| |J4 ^lljlj

a* ulS u ^jic tJjLy, I 4 J 6 ^i (J 31i Vin .a (*^4li«

■■

L* ^halL LjL^i ^ laII ^^1*11
EjLijf p^*t**H ^£LLa1\ jJUaaJI

(Lyuljyij (<j<iiLla]|j

**^ i j i^iiiHt i'LjUIj mJ Ij

\n

jjj jjtj

4ijj <<jL C&

Jjj jJjls ,JliU1 J* jliLlVl i> ul > J^! ^ - 1

j_«UJi J! tj^^j ul (wLoJli^ o-*

^ jUUVi *4 bU*U «ZiL£l£JI» <d

41* b£L£U ijii 4-flLaJl 'AI-Jj *4laViil

^L^ll <> (nr*) ^ 0*1 *4 jUl b dfc 6- .-UlS

jAii tjrf ijiiii jl* i^fil ^

,£ j...ila ^ Jjtill IjLa u^Ai -f*^b3 O^j i

,^...*1^ (Uf±jkA£r jLd tj| *—*j^*J

^^.4.1 ..iiij -dJi Jjijjj <J .:iftl j

,^*J4 l^L3j\ j* <js ,> us i»l ** ui *0

JLL juij jlSLiVl 4 Sumji L. 6-^! ^ oli

ckliliill Liii-si L>ju<; Hi! ua ^ jLjL&JI ^liLiVi uj£j
jlH-lVl * Vjli ji Lili^jj jiil b*i345 ,U3liLil

,u>{ 4 jSI^J! e^u* 6* ^ ^ ^L-aiyi

fLr £LluJt J.i.rt*i^ <JL±L^V1 i . i M i i"

ir iLJi *yji ^ ipiUH jSUi

Amaj V ^

iLai jjSdSll 1 j| Jji^ ‘*±fb ^Wj

.djbi J£

v L^bl J ^L-sjyi jUiiVb jujyi o* j^t

dit o^ .UA2 ij^b 0*^}£ ^

bjut *jj3 oi c^^yi ^us^vi *> v-iib) 6^

WT

. TYA-YYVA 3AJI £*>*11 0*)

u* iji>[ *j v

*3j*1*j '^klJ U^SJtJ

Lf^J ^tjAs

.4 j 11 lj^|] l^kiL 4l*ijl1 ."■fcj.J jJjj . 4 j « L

dij >i j! ^jjjj -yi L»i

*tfjl“ ^ u-* J] u!*r^'

^ujaJl ^lj ^iUuJI CiJ^li fd

^^LuajJI l J_l3 ^j .4 tij^A4 tjl£ Ld

t_i 4 .lt ftljl Sl iy <J 1 Jijap ^jbUj^Ajli ^jhU k^AVa LkU

fAl ULjJAjSM LJ4JJ -lZiLjL^bJI J»j 4 jJkJAdiJl ^J] (JUJjjAjH

tAjiSl V <JjIj ( 3 -a + 14 .^ fJS JaaII

iU t*oYVc) tfJ LsVl oISjJl j/i Jj^ t *J| Ij^i U ^ JVjo^

ft **i^j 1 Jj Oj^ <j1 OjjSi £tLaj V 1*4 OJjj jaAJ juuilj

Jl>44 ^.1 I^irtljj iJuaVl jA Jlltl ^J JijjL} »^JUAd IuIa ijjidi

^ jJLAidl tjljt dljj ^ *4li

<JaAI 1 'Uhnal jJUcuJl rLtljJ i^jLj iJjij <Aj>\ jjjj Vi »<]^Lu.Y
VV^I ^ JV^Vl Um .^M^V Jiui ( Lla r Li :j^j

^dj V LAiatl jXioaJ\j ^Jilll dljdul ^j3t iLuIa

yi VI (l*\ji) jju«Jl V fatt) Jjolla ,>Sll UioJ ^jjLuJ

v <A <j\ ^u«ji ^ vj (Lli) jJLaJl j^uj V QU) Jaillj .* 1^1

Y jtLAAil (JjiaI^ Uiuli uiUjS J 4 V 1 jl^ Ia]j .i iji ufllli LsLijlj 4Li4i

lUjjJsIl bti^l tjjJJ

> —t J1 ^LiVl (N)

^ rrvrr»/r (^u ^uati : s^iai . j^ji jl^ ^jJI ^

^rr

jjit jjjjr ( ^uiji u u ogL)*^ '-•U

ijt ^jjlL.4^ 4mJu |mV\j j .L t rt jJl tj\ j* j<Xm*u>]\

Lu .^jt\ J) jX&M V lAs -J^

jiliu* <—*iu fjJL * V Lb* *%a\ OjSj u 4 Jl

A^icr [^^aj Uf j AjLaI ^jixi ^jjJjX-uJ tiLJjj phfjj_ ‘ J!

Xj ,U11I gigjti jik* £-bjJI \Aaj ^ (wVU J*il' Cf-tf

\J-4 ^jLt (jlS iji

J—1 ^ > UH JJ-3 J) ^ ^ ^ Vl ^

,> j/ ju *m ^ ui ^ J*n r* i“ v ' :*i3ii*A

LjL* LSljjj L£j* 4J fUx* ^l>!

l^jil U* ,¥l*il *VLfcii J*iy *Alj ^*iU J\ jAj -Li—^

43j*u - >^‘»j ul Jj V j* O^yi J - « * *\l <^1

J jj ^ iI»l4^>J1 L*l ,<* tiLi jilsLs *V« ^ C- 3 ^ lA

■” T 1 *\^i l j'»*» ^!it i^iiJLtj * | " rfc " (4^ ^ ^4 Lfl*

A4Li2 *Li-ilj ( jjj ^L*i .Lj* 45fiUj ^i-AiK

lj!S t ^ *Uj\ J^Vl ^ ori^l uj 3U tfu! JjSllj -o-^l lIiaJ
J»iJi 6- J*J J ji <(M-VI Cm £*-1 J«H u4 f**>N d* f1 ^

jj -*n* Ji

J r l (JJ ^t 6* j#«l J«« J* :Litf JU-l' Jti t*

^ y j —«l* jii-Ji ui Oi(i d ^ ^ j* j^-**'

Ij,*! - i^iki lHi>Mj - 4ij*i .jlU»W ^

yjj.nJlj .JUii Icju-* J* Jj ‘W* l-^'j I*** U-a* .i4all

^ ^ uL-i>1 Uj*LS ^stl -j-ill Jt»d J*As ‘is-**"

<JJJ>>J Sj>- UUl yi ^fcb 1 ' J** 1 ' <ji i#' '(v^*) J** 11 # U“ J**

. rrvn ^LJi ^.jJt Ov)

0* * J , JUiVl {>a itjjLiaJ

V* <j^ jJL*o*)1 jj JLd V iAlj ^Lc.^

LJub * jt ^Llui V djuil IxjLj ^I->■ ji■* L^jJ Ji j| jK j^.l'tjf

ijS^ vl <j£| f CiU2urfJl <jL^d LLjb ^4
(jjlSjJ ^ (J^JM^Vi j4 jJlxJI (jl V IjLall *1 CjIJlLuaU ^Lai

^j-A j-J-ju ji <^la {jlul L* (JSJ ^4 /l_i j } j f eJ jJL&Jl

Yj f ^ ^ ^ L^id

uLf f<Ail jjaJU r( JdYi ^4 jJaJI Cu!u ^pjklc.

£jix« 3 JYj Jju V <j5li c<xl£ ^•if Lai . 1 *jijj 't

iWjJJ ^ iL-^H ^.^1ni| O^J|J) ,£jjU 4^14j ^4 ^ Iblkix ^ £yiii

j ^jJl (jj j JLi <* jJLxJl (jt L^t btl^J

^ ^ *■

^JLbou Ijjj-ii. fjaudj ^iiJ! ^LjI ¥ 4j[ jm ^>Lull JJ

jj '^y W &^4 <j-4 (^£4144 ^jLaI ^Kll jJLil Lujl* (j¥

Uai^lu Jjiii t,jj Jill ju Lu[ ."-I *, Kll Ij^jLi Lo

Ot ^Am V !Jyl L^ljj i(_fjJaJ! JUjuM Cali lt£ 4 jY f^^uLudl

^jLuxdJb *JVJI ¥] (jlS L« ^L*aI ^ jJ^JI

T< JjL T 4*]b ^jJuIl <JIa jjit

■~ ^n .r

Mj jt u » « K u* BiJ^b ^4* u-» SjlJ*® iaih

■ < ■_■ - ^ lAtj Jt£ Lujj jj£Y^ a7^.V\ ^ia, bJLt

j\ jisii Lgjj^j ^iJl

u 4 j«IaJ1 L* <4JVj Cilj <Ljd lfi4 Jjj jjll IL&JI

6b ^Uiivi caJi CJJ i Sf ^ l v ^bUiVi \±aj .j^ aiioii

6^ l>* L aMl-^-VI |«b| <dli jtiSH Jj|jj yAijllj tjt^

rrvA ^uit £»>Ji (\r)

^ „lA*JSJl Cy> V“—i j*S IMS jU*Jl J*»j jtiiiYl

^■Kl l ji —-i- l 3Lai <ia iUlaJ dlj |> (jaeilll ,^ic ■->•> u'

. Yji Uut -S-L*b U1S yi 5i*aJ( jl

LjijS yi y .,jLi -Ij UlSll ojS ^ Ijj— ^ jUiiVlj
.OU ij o& U, j4i U -ii-JVl JU jjSli ijU

lj)[ij ijjjli Jj-..'iti i^u ^ill (juAdiiitf) ^ Jl 4“^^

Ujli#t Iji* isfci yjll (fjWt jlj) Jl* uLi iS j J! ‘(y ^ - V )

■-..~L) l^i, CiaJ .li «iS ^lll (of*-i lL),» .(UiljJj

U^ila ^lt IjU-. ^b4* <jU Ol f 3 •{

.(jtAyi ,>■*>" *U I |***f) US*. US -ijSlill ^

y) (^jyi ys* .(4in vi <ii. 50 ju o* jya u^ juj

3J<~ Kl itl lj ,{JUl sJlu.) ULS* Uuaj .(4liU Vj iyi Y^

ijjlj.l 2 ; K- Jli-.iH j ,(diiS .11 ii) tUlill UJi yLt SjU*" *-“U SjL»J

Jfi ijd^ ■JLiSlI (jorA^i) uUJ Jj3 iilS

Ij^SS p!_•»U-i ^ Jj3 £4lS ijUsJ US*. UiiUllj <(Uli ’•■ yu

"(^r> <dll (.bi) (MipSl i>.jJl ly^Us *H'

:ii>Ji jyu sis*, ayyu -(u ^**ii) p*i^si iuis*.

»V*iLS lii . jliLiYI tiiU^ 0*0*4 l** ,jUj ‘(“^ub)
iiiJ Clt *| UiSJI Ljlj-=l J* liila-i JUiiVlj

LI-.-j jj <il Jj iSjLall jSSi J*iuu Oaillj .ftiol jl J's! j'

,’mii i ua .lyus ^*u

iyl-Vl p-VI 0* J> ^*-1 pJj^* <=“U s?^' >

jySi, .(y-Jj*) j>*ii ^ i>*') i*uiu

^ .(ujb.) Jiij* 'j>> su Jjh=*Ji »i*.j*i hju ii»>- **«!■
j«iuy, 4 m (^yi jii *ui r-AJu *u^ s j 4* ol
r+b ^ IIaj .51*-i J**-« J-*“i : J ls 4 i Lc-jLAjij U^>U

MT1

jLaiiVi O^lj ^LilLIVI 0-* iitull .ktj,t t^l iii

^ bjLd L*dijj£lj LL

I^LmtI pjJU yJl 3 jl1j- 4*N ^ jiull Jut

^jxkuu J±iN Oil a}Q*i »,*Jt ^li!\ (iZluII

j

Ijj Uila^i M *L L* frJhjAaJt UjjfhldJi p-OVI^

U 4ltaj) j^uJ\ (3-) |*,4 wjiJ (cf) * tlAj&tf J ft n» J Jia

ij>*=uJ lu4j LaJ jiuJl ULi Oj^j Luj*(^tkuilj ^jLL

iJjSt 0-4 J* LajI* ***ijd\ yg ythj J*i J£ J jAj

.pj*\ X 5 Wj

pu»vy^ jjj^VdoJi JaaII jji jjaji ciuti jl=mj

uaj j^ * 0 j T ^* ft ^Cj* £ ^) o-* jkiflJ! *LiJ J^jial ~

I Iti&A j (V ^j*a) 0 j 03^4 LtfJu Ji

AWV! !

•jiVj

<X»^=

J

+

a

+

V ^

|t*l 0! ytlf>M J*iH *jlt ^jjl UJJ^^ *LlJi jAj

.£JUU* yi C.U1SJ! ^iu -ul ^ JLaJL La

(j^w JJj yi 4 jLw ^(JJGul) jj! Cjj^V»H juJjjuJl Ojj 0!

/^i/ <JjVl j^laJuJLi I *|*j; pjk* t^&a ! 4—1 fla/

■ (jJ*4 ^ (j-J Jj jjOt* hlitj <LLl£ ^oi£ 1 n ll

0* *^Jd (J ^ * .vW ^ 0-4 £^3u Jl 0 \* tdJjS >*V1

J>? uJi Jtill 0 ! JU o- J>L Ljiil Ui Vj oU **1S

, LlLwii U£ Q_;^*4 O-a AjsbLa

^rv

yl ILallA Ciaill jA fA^l) U^ **dj1

*"■ * { y4u a} (jlS lu *jJj-4 *ji gLULhll ul^ -fVSM

4j! JjSt LiJLi^j ,0**AJI r L*5 AiJ V( ^ llij Jit

Vj ' l-JL>^ U*^ *Hj jlal*U Juj ,ji (jiti Loj)j (iuaJli ^±i=JLj lljjJa

**Ai ( ^oLUI *jUU 1 ^1 JLJl >* Li -^L*i U £L£JL o'

5j* UflJl CiljJJl'j ^JLjJtJI o^J jj*

^Llli u-* ijl J^a L* Cibj Vf il ^

L JJ U AiJ Vj .LU Li jiSl jt J U15 J! jtij A* ** 1 ""
jjj Ljd LjiA.i j-ti ^jjla lit L *yi

6l J*ii £^j\ J^9 .gW' jL^iVl i> ^

jjVi juiuck^usts) u-* *4>* (Jit*) Cl jvt jl

l#ii tj\ -(*^AjV») ^ J^' u i*k * J l J! jj-ij CuWj) Ch>

jJai*Jl J1 Ji-lj (Jjij) U-° JjVl » ' *< ir '- fc ^ jLalil

?(J^) jWIs MSI' ^ ^ *>

I jW* Jjdj (jl^ *WW JU^ 33 iJ pji**Jl

yi r bUb jijS3 *Ui ! fciyij I :d>S3 iijJl o' CWj)

bd4 yli*^ JjlVitt tWj)

•V

-ij'j

*v

-no

JA» =

(J

+

j)

+

(J

+

j)

!^jL>tLuLi

64 JjL yi Mif* 3 li ^WJI J! ^

,jLt uM4i ul-U 6lS \ j\j Jl

\rA

■ bjj-«aj tliLijLll £*a 4iJ kij*s

L*JJJ (Lidljjii <LLdVl

^JUiflJ^ bl* (4^1 ,J|j ^t )i* (jlSi y^djLj

i+±i\j ,juui jaUdi oV ij^Ji ^

■ 3i_nrfcH tn±A ^ .r>,jj

j4j5u] 1 ji t 35j+,n J| ^uul\ ^4 3i-j*£> 4f jj| ^ ^Lit 6^

^j'b h i ni l jj 3-mJL^ ^ flV —\j iJ £ ^U£jJ 3£jytdJ

11* it\ *1—iljJ jirttanw ijjridll CiLc^id^j

:j5L>r rjjuyt o^- ^ ton ^) ^lji ^1 jm

-Uji Vj / ^ u tt- .yij 11 ki\H j H j\ i H ijja,

iijsJt U& 4i4iii. 1«J ^1 Jiuyi Jjiai J

(^it ((JAUu ijl Ajji Lajl ^ ji .^ J^> i]l

morphophonemics

4 jj£i j| SajJj ^nViltj t*SSl\ iSJ^i

1>4 Jj*3 C*l>Li ^ t>\ja ,pa!l l/ Lc .^jl^laJI jiJaill

lilllj a^5 ^3 ^haJ1 ./^jjJLo/ /<j^j J_*/

.( bAili * ii.."hj) madyun ■*- madyuun A

yu *- yuu

MJJsH

kAall [jjl ULu r^jS . j jLIj4it2| iJiuaII ji

. n/r ,\w# .tuiiii ^jsii

('0

Ejili madyin 4- madyun

yi 4- yu

SAilmadin + - raadyin T

i *- yi

.(SJUa^ SjLtUi maditn * madjn *£

ti *- i

Jl </^ia

yi j*a\\ p- 1f (l-*! HSJ* 4

JiUi l^l£ Ui i£j\ ^ JiU)f! *— bJ

(^ yi jouJI J5LJ

^ J±^ Si J* Mj s->^ uA

^ Uj f j^\ *L y4

i^d jjU, oUlSJl yi itj uUaj i/* *>

:•■***, Jiuyi Jfi (JA>

(* i.tOl 5 J-tt3 OHrid)

yaqu) "*-

yaqwul

WII

.(myi »^u -«*)

HU

_ vaaul

uu ^

oliu Xj ^ o-ib ^b

aii iOA-3tU S^.y\ *>— u ^ji JS <> 0^™

lyi Lȣ 5.1il>tl yJ yi ijjti SOilili

u«

yA^ttuim

<—

_ ya T liyuun

iuu

iyuu

y* T tuun

«-

- ya’tmun

uu

*—

- iuu

ji^yi .r

jt \»oiji A*" JIjl^J jA

U* i * > J ' H > l if . <;li J^aII 1 l Ey iij JLO L£ jj! ld4j i"il fl.^>t| gjAjt^ yj

'j>“ a (Jl*v) j4 -uVl jtVl Il ^jj] iJjiAi (jfl ^1^ *■ *H

idJjj .Ci \ 4^Li2 jl yj L-JjLflJ \ o fljgj fj&l

pill) yi ui .*b ,LH, ^j=j; ^j)i JW1 ji.

J yi J—Ol* J (^0 3 )j

■ 3 0»3jl) 3 (titajjl)

-J-l ^lt ptLJIj J1 1 jj j »jJllJ|

OJJjLJii jjSlj tfLtyj jVjJW Jjj OJjaH y4 4j\j

.«Ut| C*JJu£ |U lllfiflml JLd * LJlj .ylj^JI Jji ^jJl ijjjJnjj tjdjdiAljLaJl

I f i / gJaii Vj tjiiiJl yi iS^* iM 3^*i ^ >*Vlj

fUjyi .r

o^Lmp ^ ui fl *fl£j)U ^4^ yi Cj^ JL3

^Lc.jV\ ^■■ >' >1 j jjj ^ 3 ,f> * j j* O - * ^7j^i O** (Jjiifci

f^Ul JjS UJllai LkAj li^lij fJylLiA

rr i-xrrfr ^i ^ jgi^j 00

yy ji ^ {■—V* n ' "^

^4 r ■ ■ * ^1 1 JjqU'J I ^ulU 6 Jl*j> bJysJj^-iiLj ^L*j1 Jl3>^ll

,*i <Vji 6 *a J\ ^ ^ (u—sJO ^ *i-M ^

, bj-i- Vjli jl L*S uljj-*il1 ,jMf

^*1 :^VL Jl>*Ji Liii Jjui-Jl M3- 1 ' <**» ^ ^

JJi.^ Mj*0

CiUai ii^b >» JjuJl

wiiLJl jl^Jtlj jUu-VI Ail {^l \<kLX EJui

(Jjiajfl Ji-J <4 j tmorphophontmic

.ojsu u^iji oA* ^ J 5

7Jii/ (jj£j /jui/ y4 L*£ Aj^ 1\ {X aj&±3

fJi k^l\ f Uj5fl L*aoJ s^ r Uj ^1** 4 *^

tf JJl j4j -jsSM r UjV\ >Vl -s^b *-* ^ uj^ ^3*3
r 5U! Uii (41 Jii) L> ^ ‘OP-^ ^ Ca^* 6# uA

(bfiJJ |tM ^3^1

Jj^ajil ^liJl *1

jjjdl {^ii u^ujill L*i ^ ‘Lri^ £Aj& ^

y* fi^Ui Ni- ^ ^ sr*

JiiJt J*sJ ut ^ <31*^ WAh ^1 P^ 1vt voiceJ^^i^iJ
^i±s ui -Jj' * is killed :^J5 J>*«iJ y^-Jt £jL^J 1 /wu/

ui IjL* ' wa5 kiJled ' :ij - Li Jj O * 11

* has been killed lCi_Li tdlaJLi Aual*]\

f ^ U ^ 4 H i

P

<Ci[ ^4 1-« 1 1 jUj ^11

is + kill + ed
was + kit! -i- ed
has + been + kill + ed
**U1 E>4Uall tJL-fl ol u j-h

■t-j >kV(j ^JM-S

Jii frj'li nl i ChP* "JuSjjll ijj&a tfJJt fLJI

^ lA>*^ IjAj J*i3j yii .Jj|? "H

L*J-UajJ Uu, till 44£ rJ^XJjJl £ljJ^ fJxUJl hJiiAJJ .^L*J!

«JL»I ? * H tfV-Jl lM 1

*i4 oi ^4-Ji jV“*L o!

tJLiS liZiLl I j) Aj\ dJj oWi J>t <1

*,>4$ *44 Ch* ^.5^*411 jt^iull J kdJj u ll,J *\^jjJ1

^a_i*tl l 3uii3\ j& 4j1j <J*aVl j* ill* '* <«ijj juj CjjS"

LgLlii ^ ijL)h

Ld Lit UrfAi (0 4i*j ^Jl

^Ij-JI £tH» J***J *-"-4 iJj| -h *H Sj4il* ^14 L> JlIjjj

-r*

k*JU

J5*“U *LJ1j j

.jU.1,1 4iJI

1 .._uUil I

_tt=

**U*U

Jjf* 1 ' uM'

^jAx*D

Jit

jy&

Jit

■

Jit

J.ii

Jjii!

Jit

Jit

Jii

jii

jilt

K

Jjtj*

jili

j*it

Jjtft ^

Jiiii

Jilit

J*»t

Jilt

Ji*i

Jit

Jit

jjii-j

.►

Jiiiwl

JitfU

(r)

: Jli Si ^ * (J*t<) <j' fiW- 11 <>

Ol J, .dM~U <4* J-M L. J*. (J»iiO ^HJ ‘J^ V J

Jjlaj Jiliili jwlj ^jSl' Ap- 1> tjk W l ""~

JS yi o! r ‘S^J 31 Jr-^i ^ V 1-5

JuL 1 min

£j l^*ll it-, <> h!m?- 11 ^ 4^ UI J* 4 " ^*- Jb “

U»U J* *» Jj*' 'j' <A *^' tf* S^'

J.U. ^Lilll ;i* J Jt M: ul sA^iS - JL “^ t#**

t Uj LaU. lj-Jj -Uilsult 0* J—b JS <j ^ Jib*-*'

./ -^i/ Jj )r -U s? iiJt gjLiJI J*ill *li o' *iU-3 -J^ 1

-.j.^ii ejLs^lj flJ *-AJI .^-*11 y* *Mb “b" <j^b
Jj ( - -ti ^J| ^Ul J»ai L.U .J*il' *li * ‘ypftb 3 "^'

liij US J«)t yi ^ly^VI lIij-J' -aisit y* njlii MS/

Lbjjl* o"■ »¥l tjjSi ui ^in"lj JjJ7 *\\ tUJI 4jl ^jju

^ojaII g'jlintll o* * il^j j

JJt hS iijalJl £>*U IJjSj yjLSM ol? *OjaJI La^t^ <J

*(0 JlJ^t (J* O^H»

.c

H

4JL*d4j3ll bJut OjSSj .JiiN (JLi^a ^Jhu^jS O*

j! Ja^ .ula H JjjaJj ji SJji4 J! J*il^ lii^^

J*li J] Js^; Uait* .iii J*UH 4JU- r jSW J±iHi ilJjJiiJl JJJO*

<lJLu J*=Jj J>*U J! ^AJUjJlj *U* J-cLitl dlaj £m»i

*

j| ^^jJjaL* Li J_liq ^_UAJ <JJkUtJ ^JU*|J>J *iit^ J-tLiJl

pj fc>a^]l *JLA L>OJ oi *i$iU .^j^lj

: J*3 <> t*J! jLil Jii jL*i6^

us pjiui ^idUJi jjl ^ tj^A &jUj

^uul 4 Jt&lj Jj*** J! ^ 1* ** ^ ^ m^ U. 1 1 Jjl ji jt ,L-iiji
U|i» ^jLaaJI Ul^j pLtl l^k U5 jjjXb UjjHi

"J^" ^

yi U£ u nH Jji sjUj

\JlAj »p.) ■nul via^ ;l!i, i Vi .*\ j^j^i^l

.4j]J jLil jj &U 4 II 0-* |J

^Iij |kAi^ t£ijA lIia^ lyi U£ J*iJ1 0^* liilli

U^J***^ Jj ii\j J*iJ jJ. M'tnl l oat L. jaLiAjj

. Jiij 11 >j <tjLaj OlAj -fl* ^

djao ^Ul (i—VU *L!1 jLJ[ ^ Jloj -yjjSjj ijjjjJJ# :i*eb
f^i o* ,(Y*fijiJi) 1T |«AjLiA^lj p (pn .i M <il1 hOAJ Lai * Xj*id

ijl i33jLiitl 6" tisL^

JUiVl j\jut J* JaiH JjutJI <LLJ\ illiil J>1L iuijtfll

Vi LjulL* JjjJI i JjL=kj *UL jjuJi L*1 .lijiirtl
Ol |^d (^XU9 4 jlua1I L*^j i-tii jijuill

*iojiUI JUiVl

pj^tUi j^aH ijjtu <jL >a 4 j-jJiJ ^ j fli j < » <J*aM ?jjjj ii

:UyS!l jlyi yi l» JJj <Laa jUi
ijVl L*ij *(i* <]*) " [ 4 *it j£* y$ J!

^ .(Ar ^ 1 )"^ U&LL JI 4JUi d*uj a* "

.(n 44 * j^aft ^ J

.LajY 4 jYU,i"«mI phtn ^ Jjj (jJJi (jjli) Jiili Jjjili 11* LMj

o-a JLJ Ljij 11 ^ (*ti) L-iii*

.{If l*J>*) "‘Mri pj

Jj^ <£|j . r ;Y <3 YLj 3-,L 4j^i t{AlA) J*iI1 aij JA*^

j\ j tfl l/* Vjii^U

J-ill >1 r jV J*i ^ ■°'V SUl ^ J* ^

(ji LjaLb Jjj -ulij (^ Jjl* J* *-0^ U“^ -(^j)

.0r*usVi) V« f*>l ij*W : ^d^i ^

JJ* Ji Ijjjkla <(juii) JiiSI >°Yl J-uiil \Sa t>j

oAl> 1 i

^JLaj ^ La±1b jtLi J**)l ^*-“£f

.(Ti CiLaLaII) "u^IjiJ-j

(hjIIj) ift£j)l iS* 3 **

Afl J n * \ \ JLfciVl ul o*w*jljJ) 1 < jaJU (jAu jA

|j^Joj < 1 ! fj] yjju j \ \i ^ ^J .iil tj j I ^j % 3-*jY (^ladjj *JLn4j ^ J M d>j)

.Uj^lijj liJJI ^jjb <Im 3 Ujj fJbiiVl bi4 <J oj

V iUUl jji (jj jJ i jj (jijJl I Aa j_cV jjjJj

Lf! J -iilJi i>* ^J-=»-j-h

fjY t> JJ^2SS Jjhiaj Jalijjl (Ajj

4tZiLil£*yi frJUl LfJti) jA JULLfl

C)-aj 0*J3 ojj 0-* '-&J* {j^- ^-b 3 ^

■ fl^l'-s-V Kd^UJl frAn& ^Jl±4 uk t^AjtJuj CAiUt - aI ~i^ 1 ytnhl l

ikiiAjsJl (jlSjVl (*±$53 *J\ J {M^" b* OsS^Lill

L*£ ^ j£fl! <jli <jj l * ~fcj tjJjJlj

jSill oi jjj 6-* bb*j] sUiUJI *A* Jl (** *u>“\j*

^ Y ->ift yJ

Ob j5ty dJj t>* ■■* ‘ rt3 > *4* ■lt'^^ <Jjb LiJj*

i^L^Vl j£ L>*jJ^ (3^>L> J4j ^ -y-—LfcU Lf*

fttllj gA b®^ ■—L»aI& Yj (jLjiU 3-±hL^» V jj

(jjSj (jt Lt^d , L^ik* U-°J UjSd L*Jjt <^1

^is \j\* . o-* gb Aa jj^£j iji Lb t>* fb ^ Aijill

,^>5 u> : LJ wll -**d) z?j± ^ bt) 3 ^5

.juj AU lULi (j^-J t>* fb ^ Lb

j*ijt ^ jtb .uyj ^uj c>&i jy^b -j-Ai **

*j^\ lift J* 31*tf U&

Jaj (^li) J*itti i^ajLa ^ t jbij y^oUJl lA*4 0^

OjSj J4 j *,jj-*3 f*Lt» 4 Jl jIliU bA* ujSrf AS

YIj (uV 5) J*iil 0^ LI ***& ^ .^>*v tfU* Cilj

bA+j (AisLiJ JU ^ :Jjii 0^ -wrftfb pb
AhjSj JJ^ iiiiill [jit 5j^V»U %J>u£H jSj b^ 3 f

i4i^j J±\ oALb J*id Jiill aj&i Oi*

U V SjLiil *±4* aaj jUj JJ ol :yi* oil

vu£ tlij E^IjiII t (j[ jj it^tiiLa iii tilj iltll (jj ISjLlct 4jjij

frjdit jijUj ^ liii <dJj LfJi CjJlJ ^>4 Ijj - 1 ** Llili

(jjJh ""** 1 JUU dJj till* J ^<LjU)I

ijWb <u«^i uV ijlbi J^Vl SjLiJI ui ^ V, .<ui iii^J

.j ft ijl iJ!l\jdlj]l| JJiO t>d S jt iJ hii ■ 4jjl£)l

•y^ Ul

Jjui ,UU L*5k J-dj juU* iZilj *LjajJI oji* jlj

*iH :«] £^J* ,L Ju^ J Ultj *|J UU| \j\ jLi jUj

<^Luajil 1J> i-iLaj J*j V t*i| J-Jaj La ^j'u^lli sbulj ^Iu£

1JL* Jj Kj$llSkU t»A4 J J*J Jj *{*LL)1 £dAf) *H 0^

^ J fcyjl J«3 Vj . j**Jl JJj J aj ti-ajl

■ L ^JJj J ^lAjJa jJ %Ld,11 tl* J J*J Lm|j '4^-t La^aA ^

11*^1.^ yj Ijajuu ^idil tl4 *Lflj JLl^l ^dj Iji4j

jlal ujj l 3^" J* ■“ J** J jdt

Jrfii* _J jAj (" 1 *j^ k>*JL

yj J* yb "Ullj ^ j3J " •** -W 3 ^

tf I L -* iQ ^ liUj^ Ik^^i J 1*^* u!

(^IS) iIulS Ulj .£<LuJ J i_aS>* Jj J

jUJj UJJ J! W^Vj

- jj^j£Sl\ 11* (>iH J**j W Uj,j— ij J JU

< 0$Ai l!i5 ^ Jt ^JUL* J4A fp^Vi ^A ^aAaJl ul J* J j —

Jt U Jaj

olS JaaI^ oi J* i^ 15 j ■ J'jLm Jaaj (u^$) ^>* 3^

i^lJj U JjSj (jji 0^ J ^ <<jJy=k jljSj oU

jaiJi lj^ jijij ui Jjii LiAitj *iUj

ililju* EJ-fcLia <Wj ^>3 u-tt-il (<iU^ fr»i4

»£dl_9 ^UUJ iiujJJL 1+&J — * 4^u-t tLctxJl pj-£jj

Lt£ tjifil-hhj ^Ldlft ^tsLiJl JLfcii *L*j

*]Ij JUiVl 4I4 rimjj »^ii Uj tJLftil U.j Li 'Jl*. j*

Jlj U icA 3 ^ Ua^iL LiNZarl V^jjj jLi I.Lxtj ^ii*

LoaIju i_i!lUJ 1 ul tr* 1 ^ ^1 ‘?^ *■** 0^-3 rL^iilu >^^Ji
pjj .<ZiSjJI jJ^>o £4 JtohiYl iii Ju ijl fjL-Jl u!j ^(JjLuJI

AidaJU .dl.S u* -VwTt l <Ji*l ^^LJkj >.Yl

jji • Ui Jiij ^ U (t^jS Uij . tltiAJi Jlj_j u fc U^
f^.i^U ^jlia i t i%Li *11* JL^jL J*il 1 u^ ‘V

j^j>*irjj t>a_j ti ifc u ,rt; * 1*4 jJaill ijjij 5 J-*jj

Qv,) r l3ll J*il1 ^ c& Mj - <* i v^» ^A ul^

*^K* J J U ^jULl

jl ^f-j.- l <J 4*«»inJ1 u\i M IJ^J J*ij U rt I(hW

L ^ JaLujl IIJ-* *w .kr^H

p j j-.** LLujrf <i±ii!aJ1 .^*.1— jlj^'i-.-l jLiliLi ^JLaJl

'y> L, *il <u "IJSj US J*L ^ii L»" L\j .jjfl

,jH V iijUl. -<Ui Oju j*j V| iiaJt wi^La, ClAjll

jLuL jl Cvo 1 ' jilji.1 Jj. lib J^b* i/M

ui^Vlj .ijuJl OtS^ .AJtoJI .,>j]l OdJ ^UHUll

.^i^aJI nl j i lj od'iJI

Ali ^4 St 4 ^. W 1 U C^jlb J^l OS 5iH»ll»

tj jA U” :Jji3 jls AjiaJl wij „i J*i Jll ^jLAJI Jjj

^Ult i> MUfc uS ijfey tjjJl {StJil j* “Ul-j v^S* **di

jj£i Jij Jaj ji uSb .tjiL Li jid Vj <ijjj o'

ijs jlit ojWa r**!" :JiUl' JjiS .^«iiaJb c>s ^» Ja>

(Ji) <jLil <>* i£jJl l*lil~fcHl <jLi {jlli J UL^ J

. piUl ,> juL

d* aiiyj J i^ui ^Ll 4iryj <uvj ^lui

• idlj pit! ^i| :^JjiS <4jU 4 ^Uk 3 %jj j 4

jl lu^l <^ic.i Uli JJJJj <Ji£ 0* kiUj tliijx. JjLl bJLft i^Ilb

(u*0 ^ 1 j( &S .Jii 6- ^ jVl dlj ,*iJ ^1

if^\ ^Lc iiiS ulto Jli " JX\ dJj pibi ^jj" L^jlii

^i«aJ i<j aJ^5 1*1*11 j4i {*jVl) 1*H <ul[ LMjH ui

Cj J^i -Jj* i>* ^*l*t |*(j *Uj fvifrt ^j -jjluJl

1 a 4 hliLa -&jj^aJL V ^LJt '„U (uVl)

JJU iJtiid (jJjj Ul ,<LUJLa <ji

<ij JUL (ji -uLl tjj J ^jic JL Jai

<iLd f>B ^jJl ^1 .1^1 1 ladii Cit-l*. (o^O u) l) j ifiljJl

^ ui ^ ^ M* .^>^¥1

o^j <4iti 0^1 |J "*1*4^1 sjdj^ Cm jSj — (*1*I ^jf

*t>0^ ^.>*111 *Lij|jJl uJULJI jlaI ^a *Jj 3

<jLl ^>* L* jl (LlLb £Aj K^tc. ,jit Yb ^jLu=uJ( Cxj&± JJj
fJtJ (Jlj’LajI Ir Jl* JJjj JLiL lu c£jUh^ (jj5j (jl

ji ^ £_^***t n s=, y?%j

j >1 Jull iIij.i^j U—a jjw jl t JaaJI frJui ^LiAAit Jailtd < f y^£i
^ infill £jL±+i\ jjiiii ^ ,> e >5j

lu >iiUi J r ajj u <1J| yuu H

D31 <Jjt (jut* J-*^~ U ^^uLij njV\ <*LLj LiiV

<«Uj -<J-U ^-IsiaJ Lf t £JLt ~UjLa bjLflbL - ^LbjJ^ ^Jl cJj|^X*Ji CmJ ^>U
ja (jAaj) Jaa1\j ji «2* Lu^a jULbL

(oi -dJI jU) jj-i— jiii- Jw— .Mb ■ -‘UaU

Ow> ji — £*i £jL-“ J^Lj ‘O^' £*'j ^jLAj (J^“')

L ^ tl ^ £iLi ijl

(Cut) JxtU (Ji) f4*ofi aii "sdJj uA J*" ^

Cut o' 6^mJ1 6-' JiUW C^ CmJ>N ^

3 J¥j J\ J*ili jji -U^lll oilj *1 J iih« * U yi jjVl lit

l jjfc Cut ■ ^-* 0 £i

j *s-^.n Cut C 4 j Cut o' 6- u**^ jjVi

[ ' J *ui ^JJ Cm3^ x*i j-^Xl l*i 4 ujt CJ -<-j11

c>t ^ d-i Cm .V ^ Jji Cm x< Cm o“t *jt“

(Oiiia, yk 34 <^jJ 1 ^Udll Cm (O 0 t* *jW

— g^S^jllj ^LaM Ua 0* ,jit — SjUiiLa dij .4j£jlll Cm

j^L Juc ^ ^ ^ ^ 0“^

Jl jIXmL ^i\ jfid (lJ) lx* IjlJ

. H U jjVl lx* Cut CJ*' d |>5 Cm t*i*dl Jliai^Jj

xi$l t^JLll j 4 j^jLiuJI *Ia ^1* *-i> 5 >^ p*^ J 0!

lJjLg <1^*11 J*' C*“ 0^ t^l r+* s>*

ot p 1 LJ uSlj l-nt 3 Ot yt (> Cu>j
(ijji) <^ajlall pX* Jj yt— (W)

jlAial^ Lfiall

^ &jajl\ Jl* tjii Jjl; v O^X'

(cl) -lilj J! --j ^ Ui ,J#a 3 «jl Cm

tSU^' (5jj—V t Cm

Y^ 1

La ific <UVjJ 1 ^J[ Ljic <ulVj ^ ^jLaaJI 3*^1 jJj

c^ijaJLj -(jJLij <JjJ Jia <Aljj iyJjlill * **\>* —

0* ^ (r frjjJl) {j^Aftii pftLiljy Lkjjj ,kSJ —II Ijj^

i{jjl4^aJ^ * i i riT Ljjpt ^Jinl-h Ijplj (jx. UliJJ V Lfjj J(jVi pjlf ii

ejLdjVl *A4 ilij^J L*J pj «(c^tu*JJ l) _i JJhII j

lM 1> *1 (uu“") j (oj^dAi) j {(jtfkk) <*“d

iJjiiil ( J>Li<j JLxfl] l«4>43 *4 ^ i^LdlJJt i^dLdijiVi jjL

uti 1 j! fJoAS J^L^ll ^ WaU ^U1 J±aN Ad

jl-AjJI (j) ^vdjjS yi (ijj) j] (ijp laj^Jt SijL L^imd

^a 4»L« ^dL«Jl JjiaII JLfcH AA4 tjAj IjJ

.y ljfr i. m JaA Ifudll 1julj1\ yA <&\j ^ <J-h.k.-. N <iiii ^

u \J^± oa^ y*»L*Jl J* ^JVjlII J) Jj-hlj AJ ^j^riallj

fj\ fcAAji pi LqS JJjj «(CJ) j (pJ) pj&Jl yAj* AaI^ lj>uu

pJ-fc Jl UVjJt tJjjalj Yj jjlJ « *\ |&J La , jW * H .{J^Jl

4L Mi jj ^4ji u \j\ uij Jjb-.»*h ^ j^±n j! ^uiii
v^Sb -fMi «5 aJ ^ J! ^4ji pi ^ J! Jj-i-

(>iii) ijlijj iiij J^ill ( jJ1 lj4j! U] !j^£i (ji jIa ±1 ^Lt1j *4Jl l_i4jLw

J!

%IYj <1 lu < 1 UJ 4 (JaA JaUJI p^bwi yJ jiull Ale

Ja Jaj U <ii u* ‘J# *U-a3li ij-ili

oil " ^ "ijjj lit 11 ^>iS 1^1 J\ Ji*ld w
t-u£jjll .Oj*j) Hj JjAAjJIj p{t-»jLa) JaLiU pull i 5UUj

li| lt JjAj yii , t ^i*aJl ^a <L^ Jj^ ^5^1

^J] Jilill puil i <t ^ULuij i-iitS tiiij ^ l-ijLa

ytc ijliLi (jl’ijft-^11 .(41Lurj) jjll (l-1jI£) tj-eldll pull laLial^

(ijjJ IjjLa IjI) * A| J^ l>* J

JiU lit) diS CmJI J! '-ij** -triM) d±>^

dij J-tLi jj Vj 11 -JL*j dJj J* *(lj-t dJj

3 -a*3 wU U" U .(vr ^i) 11 ut

tjiSi I^LJI Jt Jjl* 111 J*il1 |^iS *i-j |*£*j 'Wi* ^L-a)rtj
JJ jl JL4L J^* L« *4*b&II \A

^U U'AVii) JL-S11 Cm *i> II* ^

±uij\ usjU 0-4-* J i(-*Wo) Jtiiii ^ (^ATc»)

j| ilni^H jljtl iSlaallj ,jajJl l> jj niTlJ ,1^ .0AY\j)

iUj ii J 1*1 LLlu JL-SH Jtfi «4I j <> L&4 L-jJ <*1^

uy 6*i P dUSl J^5 Id* :>1 JW, "-MU J3U d" JU

<J ^ ^ J^

U i^ufll Jtii <»U^ <U ut ^usil u- UJa■ p y*

^ Jjij jl 3d ulfi 4iV ‘Jtfj (di dLl J3U Ul Ijtf ^li!

J ,ar> ) > ij^jj >j! jU loi .JjJ aIi dj JlL5 Ul :JL3 Ulj

/'^dJj jju Slaollj J-d

,>J Jt (UjIj) JiLiH |ul <1 Vj Jut Cm ^ *^9

.(lAottlj ^ JS":JL^ *W- *W <>
jj flpt Jl>- ill (m>J|) 6i*“* Cm L-l

(jt LfcjJj >JjS"nil1l J J^ Cf! J 4 ^ W

Ai ^ JS OJ^ J! I*-' yA? ‘j>4— J '

js ui <^±* 5L->. ijiau. iii^n iJuk j uM ^ ^ uj

■ *J .ftaJH ijSjj u4^ ^ 0 V )

, HYj* , «A1 liL-jll

4JLw (^>4 (jfiiJl (jlSa L# (JmAj

-fj

> imjllj iliJ^aJl jji ib j H tl£3 J^LaII <jjj

<5lji JL; J|j i_A*OJ JfA Jx,LaH fWdil U

JU 1 ii«->j p**! Ufj * *1 — L*_j J -';*~ Li^iap jJij)

^CiLi IjLi . I ftS-> jl 3 jLa& jI^lIcL ^jLt

*£1j£j -JJj jJu, JJij qla hjli 4il ^L& dj^a Jj jJi i_ib£ ujSJI

dJj Jj >ui Jj^jlIJ 1 l-jLJI cJ^aaj" IlhJ-S t jJ

^JaaJ iAf3^ jjia jJ t_iLi]| (jt ^jic.

:UVjdL ^ Jj*iJU JJill ^1 J*l£s ol ^ ^ ^ Uj

^LU ^1* 3]¥jJI Jbj (jl 4 jLu ^>d J Lit Li nj-ajJl

*ji LlJjdJ Vt y*J'JJ i&JJuld 1 ^it Ljj^dlil

jlfil JU£ ^ ULt (jl5 (j[j 4(J45^ 4Ja»iL*

<Ih jJjS jJl# (hurl ijl <4Jj

ijLall LfJ (jdJ ‘LaJIa ^id ‘UlSji i£jOaJ 1 |JjU4 u»JJt i.iBjil

£*ldl Ji I^jjU 1 ^Uul '■iU.jJJ fLojtj tJJJjS

'^^jui f^k J* 11 Uj^j ? \i* r jtk*\ :c*ii 0! * 1.U Jj*

^Ur yjijj *4 ^Lb ju$ >u 4j| djp L&j|i tk_il2]1 j_f ■*—^■" lii4 IiZlLa »b

.jWIIj Jj*»*JI |***' I^Jmj 1*^ <**) ^j' (jfjJl 111 JUj^j »^Uj

JiUil |bw A t>k^j L*£ rJUiVl <>•

^ I * •> ^ lw *Ld±J1 »i3l

^ JS1 ji kiii ^it ^«i4 <JV^j ItjjLur'

Lai *** U<j

^»-Sj |«J <il bllati 13^ 0-* L*j * * fJji |*J

»JjlLu oi V J $IJji L* *liuVl (jii .T ,^iAt

h_i£jjtft <jl -t>14 i^i.l^j IjJ < [ il“tjAl1 ^ij >T

( J«l* m il L*S -t

,° A) jLi*lL ijAi* jU^SU

( JiiJLj «.,.ill ^Lj J-t yiill ft jmil O* J-t

.^jll J* Sjju-JI Will U. jL«tVl ^ V ^ <U^jb

4 JUI Jl# u* J| <>• W' L#*^

^ yVjjf ^ 03* L, Aji ^ "IJLa fj"

V CiJ&i o^ * lj»* j Lt yj yi

^ij jLc jjrtlH 1J-4 HVj J 0-* J ^*£*3

Jjiil U*fi ,LtjL*aj JaiII t^jS i>( fi-tjJ^ (^1* *l*Xi _ ^hJ *^“

\ 1 * J £ JJL>-^W 1^4* *LflLaj 6* £ji" iSW^ ^ L^ 1

^ Wj <J u-jb ,{Se d l/*Ai ^ ^ {Ai i>i ^ t-^

jjjl j—

.£jLi* J ^aLa Ji JjjJi ^ uj! ^‘“i 1

.<UJU i>3 Jlj J J*ill 1.U ^JVj ^a iiiAiH

t MA1 ^iUSil UJ1 ^ l»lHj 6-jll ^ 0 A )

■ U^

amsi .cjji it ^Xkiijii Lfjiiit 5*uii jis

li'iK ^4 ^njjjVl (ljjLai (jd “■“■ 1 ^ 4±JJi

*

f<LJ&iL )1 bjjjjjj) m_JjJLwiV\ Lftjl* <jA]

Yj ^tuaj <j3lj JL UjIj U 1 * J -=1

•-il^Mii Jj jjj ilitjjMijlH i>* jtjiS £*“d

54H i j < 11,143 L^J jjuJ lijlidcl

<Liijij^| iZiU|j 3 *«‘"Nltlj ^jiujliiiiiJI (jjj <■ " U>Ltcj

•r^ 43=*& jUj (jj( jii <yLt i>LSii ^

* 4 jii]l %_u£ 1 j 3 3-m4jJj jjm^t (ji ■ tj ' ^ i i l"iVn p3l3

yijjLi sf *it 4ijj jUJ Ji ^]j J*uc

liiJl ^ji jjiilll ijj IjJdj yii£r £**Aj]I 0^1 " y 4 ‘* J

^j 3 j iLiij liJJi Jdj (Jl XjJii £ 4 ^* Lsj ^li

JJLu kli 3 j yjk \Xs^

frjjfcliaH J Si ,-Ui IkJJl *■ - 1 AjJU | jJLL

0 ^*>^ ^ j>l"j { Td 1 * ^

V <jjj-Lii <^ljjJl ijj J>*Ji <jLa-w»l jJL

£jU. *> J-°^ tfL Vj JJ6 ^U nl n t J

^jjUoll jaLuj 4ji Ijj oL$

*u ±> £*l\ uji&\ Jt ^ A>*k

w * r

t q 1 ~-l^ t j ~X I j ^ t^jll I^UfcJ I 414 j^mj -I rt i tT j Lallu 4 aJJ1

L&jj^aj jj IjjjS Ia^IaI

■ * * p *■ p- *

{jl 0L5i>^i cfjd *l. j i M^i ji Ljl*J ^Ljb Vj iLikLs ^sAluid V

-<UUi ^U*J i C^a Aji j^uullj J^jbll

^jIlL^JI Uuk ^jju

Lii <U* Oi#* 6^ AM5 *^*UjuJ 1 jc-jiijillj

ij^jLl*JLj A-ki^ll ^LIa^I f|Jdd]1 iJul Cil^jiwlt 4*14 <j*sj-c ^ UjsLjj
ijaj^ Ju* IjAjjia »-A>5jJl tjJJ d^iLjiuJl 4JUfc hlh JSJ

I^JJl j j_ liri *~ > 1 1 t>* *u*“J * jiXl l^riyi ^Lft Uiij OJ US u]j ttliljjlijaJl
JdiAlli iJu4 1u ^i ; iii CiLi^luil fr.L-frJ jjjj^.lll Lai ^LinJt <jl£. > L j M 1 .J

.'•J jVl : .AW J^ai (jV KJ ^la-*

1 <l.-^b"-J 6^ b^Si! jl *>• *US*l £fjLitl

*ui -^SJ ul (,> JS JO^ L>aJ^

lul JJLa tlM |Vh4^ .^j^xUI j^Ji 3 -miIjJ ^ ^±>tu \jjL

^Lc. UjLSil jjul jCiL^IbJI o-* (JSJ pii immi'i il»Si pJ
liSiij J^aii ji t-i&La (ji^J Lulj J*&j US J* t r i A?^

kljL}iajd4 4iwuiU Lfcj <<iijij (ji

^ ^ £jVl -lipan UjiLl Uijj

0-a U* Lfi*J Xj .<-*W Lf*

.CiU^iull jiLuj

Structuralism

wfilLu AjjjJI (^1 blo^a tfjiaj |»ji)

V ■lLL^bJI 6*14 <j-a >1^^ tfl jjlc IjiiJ jjJj tfl sjlj i^uj^ iZiL^^aj

j^Lixllj jjLuri yj jjJj ot ^

<*U 1 ^iiu (jil ^lLu jkLc IjLjtA ^julli ^LuVl Ijui

juuil IJla LLl&j) JJ 4 JI LJ^i lj|i .jp-Lu^V!j

<ilij (Jji cdwJuJi ijDu V Lu ID jjaju l *i^Vl _j 4 l^laJl jjii.flil LujLufl

#

4sjjj jA JaIj lljar* I(tiljj t<jVl lllpj i^A^k +}\

tj* _Ai» fr *^* *iiLy&* ij-o ^ ^ jmjj L* CjIj i^hwwJI

,4i£Lbi^Vi ^tLaj l-i.<-li l jla ^jl

^j'* *tj^iJJl 4 jjluDI Cjj\S Lift jAl^lDl jj^uJlJ ^JLrfsu ‘tij-G

*L^iJ

JjVl ^iJl _yjjmj^LM ^^uij^uJI |«JLaJI juu

<aA£ ml > hJ |wJ <ji iJJ j*£rj]l yLfiJ *4 aD 1 4riUfljJ (ji

^Adj juu jjDl ‘G^j^LciLij yi j\ 4ajDI

ljJ t>4 La ^ *<^ii Jkc <jj)fJkD!

4j£!j illli Ll *IL^nll ItiA

lIjIIS ^LLaAdil 1 Jla L^d ^*ju,iw\ %_y* io o* u JaI

<ui Jjj JLU .\^V1 4i*a J^Vl <iiti (_£ JJl oUDl

qj£jL^h> tj ^ ijl^J l^iau "UJuJl ^iia-cu

i a jjJJJ LtJ JA? * tS ^ A UL ? ■ jhujaJI \<±Ji

4 0^i*Jl ' Tftjrt,. w 4iill 4_uJjj jji

j ^Uaj LftJULA-! CvM^\9 j <kl$\ (jl (Jjj

^"■■■ aJjj 5jjiUl Jiljjt ^IajI ji

Lgj - tangage <iUl Ij«4 j±utj*u

IjlA ^lu * parole bLu iJ^lll jtuJ yli ^ i t-tl l J^^ll

.<UVjJLl CtljdVl Cm rjilJil ^ 4 jlU 1 Uijlji (^jli |m.*iw i~N

L* JlJjdJl Lujj lldj ,‘Ual£i £j^aJil Li* Kjitjj

<?

yill 6! :j^ JIM ^ 0*

jLlcrL 11 4 jLU^ n aLuji Lb 1 ijir jj J Uij L i ^ .i ^

^^udJI ^itull ■ *'l^1l jl^f' ■ j jyu£ljjll fr>i4 p ^J (^'Jl

jjfjaJ ^Uu ^ ijiaLLu Vj p i^"* 1 V fuu£ljj)1 Id4 jflu

^Sl\ j* fUadl \S*j .^LJSJI fUiill \1a ^

J 3kolH h JL^l w^Lidl ^idLkll o*j*i jAj £4>* o^A

Cm JjVl ^4 fUiiil tJui .LjLlLJ Cm *fU3

^LLmII l*i4 Cm Lr“

JjL-A pin a l il t ,ji

Jlj" LljJal* I 4 I 0 cA^ Uj Cm i* ^ 1 * lS* - ^

f , ' * "

« 11 signlfie^JjjtliA 1 ' Iij^loj j 1 VjIaj CA^ L^j « sigmfiant

Jfa^ -Uj^ >i A J* C*j£ ^ C,L*M ul-iA

* 1 ^ U *j*o 11 * Cm £f>-

(*M -CM» Cm ^U^*l\ J! :Jj 3 i < >***>*-

^JJoiarfJl Jj jJuj L*JJx tx4 ^ ^ L h i rt * H 1^1 <dj

.Lfjadt Cm

(jbu <a^£ vs jji

ui \Jl\a wiliir ijjil L j_iii .^^1111 L^j jiiii ^|

- jtlJ lIjVIi^ Uid »<LuJI ^ u^ib* ^>4 wai^ (i-ibill) ^

-uL^lj .^Vl V) jS^J! Ud ^ liK]| jfc Vj

,J^aV| LZiLlaII bJL^J l flirt Tl fWmVt

yill 4_u4iJl Sj^uaJ^ j4 £i>*Jl . '*1 *~;*' T

<US «ui ^JJI >Vi fi^Jl utiii JJJLSj ^L£ll)

<WU |> ' 1<<| rt J dLiTLj *Vjdt\j Lidj^ -Xji p^*\ e(jljjla)

*■ *

4j1*j * ij-tii hlA ^rt , i-\~ ^£*111 |«-4vV! . Lwlu»L=ii

ji ^ Jij j^LlaJI ^ (a-j^) uj^*

tAJjArf bjljyld 4dj£aJl

0* <A^JI <> * *-*-<1 1 ^ *Uj ifHI Ud J J I J*j pJ

^tiSil ijt bLsud^ Jb V_jj . 4 ij a .A jjj '■ H ^Utv44Jl

aLU ur*iil o^Jj -L|J ^^4-^ ^^jjilll LfJ-t t j^Lj J ^yLiii jjjl)

iuf it ^n l nl H[ «JLfl Ui £E±*aj3j ^ i h"

^ (H* b J ^ ttfj^ *^J*N uk-J L*J

<UdJ ^ialjil pUaill C^Ij ^uajj

j^u V ^lia ^ki i ^tqj JUjiTuft |j{^ t 3n kV« iXcl^S Cilj

J»"‘J'" (_£*lll |Jji*j]l ItU ji - ]■< Uili tl£^l

aLj! ijIajI pjLd j^j Lfl ^11 f4alil tisliji pj**
,3a-* <*1£ Vj (CiL«i£tl jj*™ V * JJl .£jla|j]1

Jaj jt Vj *J±*A V Ijju ^l|>*J» ,Sjjj*cJ^ (^jal

^>* <1 LLfj V Li Jaj oi o ^*j tJub ^ii ^*.K

^>i p^Cr^li tUlcViJ[j ij-iaJi ^tijj i*1t.l^j -tZiUl^H

JJj t>* |_^^I tfLc <j^i fiiiJ yiiil jJI |kLiail1 lijic >11

<jj J^hj -Lal^ll «^uj 1 ^Ld Ui£ {_fjJl JIa <llaJ l^ubL*

ur

kki.. (\) SjSi

jjAi *LuIl j^Iu Vj> . *UJl jl^* <J jUaJ ^aJI *Uj11

dij ji>-Ji jtLkj (*5 mJ ^uj ll^i vi

0) jiui

J“j J] Jljull J unlmll l

cM yi* <^t4“ <J^*S '■ i A#

vA?^ EjL* iJUSH L*lj -«Aifll JUku ^jiAiiJt

(jij Jdaj ^ijid CAjaJ yi ^^jll ^LaJud I jm li Ci UK ltj

t.14 oAJ Sj j*rtH J^aJ ililSll

:dUi (v) JSiilj .irfbStt u«S 3 ^ ^usii

(£>UI jij* *jJI

aJI Lu (uc.^31 Jug ^

«lu JUl ^jajJI IjLA V"jj * *- lJ “ ^ laU AJtjjl (jl jl/ iJUhi

Ci*L& Jill 'LuijjjJl j"*f Cladj JJJ I|u ^»^aAl\ LfJi

<U^*t <*ya ASj^s fAjjjJu

yi tZiLuj »i£i j 4 j£ji^#V| SjaIaII tZiLiYjJl ^jjjull L*l

^LkLlJl JJLfc 4 ajj Jilt CaLwljtUi {|jLaJ

<j^jJI jjj+Jl JjI^j JIjaI Jj fBoot |*+Uj

J* fijj *Q\AU\ *Jut Iwljj yLf>Jl g*i-JI Ji LaJ

dJj Jl* Saplr j^L* JjLfj JUUI yiljliYi jfkaJI jLu

.LdJ

¥¥

jLhill ( ji£ itil'fclaH iI*LYjft jflaVl (jl J 4 *.

£j^J\ J jLuU iii4 jL* JU|j * Bloomfield

jUj jL# .Wo* j ^r» ^U. ujj

Ji J A *n ^ 4 j .distribution a Usrri It^itL O^jW

lLl.j L jjuol abj* IjdL^L*,} Lfilja*) J! Sj-a,y\

J! jJLL^Li j£.Jj SaA yis MTS <i« "Language SiUl"

_^uJj (Synchronic ^jfl»ry3 3-JjJ *^il t>a lAiLM iuljJ

Zj\jX\ Ism'Ll* ^ic jLwaVI ojj *^A L*£ ,jU UjJ

^aJI fcbJV! jij -^ 4**^ u®A* •*** -J 3 * 1 ^

j^LuAj tZiljj*o2 ^u«Jl J jt^ll l u^Xub l>i^ Oi^

Vtj^ .SjIjVU <s‘W J* jULtV1 s^ “ *s\j " UJ^Wd

S^jftLLii Jl tjtf £4^* J!

jUa] U^ Lfrjij? 4A« IjjIj "UUl

^ ^ 4*$^ Aij . ^L-tfL U*d

.jifijll dJj ^ o-iill |Ji £»l** ^ ^ W 1 * -u^

ijULtLi <<^LU1 JjLJl iiaij ji ^J^y\ Oh* (j^

La 4JJ - jjJ*W oi tfi .stimuius ^1** jjU respond iAaZJl

J| ^ V*1m,L Jl ” (f)

t_a^JL La 4jL&j**¥ 1 4>i a

o"

4

r

Jj-^t; jjj , 44J ^ib 4 jLuui\ J£ ^Luil <jV *tSJ^ ^

j\ jt Jjfn j^ji Ji .ySiiJi 6* j-^i >4* Jl W-“

Iwidri <jUijJ ■ 'juljll 0-° *JJC

f *- «■

.Aj\...\\ ^ JfcL ^UluiVtj jjUI JiU3 J Lfjd

JlS L 4 j J 4 ^ V S ? 111

^LjaVI 6^ ^Lu U^ Jfilifilb

m

(If* 4** t>«J <_£ ji . .(Ijj.jlj jjtgj yi 4 J » » i j J I r

|*b Jlki ^ .5J¥jJt iIiLidj^Jt J±f|j3 J] . w '.«~ll.

.felll

(jUuIcl 4*1 Itljl df^j 4jJ) (J^j (jiK ,j|

(iUljjJl IjSIj 6* (ji j«- V J^\ uli jJiiil

iuLLfja-Vt yjUtJI (> J*j»3ll Jii (> V| (J^l yi CiilS L, 4iU\ Jli
Uiii yiL V Sjib yl jdj fyjjl jlilj, .IjlLaJlj 5 _.-i-.l lj.

(J J I i I I rtfli l 4A(jl jJ ^Lid^ii J_*lj

J 6 S—J' u- jis Ail .mi j>u ji ^4 ,uu i*cLlu.vi yvji

(jj** jjid !■ ^3]| ialuVl fiii^^Li

yiH UjSU IjJ—aJ LfjL»lL*j LfjLiLi^ yj iaL*jVl frJLA

"jji* -LSJI 1i*" SjUt UJ^i J 4* JLil>*2

ljVIallijjVI yj CiL^mVI ^ t I^LSeIi 1|j^Lu4

* (j jSj L*ju£ 4 i * mY1 41 aaJI 3i«LJ jj^"

'yjVl ^i 0&* ja L*& tAJ^j

* * * IjlA ( Ji

iji* IjA 4

■

V-vtSii li*(l)

4iij jil JjJ • • i

nv

(JilJ <—I jfc t V

jA. U&\ lifc (V)

Ujlill (JJ3 i^jLj&I) Ioa

■^ >•> J! " ' *

jtSll iiV':Jti ,> u 1 * ,j j "j» Ua":u1j1j u!

^,j<j La Ait laSi JU3 JS IaA jjbi Jj3 ^ **J*“

"ja. U*" :Jjiii . AaM Jii. ji Ojia <jlj Jo* jll* <^! J 1 ^ 1

Ua^ "ja»* -itiSlt '04 Irti” :Jjii lisSij ^ ata-JI ^.Vl li»i

i T ... •' dJiS <il tf»" :Jjii» .jIIa* 111 ijb» o*d ul J->J' cV^

• ^31-i.H JjLj i^aJI ,> iSjd '‘‘ i ’ ' * " 1 . 1 o»S3

5j. ». JS ^ ^ IjjlS <-ii jiUJI liA ^Ait " j ■> -i-i *"
ii* Aa- v Jt « 4 iJS o*a r 1 ^ ^ ^

ijAilt Jllo"^ (ji OJJ ^ ^ *" ; JU •* lL - J > ai » ^

,iil*JI <.li Jja. ui/^ 1 <**■ J 5 y* 5

Ujtoo AiiS oUJS 1*4* .'(jilo iaWL«¥l OjSi I 0 AAC.J

V LS1I Iaa" :JU 6- u^i bj "jys— ^ '**" bAi»i .SjoK

5 -lai kiu ^a11 JjIjJU UjLSiAo iLiaill yiii bO|i ."o^i.

U4» /'IjJL Vj 1 lJL * ‘ V " :liU U-aJ1

JU to) L*ij .Jjlojli ?lL*lt jUtl Ojj ■'•***•

4J UtU yiio Ji .V-L-l 6- y^i * <4* "'iUj y* J 1131

\1A

ji ^ Jx. "s-iiUIl Jjl3 v tsSll U*" \j\j .t*i^

igh LfSld) iS-vjfl* j±L £Ajli jJ <iili

JjaI £j*li jjlt (J<Jj tjajJl lit 3J^."-..VIj ^L±3_^ ij\

Ob ^3^ JVJI ^j3l1 4-L^ ^3Lu ipjttL Ob^l ,> <iltt

ijjli Jju*j V ^UUJlj WJb ifcU J-*<iiU a]jIsu»

JaLjjJ ^qjq-s. (jx. Ijjjlb (j\Ji£ La4j j^fl

^VS <<j^iUI r vkilt 6- U> LUj^ IJui o£ Mj .JQVaJL ^l>ili

i*\ ^4 l Jjlali^ 4-Uhkj **ujJI

I_f jJ 3 <Jl - 4 jaJ| \a£ J-t ^^it l 4uutljj tjt

JLjiill Ci^/Uja-Vi u* ^51^*311 6* OiSll J\

bj±& ljLld f^&LhaVI (-iit^jJI £jjJ (ji !JjI_$ ni l

Jj cjXiJla^Ij (jii L*i M^< ^ i JaIj lT^ 14 O*

UjjiJ

Lfljl jLlItLl (<L*aJ 1 ‘WljJ-J

bJLft (ji ^LJ J*. pjli JLyajVl 1 jj ub *tj K^»>j I ji nij

Jut i^aJI jiajS\ w j j

:^L Ji\ LJui JLt lUill

, tl immediate constituent analysis ‘UiUi'inU *lA^j ^*\\

l^jL^L* J\ <L*&J1 Juaij J-t J-iXi ^ JJl U-* gj* >A9

t>* <_jL^jjii ji 4LuJ\ *Uj 3LL$ ^*4^1 oi>*i J^i O*

CiLiljAi UjJL* La^jjUj -ta^ lyiiJl CiIj^jII

k> b 1 " 1 .* Jj 3 ^ J! fdi? 3 4*-^i (jLt yiU ^ii iilt b

Ijl^j ^t\ f. Iji^l (jjj lZjL* jbJl (jt > ii t i ^j jH*i I^AJ

:ajiJ Jii-

*13^ JJ nj.i.it J-t 1 j**

J j I ViN *LjjJl L^jUjS* J! il* p j *».fl * i

Ulj]^ gjjjjull uljtj

cUjjJl J) 4 lu)t (i^i w ilj jji 'rtj V <iV KLp

^Jli iZut£ \j[j , ^Ui ji klul^ Lku.1 oWm ( J>*- ' 1 did

Cx&tt ujUKH yj# ^j| |*j ^ >■! pt r i a/^+ J4*

^ ^ JUU1 ‘<5*^ J-WL jSJi, .*iU#1 U^

,J**Jb ■iWSN ^ L, >! J) ,*L«JL ^ «*L^I

^_Uj'*i ^Jj 3j,4 y l, m jV \ ^jLtoil LJ ^*-J J

: ci \ ja L* *Vj J lA * 1 O^f ^ jAja^jL

^au tljjAUl ^ydJ^AjJi ,jlc j^jJiLdit ■ ^

,<jlJ 4 j 1 f<iltti fjjllaLill ^jJ Cj\j4lii\ tji jJull

iJdA i J-iilfj Jjj ojISJI

# * + r-

1 J 4 I 4 HI yJ ■ LaIL^. Ij ilt 1 *■-* .-^l

iln Sjj^-Vl mjlSJt fja^i jtajli ^}Sl ^w>ij . jj

.ue^lsll ujill

-LVl hsJti JlicVl iSM*l\ >JI (S^> -i*L -iij

J^C- J L * yd yJjJl]l wJ j¥i J

jli ^ i 4 I jfaUl ujaJI jULJt ^

.JLliJl yd lTJJV^ jiaill ^LluI

Li4j -3jU| tJ h frjAUaJl ‘ J) -i *«j . Y

^}\ yj LftjLafclj (jjj jjJJ jl yiijj

_jl ijajJI I dJ* yjJl 4 ^jJLIJ 1 <JajjaJl l4jLklf.Lt 3 jjLu]Ij

b44 iS^. * Myt. J ^ic. 3 j&uJI JjjIj -pl^l

tjjJI intuition ^j^JI ojjjj'J^ Yj »Lf3j^p*q^9

.{^jiJJi pUculi d *y <jj4>j CiIj^oj jJjlJLj

ijd bjiJLU wiLu^liiil JjLu/J JJAJJ ^ilij ^jjj VdJ ijjyj^jljkJl

Ji ,> 1&t j! ^iLSS L>*^ Jl tj fb'1 < *

^jyd *1jCut jLfjVjjludJ 4JLL11 Jytdljx L (jl-t . Y

Luj .Jji^m ^j4 IjjJI U4 ^JU ,u^Sj4lL C^aJI

LjL w ^=kin ii4 uj^d LjjUI u^jjiull (JjAuli
<Jj tjridLali bJjt |*£aj ylH ^j4 JJl 4j)l^U jUl&l ijjJ iLaIIa
ijjAau Y kdij ^1) <flLwi>}Aj |*4j -1|"-‘‘ t^djAualJl ^aLtkf. |*5 aj

»<Jad laijf La£ i<lfcJJl jddlit tjj ^1 jl«JI

Ojj (jLaJi oU ^ L|j^l 4iJ Jil ul ’*

UjLjfL <tiUI L^ljj jl ^1 tjjlj j^c j«i <LiIju LuLuj^fi kHiliUi

ij\£ 4^1 . *u->4 ^jd (jjiilt l>fl 0 “^ ^jlLi-ujj Sj4Ui

p jL^j (jlf «<u \j 4 ttul {jfUl

L>t j^laiU ^jdJU pUojil 4jjLufej)j t^JkU ^i4jJ\

^jjjUl Sj4Uaii ^jLt Ijyuojj jt±LLj Vaj *<lLilT u£^H

^.5|ji> A^IaJLmiI yj ^k4 J Laji ijtjlflfl y$j\tnl| |»4j j U">1

i.l-JL-l jjjSsI UUI ji jtill .A^jiLll 3-jjJL*]l

•JiW

.iilA ^Xi yi lujaJI u«ut

J\ r 'UlSH Ji -*j^b 6* y3ll U*>fcJl y*j

l%j .£iUlil yi ijj4& “iijjJall u^i .*li**)l

J* jjSjSlt OJJ .^1 <ii> >. - dlj AA, - r jiJt J-3cJ

yi *ljjij lu l^uit Yaffil ! iliilSj

.l£j*l\ U^kJL <ili\

WT

Xdjyw)l%JyJiIil[Y]

Generative Transformation

bilft Sj>S frȣ4 iliili

EJj LjjjJaj wAj ^IViU ^jjt “

j!| IjliLiil rdllj^ bik£ .. j* Ij^kj jbjiidJ

jfcJJ {jl l>4 1*14 ijJ ClA^unl ^jjl *7 * 1 n nljjjl

SaILJI biLtiilijjJ^ i^^uiaj (jit X-ijJiiJl hl& j^f^xiijyd

Ale < t aL.l 1 JLJ Jjl£ £f jLjJL jAu ^Uui] jjlc. ( <jjJajJl b JL^J

<1m Lfcji (J *bt> J*3J

<Zj~a ..^yi CjlilM (jl ^ i H rtj i*m ]»iV

yi tWJf» ^ ^y . C ^)fl J* u-jjUI l« ualUill

,_JU t 4...ii CjjijJI |»4j .JjJ (jyd Iflji 4 i» jJ (»J J-o^*

pji 6i)J^ t> jjjS

3±>ki 6l tfij J4j *lW u-* V^^LflyuiJ J*J

■ *— > ~J *Uj 1 * yill 2j1.1 all J. lfhl tji *1J Y j<*UI ^JLxj

(^>iiJ! ^Uull Juj \ 01 u\ i »l i \-+? JjJJ yjJl bJkA

.l ajl ^L^yi k^iLiUi iJj~itu]l jv^buHU j4 £ U,yi ^>V£ U»J^9

*jjj ft <Jj5u jt ^ (jlS ^ <* i n j j* I JuV L*£

t^ULiiJl *tui f^j^aiJl 4^14 JJ1 yi iJjIiLa La frlcljn*

J ^J"* I J""^^ Cull Ljj Jj .All J1 j lli ]I ^iL£ £>a lilLiiill

Jjfci-fl J-Vl J± ,lyiUl L>^ y* ^

wr

J Jut • £WX^ ^JL-to ~ >* «j1 j

jl ^ii j iHumboldt Ja« JaI ij 4 Uj^J JJLA tAilli

j» i ill Li^Luil ji _>Lil! 4ji ja f ^l . n aj^j jat

u-4 LjSjj tVjj

Jl A4-jyi J J-SUI J ^J>' ^

u^kLIi £jii [ ^Aj . the universal grammar ^ jaafl SjSaj u

jLAjjJuj ^jjJajJl *Uj jj ^*1"^ >11 (J^lj^aJl ajj£flj j*

^ «£Hj JjSl Vj - Mj -Cft\ <fit L» (jit jS».

idl jJ , jL-iVt JiaJlj, ^

ULa jtS LaJj *<jlb J_oLjuJIj ^31^11 Jt IaaMSa

jJ J^aU jLijjj Jj^ftlll *j|A iLu*A j-^ll! ial^AjiVl

-1 fl 0 <J$£ (jit BjLj

hljLj&uJl jLaj! jit ijjjLiJl ^ajlaJV lIhi ij^t j ml fl j V

,d_AlH tljji ^jJ <ll^j£j jaL i^jLjISjI 4aJ (jJj (ji

™ »

‘UujJaJ jji jj-aj IJlAj ^V^aaaa ji ^3j aj (jLujyi <x^± U

juJ Lt Jl >* La j^Ufcjj . JU^jVI JiaJ]

js.l 1 ala.I 3jJail jJjJl *1h* Xj^ 4

La j \\ J* <5a^.IJ 1 S^AUaJl ■ jjH"j

JjjUI ^JLJJf jJl«JU i.wVi ^j^MinJj^J j Aw JJj Jii r i

Lr o b * J j . grammatical sentence ..,-*iti U—taJl *^iHL jjiLlllI <_£lJ

^nongrammaticBl sentence 4±jajJl j±L %Lb^J 1 I^^Vh

o* g-(^i 6^ j±±*3^ J! ^ u*±j

<4J) ^<a1c. k_d^La. V jpj?l ^jjLuJi 4.^ »^.1 Li ^ Kan tlMtj-j V *J nj l

CAs <jjjxH J ii^Aai l>* od>^t

4jlU^ ^UjI Lajj-j V 11Jt ( 3*~ ia ^ <LiaJl (J^ X hIuL^

W£

<^£m» 4 (Jjil iaJJ ,4jLL*kiJ jJulJl <j]Vm

Ji* u-® JjU iijj *^_i 4 j^Ji Jj I4J

^Ylt J &hJ ^Jj <*LaaJL <luJl jjii ^all (niuiljJl <lLb^

tilii .*-aj*ll iuXaJtj ufj^M ^ 3-tjmi

Y Lu Lf Aj <L>u '0 s ».ifl4^ jjiL <LkiJ^ ^ 4jJUli llul\ UU

t>* frJtA ,ja&JL ^jYi JJ7 jiUaJdt ,^4 1 f ■ ■■ ^ 'll jj»j

1 UJ!

I

uit iL^illl IfLa^Ji ,Lui ^jJ (^j^iU] jjSdlti

IjkjilaLil {_£jJ Gj^Sk^d 4 &Ld ^idjldj 6- 6^ j£H^I

1 intuition ^iiall ^LLjau Jlul ^ j~j •*■ - -** Cuj^ (* 4 jiL

| yd3Lj J .^Ajiij V '1^'^* 1 ftljj U£ > ~A 11 IJul Jaju

:^Vi lu 4 iJl

,Uilj U ^ Ij Hj ioi -^ i nl i ^ yi iVjl

^a^.fl 4 <iiil Aifctii (JJ fcUi^t L? « il nO~ fc* n' l *AJj
^ .illil La .IsSft^L-l ^ ^

.<^4^111 ALi (Jl)^ Ul^J

^1 jAj 4<^ j±* ->J JM ^ ***& :LuIj

Ojil CiVUilwl ^

3f >~jVI At^J ^Lt ij£j f*J ulj (5oj*ki

jL> JjVUaiii^ w^>» a—iy :(jUiaJL-,V* :iilli

ULikaj (jlll >» ^Mj *W <£>*4 y
V Lii 6^ Ifcijll Ljl*

U£l\ ^

*

iiUl J*i L^j ^sB L* j>^iJb :U *b

*> ^ iJ ^jL^i j ji*i

Jjjujj ,^LJl W)j LfcA^l *i—^ U&*±5

Li^ic J * ™ * La] »SjL^V^

jL-i! J\ JiL^I AJj oV i<ji r^J -vU*?'

4A±jh JU*J! 1-U ^ iJjAf r 0 ^ 1

f(jJ .jll Qjnliui ^ >a ^aUasJI 6 j ol 4 1 *

■ Lujj AJJ 6i ^ [hJL- Uj ^ r^»-

:> ^ jUi -oA-V' ^ r^ ^ 0

f-^t (> ^Lt J-ii l*5U=J

*LA* ^Aju *iit fjLa oJ^ * fcJ *

^ .JUiLlU ^ J) Aij tfji ^

3_uLjV^ VfciL^yVS *Ejjj£ ClUJ yi Jj -Uiij

\V1

i+jLucii Jmu ^ l*U

<aiJl \*at-iS J c ^U*il <jjij*ijj .£_ j * rtl* » LZiVlftEjL&J

■ 4aIHl ■» 11 ^ujj^Jj ClljjtjU >»l l h i 1*. H

illYLfcaiMiVt Ib JLc fjl tjj pjLjll (jit

y ijljjJl OW 2 *"^ (jAAJ fjA ijiLc. tjiri 4iji

# ^ “

JJj' .SjJ.iT* ijLbt | j1e Vlj 0^1 <Jj jp^pfia jJt jl ^*a^p j^Cr i_u£j3H
frj^i . Jack is easy to please ifcjtac L|la <AUJ 311*1 ,-jj^

J-®JI ^\ J^ pM J\ <jl Jf^ll (.>* iLaJi LfJ EjUxll

J! V“*> MJ .ambiguous l^iL frjLuJl bJA

OV* jj* <*»jj Ia 1 £j qjjjjS

JAAJ ^iXl ^IS Jj J-ijjJ <j£j |%J g r l K a nn tl IaJJ Jj^l LtJjE

JJj ambiguous <*l£ (jLj jiV^a ^oj Y$ .^JYjJI

4a 1£11 b«i4 ijY f (v >a^djyd *Y£4 ^Lu^l ^jJ Jjji ,LohAe (jli La jjlt
L^iUlj .bJJJijyA aJYj tj [jtS Loj iLodli ij-LS Lo jjit Jjj AjJalajYl
jjic V jjju ,jic. L^lJYj <a!£]I ^>0 bjljl

bLdu*» i (p jdJLa. LfJ (ji ^ JJ

*1 *- - 1-*■ j^Ylj 4 competence

, performance

^I*j ^iJ *Lu EjjJUl IfiL 4jLi&tl rt j-Ju

^poil tljLw t jillmrtl tj jjJ ^j l . M q

/’^jjiiii ^y^iii js«e <uU>

EjjjIa j <jLaill ^

■"'Ij^ j JjLU (£jJl J*J ityaJolb LL*^)lS J*-^j (_£jJl fU

Noun ChomsJcy. Language and Mind. N.y. , Harcourt Brace ; jSii\ (^)

Jovanovich T Inc. T 1972, p. 1 lb.

wv

lilil Jjl*j pJi *L£^H £jjIj 'baAiJl

I «l«^j ^ jJl jLiaiYt jta VaI^Ju

r S^> uflll ^ JS ^i-AiJl jaajtfH *U3 j1 ^

,L$iUi ^1 lilii ^a^Lwi 4jic

Ulll ^Ul JJj >» <1 j«j (jji oli *bVl U

£4 tbVl Aajj £l* gj* H iaHs yi 4^

JlnJ ^jll frj^naft >* *bVI Oj$i ‘^^dl tJL > A ‘ Aft ^

3HN bj^idJh

WJ *Chj±£ jbiti ^ ; 44> a ^' Ajjiiiii

Jjjiiflj .generation J—Jpll :U* 3—^liUUl

bAJ "^jL l^jj c transformation

<lu tJ-4 lIm ji uljSjj jlisi >ffl w

generative J-»Vl 4luJl ,^-mj -J—Al </*

AUaJi L|ji * !«■■> H p*l? .sentence

^ d ' H l .A 3 ^4j 1 OU I * ♦ J^C- Jit jj . IjjAj

^ItT "jjj *L=k" ILta. 0| *Jj*' <jJ»J

jit J_it 14 -iJlJjJ i^^Ai *^3 V i .Ay Lflij

o- 4 L*4j ^Js!*Uj Wi* *%**Jj5 (*3

Ijl^ UiJLifi L** ij| JU i> t/U blit 1 j| LU

oj l*A ‘dliS JLjlJjS 0S3 pj ^ Jtf U- JA ^

IaIuJI %1a& Cm» **£>* itliLil£11 i>a <3^-*-* JJtC

.( >* tU.) 3ai*i]l iLwJts ‘j^b

ul lW ^ Ha nit L- ^jU jJu Jd? 3 ^ 1

3l J) iJiJ JJU .J-aia ^ y$—bii*ij

nonEcemef ^. m hT J*- 7 N lM ^ J Jliiub t5>?^

^Uj <li*l .kernel sentence &b—^*^3 *li*i i>* sentence^)

WA

Jotj .fjUfcU ikiij Alila JLjj :s^ 4 LjJ|

Cjj&±$ f*^" ^a3 Jj 4 Uj ,^1l4 <L*a Jj L4i>>^

:^V! jajJI J* £iJLa» jj JjjajJ)

Jjj r+*' H" |*-m 4 + ^jlxall *Luli + JiiJI 0)

^jaII |«-fj :(*-.! “h + J*iil (T)

UJj J ^ J-ii Ol aIc. fjUd

■ liu Lj JaI Ijji jjjS Jj cSjlaI^JI <LuJl Jj>aj

1 jjlr iljjiij t M jjiVl £-_^±».^J| iJaJ 4a0^. * \\ CiAjyt^

»iZii ^4 L* fjk ^4 Lai jjJjjjiS Jaa fjlddijii 1 ■jflT'l

j! (jjaJ ISjiHwjjJl i^idjx.

(^JlIzJIj J^utt J) *LuJlj) j-laVI tjaJ '-ijx*

‘LbJ^ ljAaj) jja-Vl jFjjajJl ^>aJ iSjiJl lHiJ^c.
H j jJ jJL) jJiVl £jAjJ1 ^aJ wiijX. Ujdll

(lJ>sLw!\j fjjaitjllj jJajJLi) ^jiVl ^pa^ll o^J ^5 ja11

<LaaJ^ |kUi £uA&j J! ^Jj4aJt 4Luil Jjj

J! 'nl jL|1£ ^.I^lL^S JsiLajI 6JL4 4j^±aJI

Lo£ «Alj^ n^lJJ!^ iwumJ^ ilj^iJl^ j^j15jJIj ^L*jJi ^\ jjoajJI

' 4 -uV) JiAThU ,Jja^d * V IfllaJl tjJhjil ' r I^tl&Ar ^4 j4

( ^flj.iitfi j jj S 1 ^ 1 ftf \ bjj^ll Ci a jjil Ja

(jtj4^ ^ 1 jtl rtf I '**■-■> TTdl {J lo

{jjjtni} ^LgJLbfl jgj>i Cm!

t£jj+at!i) S 411^1 bjjJl tltulal < 1 — LiSh

(< .i.unll “ (^j^iaj) *? Ijft nr I Jpill wiuil \ jLoJ

*S jLa-ti ^Xiitl

Jiij fb jJLJl^ i£jL>Jlj *UkJ1j

^UJl JdiJI yi up\j* U**J i>

, JLtf <111 OjW ^ 6-

ajI lilijJl (jt J£*~* *JU" ^ ,l,l J

3^ U.J l IjiJlj JjjsjHj 6* drtp atructure * a . jn*tt ‘k—MU

J J 4 V .4fibH *14 tf Ul.i.i V s1 * O- surtoajiifiMire

L|ii ^±M1 L*l *O jV MI (Im t,i£fc U ^ > - 1 *^ tM*

< 35=^1

oVLufclu.¥t tfjLi L#J uA oi

^ t t j jji Jii yi JLaJl j4 L»£ i<*Ul tlM ^i“Jl ^*1*

>1* -"Jjom uJUf :JA- «-* ciA i>

:u^Ji

u» JSi. L jsi Lu UjUeLi (t)

te)

£*ji CiVLa Ifjl jiljS ji ^ UpHaJI yU

cJS t<£>- >±i Simple U**^ <L*» us^i J
.U^. 3jju |jS3 |*J lJUA* <*>»">• i_jLj&]| -J-h»

^Llu V Active CuS* *jl

V Affirmative till* uj&i 0 l

M

V Determinate 3±>±>ij Oj 53 ut

j^iL ,(SAAD) L*iL *JU *dM' J-o 3

^uisii 6- JjVl ui^i J! Ui- ^U <> ^

:ajji ji, u.^11 iuJi ciA Vi ■>-(V-h

: yjLi La "i-ujj

• iJ laji + *

Jj *Alj (jluj V -ii+iJI bJL^i JLiaJl Jjl*]1 ja II 4

UaaJI (j j$2 <dJj Jxjp ..--i^jja ^LjuJI IJjAjJ j^kf 4 j±^j

^ jl^Vl Ll|j ^k.Jl ^11 ^4 gi^Jf S^LiJI

.y***3 V dJ j g.

*>• -Jj^s dUS j

■ ",»>■" tfjt-i) ^ + <jj j^i + l,

IjL*' tLa Li <4iujJI feii

1-14 4Lba tJ^A fUlA U4 Jxj -jlfStVl U*fj

^au 1-. t XiLidjJI Ia^4j

^ij jJj .^pJi^Jl ^iJI^ Jj^uM dJaij

J^d>dl (jj iiiJjJl 3dull J* jd*f ilf J| t_ilJa-uiVl 1*14

ijiUI jju

*^VI <At ^4 t* Jj J*a5 ol J*i »*i4 Ci>j

ijj ■ , Ja1j*J 1 b>i4 U* Ji ji jjij ulij

: m Ui yVoll l^jil <> £*U1 Li* li*^

1 t. J,... Vl - 1 ^jjLuJ jjjfci »j£jll tljl* IjbJt (T)

. sty. , HAV . y-llt jIj : JJ-j .fclll

’Xj'

Us*, UoV ^ lyO ^ l / ‘‘ "** U o'*

.^A iL^iUt ^LjSljnU CAjji. «5}I5

i .1*" L«U»l <ix»*ll 4-uJ1 i)*u (jfiljljlll UJ^*^ CO

»i* ^ --5- . - i»UI jLu dljl Ujij .<JjiUI

^1,1] Ljji <jt L..B y5)l «d*d>5)l y* “

juji ,> j>. ot X»

■J*l»6u *i-~»

xsljaiij ^UAy (>j)

.UllLJI ^ J-H yV^' y 3 ^' Qr)

3UV-1J yS-«^ {Aj y* ^-»- d '

SJVjJI (>. aU ilLs-jjJI si* ^ >TyStjjJ'

:jti\ jV *— 11 y« '^Aj

^_lljj^~ll <jJu]jlll Jyc^stl

<a>W Wj ^> ia1 '

\AY

rLuti

fKltz jjli JS l^nilt ^iJl ill k^ulJ (jlS

yk J±£ jit ‘Fodor jjjjjbj ♦ Postal

■

iSJ+h Jib tiija^JL b±A JjLlJ jli 3.^^"II

lyjVl jajti Wl* lw ^

:Ly* 04^* (l)

J-c.1^jJI j^ojAjj <_fUl JjiJl

* ‘ l|j M^l’l jj

W*jH c>^ yJL*^ uiUl

>*4! (J^ JVjJI ^yi,»»]| (kj)

*

HjU A\ lijIiiB j*Jaj fjiS\ (^r)

iijllj liii n H 4 Jul I ■*■ fit

r

^VjJI ^jtlMhtJi

ur

yvji iiiAJt J=h v.iili yi jJuii o'

Ja. .ii>kill Ji-iij Jl HWV» ILm yi •'j'Ah 11

j* ~n (jl* .^ j « 7« « l l iJVjJI jtjjj J! *A»

.-.I.KI1 5-n aVjJl JjjS V 0^ , 4 Laj

:U4 Q/n«n_)* {^3

JS, ,3AJX\ C*b>JI yil±* jljatl yit i-ilill (0

b _ _ . m 4 ■

OjjSp Ch. .(Uiull ^dA* 11 W)

i^aji ii*Jj

■H 11

,iL>Ikill yi W JS s?^' '■“ ’■“*

^<... .J J .t.-i ^lij ^xJt II* yii .Lfe« (jli U»il la. J-» -rtt <*j£ *>

3'.-.. Jt- Oruber jt3j=?J .Jackendroff i-ijAjSla. <JI y^Sil Uj iiVI yl*

. ..O j-ill 4.JLS3 yjll SJVjJI iUu*ll yl* (Mi-ll 1-^* Ad

.Ijl 3*JIS .(y*-U A) s* u bl * *>

.Jl)j jjij .uli*J'j -ObjllS J* U -*i

A^-J I ^WjJI g*lJI :L—U.

jtiii ■uU. bA oi ^ -'Jd-^ i**-* 3 Cook A* r«

,\1V^ li~- yi JJ—Sll '■!* yS—3^* •»*■' A •* AU1 Sf* yW 1

■-.i;.^ ,jl]j y,LJ yU 41yiu] <LLJI -bAJ! y* A 1 " -^Vf

y .jjii ji ,oA- j' *A» <> u ->^ ^ ■> x * u ' Lf fiUl ^ 1
ji-.i L ; -^ g«i*I| II* Vj .<~2 ji V- UjUi*l*j ‘W^A

■Jd“ .j-d 1 i-* 35 U*S U JbSi-l J* 14> ■ : b> s1 ' y*

\Ai

r lii ^ ^ b±* U^ E^' ^ ^

4^4 JS UJ A“-J Ciljj-alll Cy* ji* '“AA ^LsnjI*

5 . ■-*. iLjJaj fcJLft o-s ^4 JS J 4j****^ . iheory

5-l<* i, r S. ^ Tl j e Si.iJl jjt i> <jijU L >ii4 Ui

. tp 3_j.Aji j s^Si" "— Ji 4* * fr | f M >*j — ^ cor y
:^pVl ^L-Vl ^Jaili *> AaJjN OlAj

s - bar theory
0- theory
Case theory
binding theory
government theory

*jlji ,r

Jujll 4j^ji »1

JjUJI -°

jtl\ *i4 i> iaa.4

x — bar theory 4 ±*Aj*

Jj$2Z UjLaJl Cji >4 ^

l j^i\ :i«i. JS sj|ja.jll *> s>0

^ .Uu JS yj Lit- Xj ISfli ,j-J ilijUl »i* Jit .^ .> **11
S^jil l*jL <l*aj| 1<1* uCjS 3 ^311 ^ j . >J »Jl i>«jj' -»“>J tl e-
Jilj JS J! >J4, . Jit- _«£ JJX J) j*Zi (0 0! j| «■*» <^1

,v -V) IJS* u4*Ji W J! ^ 0-

.j JjlijiJI »it IuShj .JJ^JI 4 *i*. ^ i^b J 5 tfiS (*‘* r u-

VjL, Jjj J J- 3 ^ u 311 5 V* 11 W* <> 4** sr*^

«51S *> ojSS! "UtUi <j^ o^r ^ -v^'^n >> SJ"i*

<j-e l-fU (JS.^ - <Jrt i » l CjLl^JjI

1 1*1^4 i^tjJjjLiiaJl .**.1 J.i-t. * l|j

*jS>J

[JLltIj H - + ^#|] [oii] 4- jVuiij [<iuij + |^iiil 4 lij^ju]

‘LaIa ycuAu njjij <J-o-i Ej-ajJl bkL4 [j-n

iUh^lLV tjLojii lJUSj iji rtji ijj JSi

ij4»Vl jjfl I ^VI l-iSj^b-H _>aJI (JLi-jJ GJaLj ^jirtli* l

.U^^oUjSL, 6^^ :\X* *1~?JI c*-H* 11 U^ST

0 - theory jljoifl 4j«dji * t

yd thematic rules —^aJI jl^jVt .kj.l,~Li JJ <U*a^i)I *Jub

yi Cilj j*3lj-o-H y4 j*> 14 * ll .‘ULfcaJI

e>*XA ujij jjJ JS AjJLu) \rfAjj>A+J1 A?4^J iiLiiJI

,&JjilL Lfid JS yjJl <JjlAt\j 3±*M4i¥\ < *MjS jjJI

.KiAt t|ji W JS 0! j! jU J I “l-J "lWj ^ ^Lkij

.ILAi Ijji

US jpuaLif. ij^+t jJI j^jYI ^

0^<ijS z* .u«i "^b" uli .<i>il ^ ^ij, J^j :^i

UiAjdH bin* ^.i.nj-^tj lidj jjy AIa Jij y*-^YI t-kSjAJl

( f> 0 4 ^ Ljlj^ll Cil^t! iIaI JLiIuAj i^Ijj *& theory \^\j

.thematic 5 lM Jj¥l J! ^ J^Al

Case theory 4JUJI Iua^ m T

jjLm L^ii ylli J «y N (^1 ^*ajJ

jyfc USj J*-*U Jj|jj1»J yll^lj «yl US jUjj ^

^A"l

&JLA ^V>r»*j %LoaJ 1 *.14 p>l*-n

|i£aj ^j]| JUilyiJl tljiitul ^ji-c AiLesjitl

Jji— Jl *uh ji ^vi

binding theory Jujll Ldji .1

jyilUj anaphoric iaLut ‘Cuitj.J | _ r Lc ij-uapjij

juaJbJL (0 <jtj JajjJl i—LjJU i>L4Jy , pro nominal

4JL&yi U! “ CiLjji*J\ jLicL — JjVl (v)

tyuSj^U ji Lgil^a

WU .they ji*^lt■> each other o, ^jjJI (jli iThey Like each other

T" * J

|jL5k (jlj i Ij^ioid each other » -L J Juj li4

^j\j <he Left tn hit country J **■ j£*ll Lb{j

.he jjn.rth JyJU hia <AL*Jl

government theory JJjdt <±*=*j* »*
4jJJ\ Ifl.*- 1 ^"—“* EjJuh*Jl jdUc *A4

yk V*j£m»j J U^*i> ^

.^Aall {j^ua tl|nrMj j>1

bounding JyiJl l#**! *Ikj **14

.control theory 3g*aji (theory

jjitoll uLjIjUI ibuLut

tiju Jj i t±i.i^1 minimal pairs ^j^iaU iIiLuLjJI £4!* JJJ
,\W\ llui j^dlll U* (JIl* £*4j ^jA ^"ULi ^^ *>43

-«ir ii- yi Sui ji <>.>U

\AV

*{y) It ^lu J^Uj Lfi* (x) JSi ,lLLiltll jiUaiti

.I5ji.il j>»o Jl Ua* U*lia| w J - ^ W* - 'A»

, 6 jj^ iij uui ojSI <-3- u^-to li* j. uin i—ij

£a*Jti ISji. Ijj-aJLi liljj-a jjt 1 * tljt ,jlc (OLi (x)'Mji

Cu^u&Jt jjjjii i+*H UlA <Li>Li*

^JLkj < stress jjjJI Lcjj—*-■

■jjl 11<t H inJ\ U4 y < -j— 1 L ^—jj -in*onatjon *pitch

CiUbVb r^UJi ^ |»jU (y) .phoned level =

J^Jl <05^ V ^ikia ^ llA*

^ 4 ** ^ ^ «-aPj3Hj

CiLJ£J1 jiij *un*x CAJSJS Iwj 4j±.\l4 ji

.^J Vi Im idJj jjtj lA*

* JjaJIj tf * hi * H

UA

Tagmemics ulljil! V>J*[V]

(Kenneth Pike *4 —jLj Tagmenric* t-iHjill (_>***•«>+

iyiiill *±A jtUj /tiU ***** y* jMJ

igk <tyiai]l *J4 i>* L«Ji4

u>ja3 OjWj^ All (J-* SUjIj Oji JliLVjU

.<t*»i)1 UUII L>kiU *Aa ji

jU*J y-aj (Tagmemc lyltfJI &.La^l **** fjSu

»fiJ}en *U>ki4 <J>xl j*oUaj

W Sjl *1*3 Jl* <W*^ ^ W* *W* -M* Mj

* #■ *

yjjj L»UJ1 ^ifcuiV\ JaI \i* fcj^t U^J (l *ffc * rt LaImj

*3jj]u 11 kJJl \|^g ^

1 Jt-^ j ljI iL&*± i^ulll CA *Uv,J £ijt *■!* *3ijl3if

luiutt c.tj^n ^ <.Jaj -|JUi ^lii 6. w yi *t->Vi

>jjL .cohesion j <dus iiote <slot £4 ^aJI -fip^

!> KsIaj <JS UiUll ^yluti fri* ^-JUJl ^ia

J *-*£* JSt ulS M> -41iJa *3)1 Jib-iMj .p>

Vv ^ ~j it|l£^± pS=>3 Stka^Jl OW *> 1*3*^

t^jiUL JL*jlIm(iY 1 UjxJa ^yia

«jjldj)l iiib l** 'Ujjjfl ^iut\ J**»

J^oij ^iaVl luJU >k.V\j yiii Lfc*4i&t ijlki 1+u* J—^

class liull 0# 6- J-aoii* -«fe j^jJIj sk* gl>Jl u*!

+ l^nl Jjj J*aJj <*ii t^j>ijJi luJI Ulj .duiLiJHj

\^ / OsW^ 3* ^

^ ,*i*J liyi Juc p> ^JUH ala^ll Jt&i

■iJJ^ ali

nucleus (1)

marginal 4ai±jiU 3 j>JLj (v-*)

»4dJLfi j

obligatory (1)

optional <jjLiU (^)

ali Ijljji ^ Jilaal ox. f*-?ajj

■Uj*L*JL <1 aaJ\ fji La^ ilLtaJI ^ufLkuVl ojSj

k_*a^ ^ !_*£ i^L-Vl alj IjIaa yj

™ ** w ^

j\ 111 lllti

ol Wall ^Vl i»JI SIjUh (+) £^L ^>3

Li**aj (LjLaI 6^ Ut* .UjSj l-j^Ij ^ulUll Sa^Jl

lljifE. JaUl yi >* -( + ) Wl* WW* '(“)

n j^ >.1 Jam"

jj_»-\> jL>| i_^j| jljil iij*- I Ijfif*

^4 La£ (Ji^O JJJ LaJlj

l ( jjjLoJ1 bX4 <_£jJj fcjlilJl ,jV [jj 1 *■ ^ <*i£]| frJL^l jjjJltl £jij»d

- Jd*n A JjW = JA J*an uto

w

Isj^uib ^>aJI jW^-W

dfajij^iaJi L|] yJili ^L^uVl L*£ iJ^iSj V Oj\j (t)

pL^wJlj |>l ^t >i yVl tLojjil ydj

ji j#»J' f ^ ^ ^JLSiiiU ilAi 3£jaJu (^)

:^Vi Cii ^4 l*

(r) Slot j^JI :Vji

(^jkdtJI y iljaxaJI £4^*51 j<Lu! 1 Lu&* Lmj^-* Uill ( J~i^"i

<-LiAi Jj U^ll JLIj *"->JjJU Ll 4 idij JJE J jJt&Jl j \ ^jL^flJUJI

f^4dj (ji yiuj Yj *4J4 a. Slij j^iJl JiLUl jSj

1 >»l£ **Ljj*]1 41&aJI ^A lijiiLs (jiJ La iji ifrliii lu

La Jia dJjj aj£j IjlL^ u>£j j! 4 nucleus

jjn+rfJl jli - 1 ' <jlt jjJj ijLk <&± *ij .i ^ lt jjj

tjSL oj" ■ 1^4 L^Jd ftJJAJ 44 (o^j) J*j fkMil j4

jjJLJj <J4 JLj) V jLji J-itJ * jA4j <J>ll

La£ f J>A=».tj]l^ ^JtlAlU CjtiAJ I Ljy* ^4 <LoI.J

^idJl ^4 ^4 L*£ iL*Vj [*j44j] 1 1^4 ijiJ-4 44J . Aj^jaJI jji JtaJl

j&±s *0^ JLkJi j4 U£ JjlL* 0^:f

J.^H i^aIj Ai£ <jl tJJj ,^j!aaU 4JUU iJL* u-4

J-5>a Clj [jJ Jiijl £4>«i U-»

^UJI > Wj jSSl ^¥1 o¥ t <^SjJt) J± (&*$} ^ jLkiil J-Ait (r)

+ ^jlip.>U «J^J AAi JJ idi ^a ji^i ^44j .<jjUJt (>«

w

<;ki oA U^itj

p-ti-di jiVlj <43lj £i>*U Uft . i^ i

liUl ^i M :3U^. ja US *^lia Ijb^ p*^ 3 JU^ lAp

^Aijj <A tfU+j KMj*- -W^ ^ t* 3 ^ <tj ^3

f Aii ^ ju;" :US* *1«JI ajii O' j! *<jjW

oli f' u^*j 0^1 *L>^ >bj ia^Ji

j\ ^jJj 4 miAj ^1^-nJl jA

,Uua VjLli utS r i UiSj Vjii< pij-J' u^5l

Jjill J1 v ^ll KUJl pj tfUt ja Uaj * <^j

liiluJl Ot IjJUij i"n U lj ( ^Ui JUilj illii jj~^^

0*an, "J" 6* JjJ- «4 =J-«5 'ViT ^

<1 jt . Jj "ii" <UJJj t^jil IjL ^ a l l 0* £fj J^* ^

^*11 SLaLJl uA* '1^ & Ja- i/ Jj>- J**-" *4

JJj JJ *auj <j\ lW *£j>nJ1 4**Al o 6 ^

\ ± E . * _ *1 111

pi L* bU^Jl dk JojS\ JAJ

ijJi SjuJjM UiSIl Jaj^j ol l-uS'jSJI ^ ^ ^ a ‘ Ua

Jjjbll t> JJ-* V) ^ Uj .^Wfl <>

"V*^" UiS oj5s aj " — jUj Ji- ^i*

oJSll fcla ui 1^1 *" i.-.W jUj CiUi 11 :,>*-Jl 0 j5±j Xf***

US *Ui* -U>J i^fjb^ JAJ *JUJ1 fA>-

Jii ^ jJJj izAa* :j^\ oAu t^UV l»-ii U1SH ^jSs

. JJj^S £*>“ ^4j

aj^ja^ 4jiji& ^Nhnil fc ^ t ol ^ ijT*-

J^.lj, JS Ji, .^Uuj jjni ,> v" ‘C^ J ' J ^

j*ai fi- /’oUiUJ' J* 3 '" lL ^ ^ •'t j j^> 1 ' c?^ W“

^ J&U1I JJLij V <ii>a ^ "jjffi"

i^jJj *14 Jx-lili Jji j_j —^|t |jj . LjjIj J^Ukllj -Vji (JjtAtld „ \

Jj fcJu* jiu^j . "lifcjl jLLiLiJf 1 l^fXi ^g jiwtj jJ Jiill jjjj

«<JVj lua <j-* ^Iua Id*. AjLlcL ^ ^j")| tjijb <Jia

■ ji^a! 'Jjliu fCfi j4^

jiUjj (ljjSjj yi j»J-ili (jj* |wLi >□!

b ta^ jj (-^1 j4L±ti»ii£r I»i4jr

*1uIj * J*.j JfVaI C>1j Ijf :^jLa»jaJl JjSj *iLjj ^ <Ia*

*"lmtl *! 4^ij JU*j]| Jlai 0^ ij-fc >tl l.SI J^ijJ

r i ,j4 Jiji frtli £_y* o* 1 ,m f Ot aJL«j ^ Jtla i_^yj1 ,olll |LuiVi

. (1) ri,*i

JjJU lalj jjaii iqljtfVl j1j£j£ Lfl[ i£4j*Jl jjSlL* JL4

iJ^ij *JLaJ|^ j<Lla)[j jlj£j JIaJ ^jVl ULaJl ^ \-a\ .^uuo

O-a ijulAil ■!jij ifjJl jA ^jLiaJt 4 - 1 j*« <_Aj£JI

J-iiJI fri* jljSJljJ Ojjitld JjJjAiiM J<*ii

ij ji*, ! ljtjj * 4^aJi *il* yj jijiiti l>!j ^^Iaji Lai C/3W
jjis ^4 j^awdJl |*aia nljjJl I t Jj£sVli i jj <jjla n(jjJ|

ajj »(j*jlL) yilill j ,iiirt Ijj JjVl liiTj.fcU 4hXA

. (,) ^ij ji, jt Pike A.g jUi

^«l*'l.i if -i * JjjLj .jlaA^I JiYj jlUll Jj£ (i)

.nv^ P \\-i\ ^ s^un <&* : ij*un

Kenneth Pike . Grammatical Analysis . The University of Texas , I jtul ( 0 )

1980 T p r 456-

Role jj'jJI

U jLltL J[ j-aii <> j^9J

jjjJI «AjL^ jjjj Jall^ *11 CjliLii^JI

^ijlia j CiLfct r . H jt >4 u!

--Mi ^ y* ji

^uSijill *Lm ^ y$Ljj *±*^ ^ u!

,U*iLi ^ SjajlU JiUj 4i] JUj -W 3 *

Ujoc.^ _j^ j^ kliJA j£ .ItrtJj LfljLi kliLwX^ La^Utj

1 A*aH jj jfli] l_JLmJ1j? il-iSUm liii <JS ■ * j rh3 * 1 ( ^ A

i:- *±- A uA itiil4 .Ll£ V) C.i^i U :LHi bi*

( JJifi <JU. £b^ «aJU "L" sIjU -Ojjjj be* *-JLA\

L*i! d]j flfci i_ilUH jVp^b tuL> IL^JVi -JLJ1 ^L*jj

til j, , LbS kLiijj .T IjjL l^jn i otji La »LiA lj 3- * -1

0 ! :LJ^ -"VI" ^liii-Vl sbl aLU* VI c£« ^

-i^ij L*" J* 33 ui fdkL-3 V djl yjf Jft L^tUia.1

Ejib t> <U*>au (J ^ ^aj) J^aj ■ 1 ?Lj£ il_>3

.tjSUI All uj ^ ^LSL^Vi EIj! J^sjj

■ di .i :iiiL-j)fl iiitil]l ^ jjj ^

lilj JSJj> .iJiJLij *u-HJ -^j 3 ? ^ tbliyi

US 4u>*M ^l^ii^VLa .Ljjajj j^is
pSU M" *-u£H ^ ^ ^ ^ > Jo- J 4i>».

■ Jjj Jjj .(^* ^ t>

^ Jjj JU^3 .(tAs^iJO f ^V OJJJ^ 3 sr' ^

Ibid p r 489 - : jliil 0)

js ? djjii* *j\ ^ H4I ^ us jJLmj

- r b4uart i«jja jsi\ UVJ! J 3 sx\j ^ J* u

LJ^ ^Xt Jaj i ni l ,J , 2 tjjj*H L^i*^ iSjjjS CiUi

J*- CijLmi" iAIjiS ^ frJAJtl* JlS*u) ^ jjk"

*J\ j* j .L^uy ?j 1, U i-h ft

t>“ J5j ■ lf >#^b ‘Jj—" r<j*xJ! 4±j fi .*ui u

^LLtuujjJi ^LflJ Jt (jaijJl CiUij <iadoi .<LoLi tjWj &A 4 ^ull

j *A*b pUH ^ pUall! yit Jaj

.^JL^JlS U tlji yi ^ja^kdJJ JfciAjJt ^ULul J) Jiiij ■ jP-uJl

jLu, >#ill 0^ 114L4I jjt <jLt bLaJI ^jiAj '_>$jJb £*>**" -Sjbt

IaSaj ^

, *J , l ' >h ^ ^-Ij l >4 i 1 j s fSj JJU fLgjjjj bjjjS l ^ kj - q-fTjj) i^juJLuiVj

ol tfl * ^ jJjbll ^Ju* 11 lyi US

jjlL <mS J,\ JA£ Jt Jaj .CU* >a JUjjVI

<a!S lIJj juu 5 S ^ul Jji A^b pJU -lt^ US EjJ JLJLdJ!

Ja 3 Ai^ .Sjja±* <Ai»S jLc. (jCj±Jll£) < jajJ! Jt (j^b)

Aij " <? u*snj <u\ io-ssi ^ ay u" :^i us T v^yi suy J*
jt jaj ^1 (6^1) uis r i*yi "u^ju dir ^-^]i cjiji
US lijj ^ kj^l Jjj sLij .p 4 *Jl (tla. yi ^4 ^> 4 -t

Jt Jaj jjj tiLU^a 4 aJI JjjlJI" r^ji

(jjl k^U IjJ ;<_LjjiJl ^ US JjuJI

t <J JCJJ ^tLa aJj^ (-U jtflTlJ ?Jiid liblj V) <ia£

J Aj LiLa^l d jir i^jj i 4 j ^luj IjjUlj (^IUj

M

^Lu^b tiaU J... ft l | Jx. uLd^tl Jaj Ms .*i»AjJ( ^s&s

■yi \**&j t uijbi'V ^Uj ^jVl jUll -jji US Jb-LVIj

*** U^i 1 \j* USj ( M <l»Sn j\m\ ^..Ift-^ jiill (*»”

JjS I+lJjj jli Ja* Ua (o'>*) US J i*^' «i* '- 1 * •" ‘j'>“

,JI 1 *.

jjt lyi L*S AjIjIj <11 i-i«iajJ1 Jaj A«j

:^i IaSj /' i»l*]l ijAiJI yi L^aJI Jlijj J! JjaJI (>

jjsi jaui uiuyr v u$j o- j->* ii-i-Ajn"

tjij 5 jjjU Lf l fi ■ ■ -»jH J-kJ Jkiij . yii -* i n i' (jj

uij ." ^jVt <> <j^ { c—V ^

J k ■ i a j . ." k j .*.1 t^V l <Lc.ji]l& -Ljjyia Ji* >y*

yj At^ 11 ^ V 1-5 ^

j-i.-k l ^ JjJj <uL acLJI i-boji ." U^oJi <jil>»J' yi

Ja, '■“" V* ^ jW> iV J-*i ^

E>Lt. ,> Jii. AiJt yi -yi l*S ■UAt ji (jA^J ylt

. i .^ _jll Jaj JJ j . ” 1-1.1 \; 1 AJ L*jjj tfjl yjt. :< a.# ' ija-ill iV
jiy yi kjlii Jjj* i/r yi l-S .iijIjE L ylt

un *UUl .Lii? ““.1j)i y* t - L -J ] ' j -^

," aJI ,> _«i y«lt aJI" ^Ay-iJi y» ^

OJSi 6i J4= 6- J^Aii yi viijll ^ ,

ajJI" :«*! ja Li <ui# L.Ait u-Jii is>»' JP Ja* jUjj

.%!»* jJ" J-Vl y» .*> -J-V' ***“> Aii -VI '-^

ul yAill J^l j4j .J1V3J1 jlji tf-UI J=J' V ‘‘ u 4 i i oi fl—U 4*1

^jjJI y* ^ -UaaII yi yi«j J«jUi Aij -Lft

,(i UU11) "UjlilL jUj j>»1 CuaS” :ylU <JjS -L.J .jjSS

yaiLaA yi o-» vW 'JS yl*. i imjltj

yi aL.t- i jjSb .Lw l-alA c» <; 1 a jall: Lj <*L-iVI

«JJU±“ T 1 ^ ‘t? Sf* S?-^^

JJl ^UybtJl 4jlj wditdJl k^Lltj h-fljX.

4—aJJ! jjlf yi 3 JVjJ| vJljjjuJI 02^4

Jjj j^-ijjl-s TiVI i j& i"il *K ll } <jU ‘ Lj >oj iT>il 4 ajj

JIiLSL^mi jji LiLuaji yk ^Ltwuni tAj uu ^alj^ yj Visit

»^L&1 1 "■ - ■■) jjj ^j]| break ^44 dlj -Ujf£ ^1 * ■ ■/ ^' L ^* 't

™ * — *

,<Aia Jj^ j 14 m\ breakable ?* 15 j> -(j^xl LjL^±*i ^taijjj

|v««u La-4ju*1 L|Uj^.j f^Lu^aJl ,y ^Lb^VI ,j 2 LjjJu Ij]

f^AJjHidJl Jj£ p J^VI^ t4_^J i ^LouurVl ^Ajli

>Aj^d^dJ1 *1 ft wV\j <pl *1 n * wlj *EjUyt t in 1 » (j t

Vj "LlLi} (jjj 11 ■ "fl*« '■>*< pjJLj Ifjf t^AJjiflll J l*. -^1 4 j il n^Ti Lo

(jL^j 4^15-a <LoJ£ <jl IJijjl t±iij

<Ar. Jju Li jJ^yJ V j^LhJkpJl ■ LiLj5 444uJ La (J i[ <<jli) jt iJli)

Ci\j L>° Aiit*3Li ,>i L« J) mil 0 *) jj nniili V]

j\ Jl G*) Ji-Aiu *4llLt ^ y *tiU

jjl-C LaLu IJuk j jLiUiJ . JJft«ri fl 1*14 4it h-f^U tf i j i < j r»'^ I * H

l .t^ jij 1 0 ~„■■ lL i iTji^ j jt' * ■■" 4 *ij ft ...j La

,£>U3N\ jjL^uzt lijtj&ll

J[j Jt (JaaJ J$\ LjliaJi jjLb^a £jt jji

r«la~ 1 Vl |^| %niT (jL 1 al’i^.~ ^Uall juli^ yjjiLL^lIj < tU ^.^11

ullull jj[f_-j 1 **" 1 1 I 4 iktt! (^a) j AMnl l ^Jl 1 — 1 JJJ j^jJl wi^II ^U

,0^ k$ ^ ULJ u^j *iiWL J| J-J (""^4* tf)

JljJl jji 3 j^UJ 1 J^1>B ijj t_iUa=Jl jiLtd (ji IjjIj

HV

Pike t p. 482 : jkil (V)

,^Lill JL*- Vb y * J ^

V. Li ot Jit .('J—II) " -«J 411 j* JS" Jw > «W
(J "jail Jj J 4 JI" tdiji yii <jLi# J^il' »ji y*A u^ 1 J#“
„i 0±jjl—Ifc!' jniJtj 1-ijjJl ujiJ bLali oAi 1 ^

^ jl^JI ulj JLasill Ak i j——It '•« ■“* ^

j-ii — ijjc V — JjjII :J>Sj liUjj dljtSi **«* ^ J-“t'

Ujl^L* .iililVl _i^ SjUI J\ jUL». yi^j* 1 ' _

■ -.~ *LuaVl ^iii-3 (> ju V J; <J»S» 4w»j -VWIj
jjjii jjiSj -<sivjj <»jSIj 3 ^ yuui iM'j

- *■_■■—-ill IJut ^ U.W yi CiljjVlj J** .£jt-i*ll

Cohesion dUUllI .1
*

_,-j—-.« J jl-- jV i^i.Afcjlb bli * I* 3 * 3 ol u-i 1

jbscl Ojj d^ 11 Jd 1 ^ i> d^J -^sM* 31 ' i**l i>

ji .M...W-.H .jlij ijjilll c.L>fed1 . -H ... W A»

Ujj, i—x-i. «L.U3!I yi jLilVf -dA>

jlS -d-^' J=^ JLs- 4 * US ‘W4^j d*^',

US 10 aiJI 1-iljOJ U3*« <ijS d» jiSi y*

d* di* Jaj (ji f*** 3 ^ dlij £*J .yiV^jll y*

ijSj^ tfijJU jbl .^i>ii Sj*l^ »j4^W jL-UII iUij^ r 3 * 1
i .1 ~l on ul^ yj U-a. iHalliday and R. Hasan d——

jJi 'tijJai Lat * Cohesion in English p„ \tl\

y* 4S-Jj*U i> jJ o*f

^ *1 >Stl ^ ,5^W» 11—J1

J>M d*J ^ L H J ' d^“ d* d^d V il f<l«Jl -UjL. d* y-Ui

a*ijj >.—" c£*A'i f> aAi oii dL-Ua yaiil yi dSi (J Ijb .dUL^ll

.Lw

^ M ■ ..I n~l [j

^LwLull CjJ^£ * ijfjjJ (EjLidl 6*14 .1^1 \\$ ~ jasLaJI jjLuji ^jic

uis Ji! ^iiii > ^jSU" :yfa\ ^

1^4 tfjit SjJuw

,> >&*) ^ (u-^D ^ 6*U

£*=—Jl* <SUjJl ^ Ui IjSUl ^ 41^1 (^\jk) l*iS

kZji ^ i Al flg (jkj\jJi) <*K CijLdL* .bjJeu ^LAIdVl ^it Ulj Lfljj

(J^ U"\>W^ lji>^ IJ* 1 1 fllO jJl ^jlc (^JJ^>jl\) U& C)J tlj I IFJ - £t££pll

LftfiV il^l jji m ia ilil^pj) > fl --"j'l jliod

n y II a>i 4 ^4 d^tlwtl ,^d I l! A ( Ch*

SjjS c^ts iubJI :yjVl Ji^ai ^1 0^' >Uj

L-jjill fLaX>i) ‘ t \*- ^JliJl p\<- .*^.j 1 j^.id ^41*1 1 p \ «- ^

Aj^jl^-ljj 6 jLmJ\ pj^JJl |jJ <*i-hjj t^jSliJl tL^aill

■ Lfci *l\ j:Vl!l=kl <Ai5^ J Ji) JJ-uJl t-ijllJI

AjJj^u yi pjA*j i al i nl^l (jjt i^Sjja tj^su Al<& 4^ -11 p ■kA'ij^

*4* bj^ *A

4^hmUm J-du ^jl\ iajIjijJI U^ ijJjS t t>aJi 1JLA ^k

6J4j

u^ Iy4 SjLlc 1*14 ■L4aj ^ jjj *1\ * Vjl

^Liosd d]j uu L* ^jli pi . diiH p-Lc. ^

■ <LmJ£ ^ j&j£-*J 1 jiM <JJL+ CiVIa) 4-ui iLjIj

ipLc Ldjj^j^p 0^* ^lj-4 b±j^j Cjj^ ^1 ( Ih^dAj)

^J> A n il n"H Jjjik.jj

.ji^Jij ^uil jyi ^uui :uiq

^ ui ^ .Wj J liu&i ^ sji*| :u*b

|WJj" jii Lji Jj3J jli *Alil1 |*li

Jjj ij^ W j£ij M |wj' r /LiJl

.((mu) JiiU ^ji*j L "yi" jli . <jjU1

wi£ja)I jLlj .^oill IJLd ^ J+^ L>* tihtajll *1

l**. I ^ L U.Ant l jI iAJ j ^il a iIK i q ftl lj) I

^luoI viJj XA? -<15 LLjjjj ^3 aa>aJ1 <Ju»

^jllil <JVdilj Ll^d ulAllhPjJl 0 s

i>t 1 &jL» tj^b *X#1 J b*^ 1*** u*A*

Vjia f( <,A$ldi1 ^bjjiU) 0* J^! JVj

Jc l*iil ,3^L Jl Cii > iajV '-i«*>H

.v J4pjl f

^ualj u»aiH 1 Jl
|A t ^ SjeiS ^jjS"

J£ jl -b-^

, ^ ilujll u-* J j^ i ll l ILbJLu#

iijLjf -* »■ tiuiLi, ^jJl Cj^i l,ju->fl'i ti lk ^i
L^ia£ LLLujI SjLjJi 4 Ju^j J»jj j3 <ALdl1

1 1 ^1 j. ,£jLjJ\ bJiA Ai i )" ^ o-°

I.U XA> ^ojS>\ \JLa iajljJl (jl^

\grj; lajlj ^ Jj=-* H iuijJi

,<Lii ^ (j^j J 5 UL9"^±

^UulljxUI[t]

Systemic Grammar

^LuLJi jjfi Fifth -AAj

jfc JlIj 14-t-*Li ^jil ml i systemic linguistics

jui^ *1 _JVjLjajj Liijjaj Luj^a L*Uu LajLjfiU ^JL*j
. Ij_i£j i£ja 5*JI .LuLL^ ^ oj-4 jliii Ci r liM

\1& iA* frjUltL» *14 l>* Uj. 'hj j

<tJLt ^ yi — bla EjSa fv^

I l I^-aI ^JrtbvlnMlVl jL±+JI <1m*

h

•jLua^Ij pJalll :V^i

I

Lfci *JLj i|*iaiJJ AjjJail) iX4 ^Lu»i V

^Ua^L U 4 -(-*^' =l ) ■*“ ■**

0* ojW -Jj3j j! Beny tpJ ^ ^ ^jLill

^iL^i *L»^1 ^ -^^aiu jjI 1|' "V (*JoSi*Jl 'SiJ^ Cy* <o«u

. (A> *'fftlu« ^ (ji

4j^xI ^jIjj <Uu^La i^ hii*il jjSl jm il (jj

ftJub *iilj Jflj -Uli*^ L>iJ LL*j l#la ^j>*j

JL ; .1 I jL-.- Vi l^Jl .ill, Ij^YI <l*aJU -Vji J**>

Margaret Derry . Systemic Linguistics. N.Y., St, Martin Press, 1975 : ^l»jl (A)

,Pr5 I

M

J . OaL>u Lai oij-allj fjjj Lai

cii: u*iii <jb* ,*1*11 L*i T j^J\ J±ili 0) V*i»

<J*i iiijj oi*i)1 .*jii ^jj ,*11*11 Lai i^aaIaII JxaH

c^S ol^l IS ItfSlS

jnA^ Lai <<*j¥ Cwli U L$J| %LaaJ^

\j£\ L*i * O.nln <tl*al JluLi U* Ji SjiS tjL I . M j* J*J ilfll l

■tj-"L* J^i ^jJ$Jtk J^AAaJl *!*$ Ji £j^aJi

jLaJl CA* .^Iaj^L LuiLul \j* Lai tjuL

l»\j ■ ijjilio jaL *<jIV 4 <1m» <j J>* 4 *

^jaji-Xi jA Lai JjiLlA Jj*A* Jf* LurLa^i

JJL£ (Jj| (jj <Ll^id 0 L 1 J ji * <J| I^ *L&±j)I ^lUaJl

-LaJ I c>* jiii Culi Ij^a ,dllj o-* jiil *m 5 ^Laliti 0-* uiu

^ a

6jij * complement Lul* JL=J1 d-tj (jit *1 jjj Li ujij lii

Cj~* jli U ^1 pSJLs fc*4i ji) i^i L>- Siam! l^k Li 3laaJl ^
J* jl^ U oA L r»± i3 N EjJ ul*

6jaUU ilijJ Ijji Lai 6 jSj pjJLj explicative La^ja 1^1* ^ijVl 4*J1

pjL V ^ jut*

V 1,^1 Lai LLil ajij ^jij modifier IjjS Qfii -LaAjij

lid Ji^l Ni f<i^Uaj 6t J*iU ±>* jL?Jl J\m i^b^-ailL

V IAj 5 tjjia *1*J .jiUt jfcjV L« JJJlJj i j)ll-ial l OiJ^Ad

Ojj La CA* *(L*Lc) Ja^i V Lai jaaj i=uld ffrjij

Cm. I^U ^ t^all <la*i i ^ *-La ^ (l)

IfjL <Laai 1 hi* LaiJi 1J-4 .Ual U 4 I 4

^Jjill i|j Uaj]l laaiufV^ ,>4^ ! yi 1*5 Lj1*J

Jaill C*\a ..,>yij 1 J^Ml t3=^l * ^ 0-11,1 ^ J a I»U

- JUM' Li * >aii jjaj (JJJlall

Jli CAs jtilu liUd ,6 jSj pjJLi y

OU (i j*Vi) Si j^u" :J* <w ^ us ^

Jul JfkU La Lu ^*) ili I<LiVl jjJlAj

<Lii ^jmA 4 %Aj\ <ji u ^j\ jj iiil fcjSj J Jit .(^J^aj) Jiill

<^1 (^i CA$ *^LLj ji frjSli iliU

tjl lj-aj La J! *LiA jJ*£j Ol J JL*

Lgla jLli-J Jlid nJjjlijjJa (jpJLaL* iaLfcjVLj ^jLbjJI *04 o-® *j-bJ1

4 jla < 4 d£ Lb ,jlc LuLd bjLu^l (jjfu jJjj ^13 0<- Jj_y La

4 j-*i Ejjuucu ^ ajJmai j ji- 4 j ^li.

p K“^t ■ a-^jj LaJuLt *Ut_kmJ 1 & j -4 ££*09!

US '*■*£***■ uL*j^1 3^4 L«juxj * L^lj? «jLa| (jjSj ^<a1x. j jS Lu

(juSdj L^±J Uja ajLu&l iJjj>^j j p Ou^ 1 ^ p-L ±4 ,^-LiJl J-i ^4

JJJS .jjJl <jji ij^Sad j^u 4 jJ 1 4 ^uij pSTumh essence

,^1* jLSshVL tjlil ►LjjjiJ tSllbcOflSCjoUSlKSS L« n^lj pj Lf iHJ

*1* ^jJL^ .^JU. JS ^ ^>1 jLsil J^i ,dU r i jaJll II*

vlLJjJ Ej^*q 4 jjS jLH^L ^jLSa-Vi )j^4

\ll jjiaJi]| tt-uLi

*»

j* L44 JiT-. i realization ^^uJl 3 £^^j 11 <rt *J

tln$£ * U^jl 3^*J^a u*K>“^ i^Li Jili JS* -ijjajli

jilj *1 Uls. S&Lt i^l"* nh) (jj^J lifc i ii m

jj «^*L> !^La ljJ Sili (Jijjl) -icjjJi 0* j-yaLa^Ji

ijSl StU uj^j jjji kij^ikU J*i* J^-^1 (* 3 j fj < tjlhH W jlifc

*

p^AoJ\ ^mju *!)LtLi ^jl^d JUmi\

Margaret Berry r Systemic Linguistics . p52-53 _>iul (^ k )

iji n*> jaJ 1 <iLc L JS>

1*i|J IjjSyttf ‘Jj*** JS jiaj ^ji

<jt o^aj Lo <Ld ^fUsuAtJ jJaaJI pjjantl (ja (j4>Ul Jjji} iajjiJl

^Jjjjlo J U~i j'JctA *L*i£]l bJLfc J i_0j*ja 4_iic. jJaj

id >i j|

LdLu CtJ_lli jt d JJ— ^jj L*rt1 1 Aj'kt.l V ^ Kln tl <jl j-i£.

^LldJI kpA^L*Jl c ,LfJ Int) l in Irt^tn pi 1 j]

(jl (^jJI (jl ^ sdij Jb rt Jj J tJL^J i nt i L^AAJa k'ljJiiJl

bA4 £^jiaj ^eju t^jaljiw £jL*J ^ * ■< * 11 4 jJJI ^Uh

p * Li^l (ji ^um)I ou^j " II rAAiAl) ^jLutl

3 *111 ,_jj£j JLaj dD j JjUj ,<GaJ ^Uull CiLal^Jl £^Ju

ji jjkj (jLlAdJl ^Jj ^AdJl (JH* (JJj JLaIuVI JJ

Ji-i ^jlt ^LLiaU LfiJ>la4j fCi\ al SH jLHil

.kill ji Lt 0#d j4 U

Likjll ^^aU f l£iH

I

X > *- *-» ^r 1 ^ 1

iiisii ^u^ii

jU-ll :i3il3

1 2»jj p-IliJ ^311 3 jIm*JI jl* bJ4 ijWJl f

<3iaaJl L*A£* V^ld &J-»1jJ [Ji ijiftj yjJi k^lL*i£]1

\ ^LaaLmi Ifjl sequence 31 >»L.i ^ j2£i ,JLiaaJ1

^L$iu Lud ‘Uii'iLlJl £Jl gl^H *44 1 fll"-■" ^jJI JdljjJI

^HdJ\ yi J^Ll* * Jg Vl ^LiJl ^j4j ^Uj jL-Jl (jl

U±>*1 Jiaj lj*ft jjj ^j[ ij^l 4llj ijr^-3

jA £djuad lZjLoJ^ 4paIS |JS £4^* I

4ybi£ll jjfi|jj*j (predicate jjaJI j 4 4jjUil £i>4j j^IiA-uVI

^LaotJl *j 4 ^OuJLi ^1311 ^Vl Lai - ja <ilLSJl

L* Vt'nnll X>Ld .££|h)aJI frJLA ^lu ^jJl CiL*i£J\ ^d^Lltll

^j\S La 4 a ^9 La jaV) Uul Vjlj +jjaJI

,4»Leld£ 45<XxL«Jl JjdJl iLhA ljjjj! Jja_£ ijJ>J bJjAj j^d^u

wysu Jj=\3 j j* rt T i iu±y*^ u*

>a f^lusl ^Lvj-JI 144 j>=»-^ Jl

L>* A^aSll <j! :Jjdi tilj <j 3 aj -y^J

djl r lat 1 .3Llclj]| j4 "Ijjj. 4 jJ " - 31 *^ <Haj t^jJ) ^LiuJl

/ Juj ^ " *i** I^jj3 :luuh ;uj^ Luj

(ji 1 ,1 ja£ 4j±& JUadi V *1JJ !j4 ILoaJl

JLiadJl Ja 4 j* ^>Ja (ji ja * ■ ! inil l 3 n j~i1 l tJ-tVi

^ l/W ^

<d&dbM jv^i ■ <LJV*iJl ^.ajLk^Jlj ijIjmJL ^LmaVI juujj

J 1 jjij L j - n ~* o^uL-lll (JJJaLII 0^ 4 J-4 ' "i ll n m f>4

UjS i> » L ya1jmH jiajSS L-jj^artj f«Jk bJLft i-iUwaI

^1^1] V jUj tliU Ljkili ti4 [Jibii jl^I jL^JI

» W (jLbyuJl ^djJaj^ ^ J***" *

x*&

Ibid t p73 .

I^lali OQ

IUjIj

jj -gnit bJ^j J} ^ p^UaII jJ$J

i^uiU«]| UVjjutu bJ^JI L^ (_iLa-rf>1 wjLflJ .rant

rjjtjfll d | 11r t ifl L~ll .t y* .ATi jj^Vl LJ!IaIaJ*J

i^la j^JUol lIj! b*±Aj <£*l jj nT l u . l l U>^J j

jjSif) ab-jlt uli {WS

i iAi.j jjuJ J! ufZ uSa. It ^ S .'■■■" JMj, .1^

.Ej^ljJt <JS1I -0^13 tsJJI yAj <V>1'

^lc jjUlj uli. t^Lc jjjS J! Ji>fl3ll ti* i34»«

0S*J ' -LJL, =U*I J£L^" :tl£ SjUt uti Ujji Lf>i iUi

( j-^j ."lgl Nal.,i \ Juaj” j "iaVl il*A J!

ijLc Jl Id^taj lj|j CH> JJLfc od 3 ^^' ijjjL* i>> io&lj JS

ii Ol kiLaJlj t.ilin.ll JS luj I IgWiifcyl iljli

(Y) AaJI ^Luuii

(^) 4j]t kjLaJi

(Y) at-^.H

( \) ^u*ji

U

JM3-1

jjt

#+

blA ^ Ih^* £■ V*^ < 3*^ y* fM** JeLMlS
JL. ^ ^ Jj 0*

u_uj <^>Jl JaI j [j-o > L#J y3ll

U-4 q«hV 71 (jj]! 40^11 y*

ra

Ibid T p,91 , IjIsjI 0^)

modality 4iuoll :Li 4 H

<4jjl^iA)l ^Ldll ^ AjillJ| 4±u li4 JJ 4 A 4 JI

*y II jtMtili *. l^i ijadll jLitl^ j^LlsJI LoJlj

indicative ‘U-uJl il*A \j ^~ j —* 4jjiull 6ki4

ijoaAji (jx«uuJ ^gJl <J_a_^J1 Lj| , imperative 4_uJJaJi

interrogative <LaVf£LuiV^ declarative 4jjadJI <La^Jll L&4

Indicative

WJi

Interrogative ^li*L

**M?n

Indicative

*l~Jl

+

UU1

Imperative

Ij^jS <aJ i^\ iLi^Jyt laA ll

* H

o-* ^j\ Inj'lft .lib ri>»_ll tiJL^Ji 4iuJlj ^LjjLaVI

.3uiLII

IjU^j ,4 jj)LaV| 3 I H i^l ^4 ■ -'Vl ^1 i^l l (ji ■ l n JJ 1 Li

Jl iLa-±Jl jui (j-i lAjjA* Lb ir jCuJa

4^L^V| IL^J\ 6- 4*^1 *1* Ul

.<it ^Ldiyi ■■ 1 ^ IjW^-l ^L^iiuiVI jji V)

■ ■■ ' Jl 4 j^IuII & Jufi l tj ^L a)I ju-uA-iy

!1A£a open jikij closed ^Lju>

_I

^ji La fl|* N» Xl Lti

La ^^fllfLi *Y ^1 pJLu d “;^ j tjj£j (_fJJl

* -^‘1^ jjJ V ^Abwiill ^ iM^.tlfl ,^uall jtl^l lw l ^ Jn nit

(Inclusive <ulj <jAL L*J <ljju ]1 bJLA ^ 0 A ^JlUaJl ‘LLadJl L )1

'1JS4 exclusive Ijjjt ^ulla Lo[j

inclusive <jj! j 1

l.AUW j 1 —I I

i

excliisivt

^j\ j ^LLljYI ^ULLuJli

g£j] “

jllid O^Xj

ij1"l*^1lj

bjj i^JS r >J -

J-.ll .iiui.tt ..-V- l

*1*^1

1

j»LU t

*u«n

luUt

4. t aI| ii. jdVl

r L^V\

i

JliJl

iIlL-^.^ ^]J Ja-J 1 t

^ Jj-J (jl ij^hU <JL«aJl ^>i dJj {jLj|j ,4^1VjJt CiLjjfLtJ^ (jt^Llj i^uL^i!

4*LuJ| j ^jii**7 jJJiJ W<9 jfl c^LuAj j \ <<LjLj oj * tifi 4

:^U ^ ^JJJ-4 Jjfc La ^jJ-t ^LluSI

materia] ^jLnJi »1| ilil j

mental [j^uuJI iZilj —

-IiIj _

'if jL« (j^4dA4 Cllj 3 jjV\

pju jj* lit
SjL^i jjuSA\ tttlj
,3\ij ^>-Ai]1 jJli

relational

IcLi-i Jifl

<1 J^aJl UJ >P* P^

Q|Ad 4 wlj

JUwVl Jlj

tfjA JS ^iUa- SiijU

Jjll JuJL V tftjJL ^

C»1j ilftiila ±J\ (ti«iij J<>>' 1 u-° J^J

jlSj) tJljtiVl action J*j ^^1*. JhLj *iJ ^jUJI

Jj\i U ^k jA L*£ Jlij^ icvcnt Jjj

action cM

event iJLsJl

Jl

;action Jxi JU. o^l J 6^“^^ (jl ^ * ? ^

*

■ - tf.l.* H U-° JTJ**

I event h±jJ» jjic j

(jjicLut j i u->f yi ^>*. 1 -
Sjlji ^ajJ

i6;j**-J JJ cj* -J** uV ^ ljJ * tJ

“ F

Jjj*vj , intentional Jj>nin JjU li ^Lt (JU^!

"yjL La ^ji O^M* supefventitsnai Jii VIj

intentional

4&*Jl "|

upervenlionaJ (JajLaJI —1

JmJI

J±i Uljj JUuV\ u lll.-vU i .aij
Jj?I ' > ilt I j m m i "

Jjuj UIjm (jljjjVl pU

d aII r

Jjill tfcL^J ■*-

lL&4 o j ****J jjJAjJI ij jrt C iIj <L&lsJ 1 L«1

jijliit jjMuJi ul^j iintemslizcd jj^^11 j

■ M

:1 lL £4 externalized

internalized

externalized

u^ll

]

jJl QtAlAJI

^aAJJl p>

*i^t ^ L^ wjl 4j^Aj ^jll jx mini pj<i iA,iJI £*lj Ldl

^s>lJIj ^ re actional Z.Ut.^Vlj (perceptional ^ijjVl Ci!j

IliifLii cognitive

perceptional

reactional

cognitive

^Lx 1 m,VI —I

J

4liJ.ua Jj) t5^j

<Lo\£ '■■

Jju t,jJk ijjj-ua*ll ut U*

H nfl'm JS ^ji
*> julV\ yj=*j
luaLA* J^*ii ,jJjS)l f^LIa

I^Mij IjIj j ^UuaVl jLiL+jaJlj

jjjjitl ^jJjLvI ijji ”

Cu&\ JiLi* J-ts

Jj ^ tw> tfi> kS ^

liU^I i U> j> .result 4 l*»j .causative L_ju*Ji iLki ^ ^L-il

p n ..y.- t . /: -H Ijji ^41 —U .correlational

^* r Ut _>;lt nJJ^J AJj active \j *m\i * i ^J 111 " nj ± Mtii * J!

ll r _

active

j -*l .*11

inactive

>^4*^ >£*■

„ ^il j ILuJl oi * j . nil ^,1* VjliiJi v

1 ^* OO

l jliu^Tl gUiAoJli

pjj^l ^jUI

• j^ilia j±L <jUyjVt ^IjLuJIjj

kZue^i u-jSiJl l-i<4 oj

*

^}la!uYI yj uimjJ Ijiidi kZii^Jl ^jlS
LfljJ 4-J1 jL^bJI ^4 i_Ajrfi±J1 J LiA ^4kjt tjl

jif ■ n,» -kZiSjJl jjoj j\i 3-iilill 31 a<h -' 1 l j 11 .i^ j _ 4 j q < j^-k jja 1 1 fLfljj

d I >. ..VI ^ ^c 1 fiJ 4 j| j^uLlaJ! i_uuJI Liij j ■*■' *■"

jiVlj ijyulxA LckAJLii <djjL£ [jLamJ ^ ta^Iiil 41 aaJ! Lalj

:l&* *

j ‘“';- j^ii,

active

U^JI

inactive >*W 1

^uuJl <iu

Luu Li^j JG*£)£\ o^abJU
4jjtiJl will ^l.l ki rt\

1 FSJ *.\, r. jj£ I'X.Vt* Ijljj ^jLuiVl jjLilfta hj

^~ j -j^jJ liui ^_i!Lta]l '~

4JU0 SIjVl ^A±] (jj>

nr

bjHbtLu jjlL j-iij Cj 1 ^jl

o-* S^£L-J1 <ijiitVj *<^b J

Lai bjjil^a jjt ^-i-ili OjIj ^gJk b±tA 5JjVt 3 jLbS

^*l.>,rtt| Jl ^dllll 3 jj *5 0 *

.<J

Jj <j4 p iiiini itlfSpfl uj\j * U.a^M Lolj

• IJL£a j-iiUa jj±. j- AL l« i=»LLi_>i Ci\ j u_?£j

active

inactive

>^4*^ j+i-

JoV+jjVi

-jialjSj) LjI^j unfits ^LiLuaJlfl

,jLLyuJ\j IJJJ ^1-aJ

i a J jinlti cJjLj

I jjiLij j±L iaL±ijJ \Jlj> j ijL^uVl

OLijlfa. ^jLaJlj pJjJI -

j$*\2u nuVij

Lk^ia^jli JyJuU* 1 _>-ji piil^ 0^ y^j^ljll i»L#JjVl u!

^LaVij JlLuJI (> Jlij »iUj Jj-ej «Lfc$J * B i rtlJ i ^

pLtUufljaUI

JjjJl Lyrij <iV sLAjjmj iiill j5jj >* jull

oJuVf &Jul Cxi 15 LaJ<j »4 m il 5^S11 IIrfcij U ^ju5Ijj11j

4a 1I1 jai yj jkill jAlltl ^a jaS jJJ

l_ju5jjH CjWj ^ jpj tjj |*J Cm (Ij ^t jJJ <jl|

Jju jlaI ,ji jl >y*3 t>9 4 i lt ^

iikij l jLa I |j\j ClVjull 4lii~n y-i [ »Ilf 1 iJjj mfl

ijjj itjjio jl (io^ljJI i*-l511 4^ jLlil ^L& J-*ju mJi ^LidJl fj\

uliiJI JJj k-iiiilL Lu **m ^ CiIiaI SJ !

.uitSIplI Ljjj>w> 1^*1

Lijiii IjJj (JjSj jl i* 4^

^liIc.L 5 Jh»JI

ac, V L^U *>4“ W* ^ S*u4*mJ1 4jjLJ1 C»U5#V!

jjii 4xLij (jLt kil-h^ (C>i ^Ltaiuii £ - h il l yi |jj J “ B -Sjj' tjhn

jliiVl liuaj Ll»Lm IjJ^ *(-*'^* *) '4Jl J-^>J?

jMfcjs. ie (J^5y>) ^ (jjLaJO U* <j>^u V US Jj£ 6s“^

liij ai ^ ^xJbii (jl ^Ci)

■*&*

■ t'lfc J _pb <ll 4 m 1 * - ,J (jl Jj3 JM I ll H ill [,fjj

^IjSIj >Lfr*lkr[ Jl ^Jjj <» BjSilt frJ-i ^ ut

cAilJI <*itL 3* iihi-fl u! J>^

liLSjl u*lu ^,-J 1*1 ^ jaC i*uy £L *4 ^ -4^

b^i ^jJI _>iijll 3** sj! f*^ ***Ul 4ikii

pAJta.i ji Qj3jM.im J1 ui >lj ^ Jiiaj <J ,^-J *<±>**«

vw

Ji .(j^JjpJi La llA-ui LfJ *li]j <Jh4 ULm*-* ^it 1— Uj

Jla „ fli irtl tl (j-illfl ^ L^pLEi L^Lij Y 1 p] JLi

lWj puM.1 I <LjLjjj^Jl ^ ^ lWj p-«l J! pMiJJ *Uj.i j«11

Ijfc- n . Hl <LaJj^ ClUJJI JJ^l l J Ij-alc. pjlll ijl ’Sljlj

pflnK-J \jjh jl JjJ Ijiijll *<A£_>j tiA^jLij

i^u JlAi i ghimj pJj Jjl-hi jit i^ji (jYi

jLjL, 4*ndj (jdjJLl jl JJ J (j^pj ^jli (jl AjjJaJl bJlA ^jr l

ijjSiill hJ-Lhu CiJLuj J4 <jjJuJl bJ4 (jl Y IJLaj * LklLi L*J^i L^jJ
L« cfj^l j^SjcJI Jl l*ii CwSlLJI J Ji-lt jiSt Ui

.^Lii ,^ 1 *^* <V? (jijj

ji jLi Vj .fjj^iiill jj3| hjjill jull Jilj^j uJAJlj

jl t^X j* J -{jOJui LjUtd IjljAl jj£j ui J L* *t±>lij Ji

jJi tZiLjiui^ jij pJ CjLlaI 1 [ji j^d s±UJL£ uuj Yj ♦Igio

^JJl ^K’tl jJilllj .i_u£ljZH (jjjLEs. a|j£lurl L^j kliJjJ

(ji Ijjli <4rfdlu iJiialSlIij j‘L#L»j jjH**iU| jjujjJI Jjlu

iliL^alll I^jI ^Hl u^ifll yial {ji 4 jL# jt Ijj m't ^ > » i j

Lilt 4iLftJ Y Jpill ( Jjl-^~ill LjjjpcaJ oi ^4 A^lji J >^ 1 J 1 lil

llic^ ilAc. lij[^ jJ jUl tl <uit jj£j (ji LJ oJijjiM SjJj

4iLt Liilj La^ li-jjpJI ^jojLuu^j (^jplL\

.iaJi Lijji. Y LilL^jj lilji bj^utl^ (jIIjjiIII

(^jJ! jJuil *■ I ji tjjyoljLoJl ^jLmJJI i^jjJlj

LLallj Ijlu ji (jJj. jjli *Lfj u^L-AJl p^n >j

<Lilc. (j jSj ji L*J ^jJij 4-ifl ji i jLLi

.L 4 »ij iij ^jlt jiliJI jiaill (^jLlb Jjilnl p3 jn>^ ^iLiyJJk

^Ldl^J jjij *LuijY IJlA

yj (JudlSill ijj tfj^i (— j:\jiLuil ^lt bj i~hj L# <ii j? jUJI J^pXujJ

t\a

gjaUIJrtlftNh]

i3^S yi JjISjIL j j ^ 5* 11 <j*J

i>o l^lu £*aJl tjj^j i3^t ^ S^LUI

4j -ialjpfll jJC (jj Ijjl^ 11* *jlS »H CaljjJu]l

ji^ius f ^iiik*n ^ W' J*i£ - «iu j\ -

^u!l lUIIjj i) l i_ju£1jHI ujjU^jll n a l l ^ll lj

ilJJUJl J^li; A

ijiVL L^i* jjaLx ^>4 t_u£jSll ijj^LU

F S A^ljil ^JjiJJl <cL*aJ1 *Uj 1 (jfjJ *Vj^JLb J17 j

Jjb j-jl J! ^tLaJi V li>L**Jl la^ph ^oLifi *1 6*

Jl yjJolJt AiJlj * Liilou \j*4 LiLlii JJ^ju Lfu? CjU^LiJI ul*

t'LjYl liuJl ^i LfjLu J*aJ 5 JL-l±aJ 1 & 1 * Ajjijll

ijUlaj -/p/^ 11* yi , "<15 t_Aj£H iZiljj 1 ' ‘jifij WP* 1 SL>“ L*J
""•■■■jjj j, ~" k j*j «CijT^) (Jl* ililji (JjmU ij^-* JLiiVl

f *

^jju ■*'_*-■» ■ ^jiuVi <AJ,j j&s j

,Lj- JiMJ\

* w {Jlj\ 'jsuyr o* ^ n* ui o^d

3j£jl^j 4J^lc, ^ix Jlj J^lai^lj » Ij. 1 111 * <jli \jLtl A*j n-flj ft li n j

.V^jla t-uSjjJl ljt 5 LJ VjJj T ^Sj 3 ll *lj»I U"

J ^1* <( v t£)l) Ja- iiUl£]1 J> ja* J^U| c£*d <-ii v^jiU ^
,T <i^ fl 3 VtSM" ud^ i 3 *U ^5 i ^#*‘ lh Jaill ojj 3^^

ii-rtlt" l^lUj j&\ ^UJSll .lavi <4^.

. ' ill 'll Jjui J gjhi.ni V lijt ^ tZiL>l£ “US LtHJ

Jj£ Jj_o “s.i^aH 11 I Vj . Xj

Ja- l*laj 5^iS JSi .<05 ilUyll liijj :JUj Hi .tfjit Oljjjij AUa.1
■ ^jld lit jlj jjj .iiljia ijl ^ >-ilj£]l

Lpij y*Ji j> "cAj" SjjSS juii jHii ois iju ^ <a± s

w ■

<J-* L* *yjVl JO ^\ nil jji frj>4 *\f±\ ULJ^J «^ T " ■ ' * **

Jifcj Ld . JjAiJl L Jj £4 JliiVl

JJ j L £d jiljMJ Jjtill 4Julj3j hkjji V JjiiJl

J /<d£ Ji n : V-il ll^Jl ^

Jjl^ (-4 + JS + + JO ^ SjjiVI j-alrtJl 4ijji

J*ui »UiJ ,jj 4 jirtLtli J

iJjuLi i>* JSJ tjl Lf^*i

JLt ^ 11 j^

" ^bsn js ai>>

H - Jl + j£)

L^jUi <ju^L ^i lillu o n1

!t-JLk^jjl! 4£jaJ o j j n \\

I

tJ £ Lijl jS

J| (JS) o- ^ ^ %L£J! JS U** >i
iatota U*i» ujS3J ,<Jt JLAjJI bL^ <jV i( v L£U)

"JS" Eji ^ "d£ ^L£i\ d>S" U ^1 -Sj-

,A^\ (J5) SS>a. ,^4* LJ jLi^L *1?^

jJkVl j& j=-L gJI*' jmwmoJI a\* « j 'i. -i \-A4 jLiitVj

blA ‘ j>»ll <5ilt yr* liile jlfLtW

bvYI |J1 <J Jjjjkjll t-ljjJl jLiil Lft LgJJJ^ Lj jJI 3 rtjflN

I ■ * ■ f

<_iSjhoJ| fji JJU £ * tjJ JJBJ jfl <Ujlzk dly*.'. ^ JJl

« ^3Lul\ UiU 1*4 -<Ljfl Od^ 5 ^ J 1 ^* ^ (^)

(J5) ^a!£ \j>X£ of=*. kLu Lijj

l^u^l kU jn- g *1 l j I A y.0 ., Ilj ■?■* ■* IJuSj4 4ii ulj^ll iltljj <LjQtl 4-i a^.H
t <JL3uSl\ ^lui ^UJ (Lgj inlrtl l ^aI^II (j JLA (ji

Ej^ ^5 VI Ja^j V ,%LD! J£ wijj" fcL^yi JU, ^ ^ ^
ji jj VhIS u^j .ial^vi ^

" < 1 S -bill d>‘ :U*s ^ ^ £*IaJ 1

(jjld^il\ ^jjjLa JL« jmij V IjIaLa Lb 4 (jkUa^i

S <J \±£j2

nilijj j^iAlaiiL t_u£ijj!l ^jJill i i il luiVl gob

»

j^aJI Ci\i i<j jL« Sjjj^ LbS Cj\j1 ;J 1 * ,ji Cixil\ L*£

<ajj « L*4>jj J^UaiJI ^j^Lt biij kj£Ju jjk* La4^j j^aj

uLA ul Jrf* k (sjb) j ( SjUJUt) O^J

^jjj iAJJ ,4 jLluiJ fji V <JUjj yi

j bLajLi j2' ^ 1 -llj <bJVj 3_*jL3a Cillj La

\\S£a <4£jaJ| ^J>* <jV ^LLlUi JLi JS

n

CjU Ei i j. i> Lb£ Ci\jA

™ # + »

t_i

Oi^ jjLt <A*aJI aLuI jL^Ifc^ CiUJJIj

* i **H JLaJl ja Ia£ ^LdJi <.'1 flu tjl J^aWi

lulj 3JL<aJl !ji ipAi-Jl y]j jLhijJ) iuj Lfjl £ydjjLftJ|

™ ^

^ixA\ yi jLu-jJl Jj u^ 35^- ftU jI

+

H llil l Lukl^j U£ sill JJ Jy~ 4id)l (jl lg\ llAll ^LS^ll

t*i J*»Vl 6!

yLc 3 LaJI ^ j-5j jju yjL ^Ld^JI ijl

0 # ^LLlii ^jU j—aVl Ljlj .good man yi I_a£ l _oJ!

■■ «■ "

.t-ij^^J! 4 j JLdli 1» ^ilAiUt b>Ld yd Lijid^Ail^ tiid^ll

JL^lj <J£ jluc L - 1 j ^iljJLIl yj ^Uullj

J _ lj> ^■ 1 " Flj LflSljl Itflj ft ■ 17 * IjJ 1 *LnJ5Jl yJl jkiJ 1 ll 1-y j jjjVl

ll "

Jack j> teacher Am ^- ' 1)1% yia .ILaJVaJI^

! jjjjjVl (jjjLo^JI yj Lo^ Mary ^

The teacher Jack is coming

The teacher Mary is coming

ri-

teacher lolS (j^i Mary j lj£JLa Jack gjS Ch* p-ijJl yl*d

^ * gender Lutia <—SjjiVl *Loi£Jl ft-ii - 1 ^ 4*0

jSiJIj l^\ *Jufc ^ ^ilUJU dJJUj jS%J 1 Jjl L^i

yi-t »-aij (l_ijSjj 1 I j*oLj& Jjj jiil jl jjyait of* yd

1.14 Lijl ^UftLJl i>*y T 4j^AjJ| CiLo^ldJl yd J_*lilil jjjd

jLjIaI yd Jajdj (jl yijij liiJI Jjfct u .mliy .

yd %ydj jl yXuj V ilifl JlS* ^dill tljiV Ij| (^jLtdlj

tAt £^>=J 1 t>* ^J-*^ yi Lii>i .ft^Llfrl

*% yi La OtiS jLjtl yi ^upj u-“ ^

J^il] <±jj 3^^ V g tJJ&i JJM -yJJ$jjll Iftj A M* n

j%il* *1-—ll 11 iljill yd % ^1% djj (^-o .JjjjJL

+■

rrr

Lkuj 1 JtAll jii^u ^4 Cfci wj3 LLa *1 ft^ i l La .{\A

«a 4 yi Qa«~.U) J 01 Jj*j J ^ l^ui j^uij

™ * *

J pQ'^*^ jiL aj^ ,<jj.j^> (*U*J|) (j! jiI^aI J-t iV^Ai 4 jV1

fjkCr £^ji]! O* IjJJl L J4*^li ilLlj (J£ ^ujiaJI

<4*Li. 1 ' :^i jiULiJl IJLlfc . «Vj4 iiijJl E*i_c.LalS

-uln jJ * <f^bS 4jtti J^ii J-4j *' ^>jCLJ o* JUi

L~> V ^Ad [|}[ illl^JI bbl4 SwjL^jl Jiyll

4

<Uj (j-D Lij^l <Lld jJL La 4.-> ll ,.rt ^^£3 J <ij J-t li-HLi

^LalJl h *bJLljJ t^jSj |«J V 3 J L|J |J-mijJ i • ' tjj" 1 " *uL n l

.J*i)l Iaa j4 ^

^&u*j J4iis .r

j-ii l^'| ^jjLuj^fl iZiVjlUI ^ull ujSI^ *LiLiJl ^ZiLa^J! J>d
jj£l* ^Ltn iliU ^iJl ^4 l.!^ .infinite

b.L 4 Jf «. an~ J J ^ 7 ^ l>* ^ ji^ V La jj^Lu) bLa 3 Au

ji ^ ,Ldj jjSjl ^uilj (jl jIm SjlaIJ) ji 3j^t \j\ .5jSill

■t_u£ljji! j^.Arfc *M jjlL ^iLnVl £jUJI O*- Ji.i Vij u^ LaAifr 1 «■

tjlii^V 4*14 (fcAit /'o^l *U**Jl" *)Lb* J u^J (j

L^ J 6^4 11 Lls£ ^\ c^j^\ M i* 4 £ «L* ok
^1 c^S" 3LLS Lai U^Ji 4A4 Cli j!

4iJ_L* 4ji J-- ^ rd^., ..‘.H Au.l - a fJl^bvVl £j\* \j\j2L

V4*Jbb4 4J-* iln»

LlaIc UliL . »**tl jl i^jliJi gj h'i i hj * i ja 1 (LiijUJl |«^4 VaaJI

^1jj£J 1 IfiLaJ ^jaUaII 4A4 ^ tjta 1 (j^ *bj |J< *<j

. Tl ^jLoJii^ LuLub LajLj\ JuiLii ‘laiLijadlj

Jj4jj 4 j \ i_u£jlilt ‘LmOJjJI ^iiiajJi up <^Jj ^jLcj

■ _ 1 \ Of' JL-S4 Alj Jiaj ,i-bk£lj2ll u-a aJ j*<-*~* V Lo ^Umj^U

vvr

jIVi'll J .fcjjSp JS ,ji g^jj -i^ljll

ajjj a*Sj "^Jl iLuJI" U U^„ ^1 U,UJI H*aJI

U£ Jiul Cfcl wLAI

LbS dJH\

|.l J.i -w. Lll£ il^i/l i ' wI

^UJJI J* Uxii jJ*\

¥T

^LuLUJl Ixa. Iojjla LU£ j*Vl J 114 I ^Luu bujUwl

^LjLulIII 1 JLa 1 JLjJL^ LIjSi AiVl fl^Jt Llu d >I^I

H

j_ltlj J (infinite UjI+j >it l_u£1jjJ1 Jj^ >4 l*i4

fr44 £—ijt S'—JijSlijill U-* u ' rt-hj V Laj tV

^■-“'' %yij feJLtljJ lair, p\lj \ <*!*" *jl ^ * Jlj-*t

4-u£1j1 ijjt <1 jit Lb jl^in <-ij*j CjIjImi

LJ iJLa-\j u4^* i>* frxJl aJ4 ^ •ijn* J£ ji*J u^ 1 -*^

A- ^ 1 w *+»'1 tjt J L*j ‘U 1 Aua 3 _l^*j VJ . V l im . j

Uj^L ^JL-Vl Lfuu ^ ul

I 4 U J-*. 1 j JS (jl V ijAju ^ Jjlis jLOtLf .Ulli-Jl

^ JLISs US o! J>il uW yi ^IJu Jiimj ^jL»\
*>* <cj*a« jl 4 _i^Lui 1 L|i* £-J^“ iJ J*Ji\

fundumemal UaJlj .SjjajJI ^lU^Vl

L^La-ut ^3t\ 3JLo-aJl ^4 ri 111 j) *-$tntence

wij^Lwii fjjJI jjlaIaII y —4 ^LuiVl ‘LLuJI . ^ Kernel sentence

mill ^pLaJl I%L»aJ1 *JL|S uutLui^l <j-» jf\

ijl ; j i nf t nOU uj J H-o-aJ\

V iIi m UI i_ljl*->]j /'SjjjS Jj'.L^HI ujSj

^1a 1\ rlj>

t_iJjjiil|j| Jlj LoJ jljjfcJtwiYlj 4

..■ ij iLyVl 1>* >Alj tj Jullj f <11 flj-nHj <L+jl$j

A^y liiii iNP^jLurl t>LJij ^^-ulLd^j fr*X4 0*1 ±gA LjJoj IjJ

t jjt l i II Vi fa*14 (J-* 4*-lj tg jftlJ £j If i/ltl t J-4&U LfiS J ^ * *1 fji

4-ulLbvVl L|jJjj hJjUa^H ^4 JrfLSXi kj <_£ J^j

ij* >*“ i^L^VI 3L> Il Ij) dU j Al

A*i4 J ^*fcT ) , ^)L^£ 4-ujlll SjLiiJI ^fj^LrirVl ‘UaaH igA jJali] *L_iji*wi

ijl J^Vlj - (jJ l^lf. tZilAj lj] frJtSjrf ^L*a jjlL

ou ? l "~fcj V L yi 4jjl rti~ iw j k-j^dJl \j&± j*J xjSllH t_j \Xi

il l (vLij *(jYl L*£ Lf± 1 ijjI£ L&i .4^11

4** **“*-• ^iilj- ^ (jy« lijjJI 444 yj[ ^aIaJI

<jl£ rft£aJ| Ji LJLuajJL <ij4LS JAC. ( *LkJl £pflj) <kUt,->.*J1 Uj£j

JUL .JSjJI IJm JLi ^ ,-uLu Y J -<i* isfcili J <*u 1UU uA

* 45jji BjLiAiJl ^jl Il-jJpU^JJ

♦ j\ j3|j J (*iih IgA ijjSj Jli^

^jj >-ij Jli l^LuJI <ii£ *Lcj 0-* La-4lj IsLa dJ j^Vijj

6i* J <U1 J| ^ Idliic <Jp "ijl^ij ^LJj

Sf*4j^^iu 1 jL*Jji ! jjuu ujlj J o^d 1-4 ^4 j

■ 0)

Noam Chomsky. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Hie MTT Press, l9S2 T p. IS-

V , _I I > \\< v * l lj *] 4 **aJ 1 jLalU Sii

<dJl ^j" j "(*jU 4J1 u!" i j^ (*±J^ ob^l lA '^Aj

^ r ^UJi <ji& (^4^1 Jj* 4i*j jj** o\ j r

jujj Lu .(n |^^l) "^tiH *> tjjiS 6*j[ fLueVl
J J>*~ Jiuyi ul ^ ?i T U^VU J5UV1 jLa3lt t** OSi ui

,^ix* J*t

.(ul) -* *■“ ^ ^ ^ ^

v _>ji js ms (y) ** 'j'j 31 ' s* 45 il+x * J'' SsJ ^ ^ jj

d^o>Jt j-ii I 4 I 0 ( W+ ^ji u-* 1 j“*

^ 0 ^ I** 0»" <*» w* U *“ J '.^ **

' ,(n sjsui) "ojs-iii o-tii' 6- tjJS oL>" «W» ‘0" r 1 ^') V“
jUj jMj (VV SAiUJl) "uUUiH <>J 6i| UJ W" *Wj

„j-jit jl piJI ^ji Cl£i sf-il' f 1 *^* y* '■»* J ji Mj -Ji&

jis" jyn\ ovu .<i^u. ^ 1 * >.Vi cx£i J J»* </

^U ^Vl uA ui jib J\ Ji^ ■" 1^ JiN u4^-l

vi j^vij .Li*j jUj u^iii ^ u*u" j^i ijA iji J«*^' j l ! ‘ L *^*’

^ jj ti*j* J^Vl jSljl'j iujiuili u“^* J^*"' uA

J.iH A^i J-'* ul JLjjS fti* ^ (jli-Jt '■** J JiJ

u*l ,jj! Ll! UjJjil Uj " iwjSll <^Vi t> j m!j US <lu** <Uj 3* y*
.kii .pdiyi J\ V! tsJii v o'j-^l o! j| <" 0-SV1

^-iiL J^jSbll JS - jlSjj jl j\ J-i Ja- f*S=J' U^ 1 4
JUj ^ji^i US .jlSiVl ji jjill jl jLilt <Jlj> !*±iv-i
(r-\ ^a-All) "uU Uj! Aj jUjj u .u?— 'jl ‘u^'j"
4inuAui *. -ri^n^ u*^-au

.SJI* 4*lklil tfl . s# a v jlt Sj3» fUi ^ ufUj ■“

m

O'* (ji £j i V Vlrt t l l-JuJLuJ ^A Ujiu Ijhj

XjJ^ j*i5 jjLt l >jtt ,,S/\ bi4 Liil (Cl^dJl

ipas jf ne Lu* ^b! 6- 4 j£* ^id! jjG US U

lA^ Wj ."j5j! V" je tie connate pas L*£ Lt5j^ Ltfid J5 1
^ *M*ii ^j^*3 Jid /Uu^ CiUUl ^ ^jLHI ^JUVt ^ ^]j
^ yu..* fl ^Uj 4jA^.t rt 1l CiLji^tJI

^JV*ill CiLl£ L$J jJLl jlI JjUtlll <j-o ^jjjS ^*a**1\

^nj6i|j ‘UJ JJ < i*i£ <Uja 11 ^ iIiLai£i\ frid (>t

.ob! jA ^jujJ 'Gt fdllj jii. I Jut JJ>££ <C^*Xj *L»$

f^ejdll -Un3 (j^uaJl *<li* ^ <^f ijUj ULJ J jA liUji

y^Jjj iJjudbj iGuS^ p-IAIl j <*£ JjjJi !Loj 1 ibLj ^4 ^j"j) ^

Lu dJj ji[ ^1| ifiXlaJ]

<J-* b»i-C ^jjkiyi I .~.1f..l'lj >\ I^i j*al\ jjjl'imnti ^itJ
j-ac incomplete^—a US [in] f^ilH ^¥j_U jUJjUlj

nonentity ^ US [non ]j defective ^ US [de] j ^ ' T |J

jji" illegal ^ US [ij] j "p tVii* jai 1 ' irregular LnS [it] j "isij"

11 ■ *ls

■ (jA^Lt

I 4 U *^iUl aj^uS 1 tit ft.i j CiLiUl (_£j 2 uuJL ^1 *■ j

IL^aJl ax4 (^d - 4aajlj VU ^ US

L&J |*J Uil3 ^d^JiJLo <ll yJJLi ^1 ft-^lLfl -l-iIjj*

^1 iaLul w—^ <d>blo ^uli LlA ^Uuy\ ^ it

4ji jjAj J^c-Ull <i*aJU J should have done that (HU 3

*4lad JjI pJ u^JJI ^dUj (j! (jit£

TTV

jiU AliSj 4 * 44^4 4 * 4 ^ tiaUijJl J^llc

JJ *i\ iCj\£j±>. j>=*-* J J* J^ j «V>**-M kZjLilll

I^jja. ^1 ^UijJI *> wilLiJil^ .SjjiS ^ 1 j

.Li jIU^Uj jj+j* JJSaU A-** 1 ' y* vW*'

Jjiljill ut <ft***N * 1 * ^ L*J[ V" J <^44 ^14*^ t>j

fti* ^ lOlUjll ob 'V 1 >0^ <> <4^4 ^4**>*N

^ jtiiii tfJ 3 j| as! aii juj .aus -wn ^

5 d^J l ^3 jl jlilj *^kVl 3£>sJ UIUj L»*JksJ iiija Clili (Jj*i-Ji
v !jxj <£>aJ <1 jUu Jii-all CJS -4j»Ui / *“4

J -tA. u ji j 1*1* JA ^ J^' uU *4^^'

0 utuiJi cA* 1*4 .aits, u*£>^ 6 *

ji ^ J ii* j 4 ^s ^ W* o >^0

iJt *J\ ^4 Jis U IjtvJl o4 ’S^b L*43 Sj* ^ ^

bJ ^4 *jiiJi ^4!

= JJ - : Jit *-£>U fc±* JLJl ul* i/J

L>>i jlji j^i ^ ^

Jts^ CulS <la v *^»l U p£aJl tji iilU-* u *ti . « » H oil Ulj

i. j <ii ^jSlytaall o>Sj L*Ju* V) ^ji^U UUa-i U*i* 0*4

V -^H <ld u irn» J l

^i^yij ,uji ^Lsi A^yt jsUm!i ^ j-issn ^

.-■iy..j | ^ lijfes Ij^i .ijAi w iJliS yi -W 1 ' >

-I J .yi U^J J„aJ IjJuu jllilj .fl«y' I> lj i-^ Wi 4 M 5

.l^yt yijl J\ »>' ll» u»ixii ."*i»" ji "ti*" :J»» o»ia

l^j, ^j-sJl *U -1 yi 'jb -e*f)fi j' -^w ^V' Jl- 3 -W

ji "ijii ijis Ui” Kj^ -iit 54 13 'jl» '• iU ‘ iS iL H#*

TTA

fSj Ui JJ JjUfc JjJ— tft"

^LLbiJ t>* jja! L*j . 1 ■ |j * juj pi <_u£ t>*

ojjj Jio (ji Lij^u ijfl ^\ fj\S 4 i£ IJL|J ^

j^u, oL-^ ^jLi bb .^-iU wl. ..V|

(jjlLltl jjja U-* Ujtj ^UJLj ,l^t JJaJ *1—^1

rWl '4* -C»l*4ia Lkj 5 ujjl# iaLilVl

OJ Kj^^ia fetidj) <ljjJL* ^Ldi t^l) ^wuri felllij jJt£

vlj*)^ I>lmi HlnrtJ ♦ LfjYYjJ klfliVl £# J^LxiM *1^.111

OJ^jJ i*L*J ttuft b" 1 ' 1 p-^b ^Luaiyi ^ift Vb ij^jul jLljfj

S^ LfcS Y^Vb

Jl*- if\&jt\ Mik* *UJi b*^ r+*l 4 >» v“fj
<tiu1) ^1 £ijJ1 <jjjnn dJj ubu 6* fb^yi

jjiuJl L -Ui-^ ^\\ ^1)1 3 -.*aU^ l^|V*.* bJjii <(cub

jjAdlt 1JJ3J jUj Vjb * 5 jSJLiJl feJjdiJl 4 ^JaluJl ^|UJ yJlll Sj 4 *i&]b

iyibJb jjsjat ju. ^a*. Wj Vb - i^-s Vj uai j-i ,> - <^i)

*

'jj •**•*■ ^b^"* j ^*- wa i ^A pLiil | _ r Lt IajIj *ljLd

|J lj] ,*£11 »j 4 C>Li i> ol^ bii (■-■‘7J J ■■“•■ T ) ^ Lt£

i^iLLuJij T K-i.U ^ «JVj Wj ^ ul -Ujli 4^

b* * s**»b i 3 ^ l/b* <^Iil&^Jb 4

* 0^4 p b ^4 CJU«J\ J-tSS jj*o i>* Sj^*o Y^Vb
^jjA J^lSslt L/ ifi Jb j Wb^^

y 3 idll !^Lfi iculji^jl fetid jj * L *\j j

i*S kHUiiL J^IUI oj<u JUU Lii^ lid jA

kULi^Lc L* L|lfei »^llJJ VUki 1—tialib p f3^b^b Cb^

^jll lZjLS^IaII jy^ub CiLS^Ia <^4j^ ^* b^*«5

L^jji ^jLmJI tj\i U -iJJJ^Ji feJd (>4 ^£^L 44

Jik- u^j -jjj *U* -Jife ^ <jik* ^ic Jjj

L* ” j\jl\ • \A p) i n - ^

Jl*3 .Lfc*cL*3il UJJ Jj=MJ nj ji ' rti i n t H U4i J*a^3 ”

j±1a yi*

0 * ^>1 ** 4 » ■*—* c ^ 3 ^ ^ tf * ^ ^

ow Jl ^ Jilsn J Mi .j^JI Jlk- J| V LU
*1 j1 j\jl\ J*4j .U|J^l ^ -***“Hj ue#

WiB "Jjkfo jUji U,^Ji ^i" :ji* ^ jbtt u*

Jiij JJifj *JjSU ijb£* Sh^ OjO ^

(jUjVO <*1S J tf\ iO±&l±+ U*1*1S U* Sj/^1 »J»bn
^tj J;i*i*J iuUll (jlj L>* Jl Ji‘“ *

lti4j -jL*jV\ o-* * flh t rt i AJji^i *JA tli^ tl^i*

^j^Lc Cj-oLsi *+<±& EjafVI lU^Jl <j^ t^r*^

^ us ^ilUib 6 jSj J-liill oU .Mi^L o*!

.JiUoJL

JjVl r liJ\ Lrfi (o*b -Xj nks .*0 ^

U|i4 lib J£ blaJl JmJj w4^L*-J\ Ox iilUJ

j\ LU >lM* *i-Jl 4^1 W ^ ^ «±*

, ^ jki J t gUiit ^ii ^ VU OD
0\* M±u .U|rUl ? 1 ^ Uil>J1 r Ji ^ J±P^*
ttjaJI *Jm uHj -o^itLUi oa*M ^ JS^

Jj LtlS Cilji U 11 :*±fi (J^) Ojfc '*■"

.(eju^s.) <jU ihijVinti >* J-i'j ^Lu^i ,

jj (JSuH (ji ^ki £««J1 ul i>^

,EJ^ U 4i (JiLJt T ^tn U4 ^ rlluil -T LLiS U

Uii^j V juj V 1 ^ tfU

.1^ ."j^ Jj ^3 u" :^t .UiV Luj liiu* .M

rr*

31«Jl L*S Ul^la&aJl ftluL L|j£j^

*4±j >4j btuLi jxuij Ol* V Jjj

AjjJ CAjj[ *\ I<LaL^Ji aJ-4 ^Mdlu 3 jjV\ ^jjlldoJI

*j^*x ^4 *Li t5*iJl £}\ CJu ^«lduJi . V* Jjj f^ui ^Jjjfc^

* , t J i »J ujil'rt * u nit i aIjV lImJjLmJI uj-km'itl <JL*> <Jfi ^Lt

4j^x3 jj*o t-fl L i Vi J-a j*li]l \A4 ^>*%J

-4j^ l+ijp ^11 uAl M .whS^

■ iL.il

£“lj jaJ ^lt lujlll t_u£|jj)1 m ih^"Hj j<FVi

[*£j Li£a JiljlN Lai * jaaJ) ,ji

*ji *i* i>i^i) ji rt li t lj jj^- 1 " j-it Aii

tSjMir Jin jl<lj (3<\jj]l (LLj&

j-it ^j^H) u-* J4jJ1 j|hj> * \*\j «(<ijx-

JJ Lljutj |j[fl .La| ft^L« mJJ (1^1^ j j * * J *“ | " lft£ j( j -*- **

bilLuljj U1 «(w) ^>*JL JL» *(1) jSUl

j^J JaUu^aJi yi jjJaj tfJJl jult |^Lt tjjudl t-ufLut ^k LkgLtliuj

JLJI L> uUft^U ^j> Uift **>«- JSj AaVl A3I31 ^Iuej^JI

rn

t_] i

j ,Aij UfelU Ob .aiusltj jitjill l— Oii

srr ' ,U*I r-^ ^ *s**?

^Sjdi t i>( i~» o- Ji-s *•» I*“ v ■**'•

J1 OliJji oi m jll^b «> *—b i " U l *^

j.j.*-h. j-iUi £~d «l r-' ** J-* 1 ^ "*"“*'*

^VU ,> ue 31 ^ Oif iM 25 ^ tf 5 ** ‘" ^ l * i * lt ^ Jtfi " k ^* 1 '

TTY

lia jjij Ld iji ■AjIj j^-LiJ^

ifAfl l^ldlul yi j^uiJ Ud£jjt! ^i r» 1 I f ij[

j_l. ..~ Ljj^i j^lj jL_j!l JjiiiiTH i5>=i. <i»

A J^iYI u ISjli. J>ALJI JjujJ ijL^Jl J) ,>>JI Ch>

*+■ » *

^LuJl — LfjL l> hjLaJl iJUl 4lfl-AZi Uj Lbh#jjS

^jLj ftlfr jjic. (t-LLJl i_iJaLajJt . ^ j^VI gk 1

*£] *Y La ,* 1*11 ^i ij^ J <il tfi *U» ^

ojj .r <u j*ui >i iiui o4 ‘6A J ^ ^

,i jjsu wi^L^I L^^LiJ UJ$J oi U^4

^flc. LiLi.1 uj^J ui L ^Jljj *jW*^ $i4 *Lijl UH»

jA-fj jA^Ij frl^al JLt O&jA jirt'ffi Jh 5 Jj.Afll li (d-*J O^J

t> J-^it 4iteJ «JjjL V < ujSJ fJ-AidJt 3=*1

^aJl iJjioljli p<t«i j j* *J .<LijAj

^u(j IJlAj VIj iJVJl ^jjJl (ji u^&jj ±4 ^xl1aJ!

J*JI u* Ui| ^ j[ ^ ,f *M <>

jj± Jll U^tt 4^LAilVI igA Lftj}jJ

JavaSoft i^djJLuVl Ifllej ^ L^?

Lai SjjAiJyi

^*Ja*Jlj) (Uerf-U *(4 j^>* 1] jJ^Vlj jjSI

abetter*best- ihc best OjjlapjVl ^ L*l,j .{^u^aII

super A _«IS <IVj*U

La ^jAj jAtaljII tl4Jj - iupcr market j super star —iii
.Od^ V super market J-j —« ^ jA Jj cUaaj OjSjI ^j>na">

Ljlj p^ii 4^«. t .. 5 — L|jjjjaj P — 53

hlbuJj 1 LuiLul

vrr

[% « IIIj , ijuin tafj$\j5U t>* L4j£± Jl

<> oV « f»—.iU *.U ,&jui*]t v^'^ 1 -St>-^'

i(j^xL*i\ ft*«l ^ij.rt L i) K^UIaJI ^iuh'i U^*£ L* *£>^1
Cjli^Lilt ►(jptViU ^ t*ni ) Ej^IaJI ^j * * ^i o^ u^*i

<jjjj <_f JJI JjtiiHj O^ UJ^J

*.U

l«^iU) 1 jJJj t_u£j3H uj& ojj t5u^' j o-*J

^ ^L^V! J! J.ult *CJ*L»11 (^iL) lu^K* <<J**LJL

/i -p ft iUI ^u Juu ."EjLAi fc-il -h iot ~ “ U»j Vr“$J^

i>* aa j*" ; *^ (j^-O IjjU-^* (lj>*10

*<Ab.j »{Jj*jl* p^J) j EjuI* liUiJ »Laja^ 5 V i^Lcu^VI
;lii* , jL-JL Jj 6-Ji ^ 03^

UlUidl “L-JjJtJl “

£aj" iCiii djtii ^L-jjill) [jdUJl JLjSj (<jaj) jAj fWl 0^

* ^bjLlAAp

t-j&j* y^£J ^ (O 3 ^) J**"® 6^ <jMk*

*i^) ^J*S\ U* uAi ^ -r^ 1 ^ (w^l)

Jl ^ M ^ uAj i(JaU11 (mI

I Vi<Jj J)Mjll

;

m

-j^ jJ wjSj** ljI ^Uj <j^ Loj

t-ijjJI* 1 '-“^* |VM«Lf) JLjla iJJjJ *t»A_ijflj

, 11 .A-v i

+ A

H t) bd^Aj h-Uj&IjSJlj iJjdJt LfjJk j ^jS\ V' ljU * tfVl (Jjo^

j^^*' lijjXl 4 LuJ\ jiui (ji i^UiMMrVi t-i^Luji

( <ln u tun.ill) JiLflJl ^dlUurfJl 4 j* 5 * a Ir ^1 OjlitJjJl

Vj 1 ' 5j4*i t <laJ*J ^jJI jNJayi *J-±±sl1j ildjJU

fWu<L ) frJ^tiK Sj^*^ *^4 OjSj ^j Jej JjJui T IjuJ

45 JJIjj 1 x 4 0 * jjill, .(JjiliJI (uQ ».UU Y .( JxLill

** * * * ,

Ij^lj t|^J~ J“ "^~ jl * J I 'Jjj^ frlul Iwl J ~> y 4

JJ jLmJI <!h J tJaii jL-Ji J| 0““ J

■JJ* Ctt-i'

ijj"ltl j, 1 '^*^ kiu J Jjjj *Uj!LmiV1 ^jXJi i#i < J I'i^lj

p

iji djjjj CiLil Jjj] Culi ibu ujjSjjtl 1 * |_ 1 _?~ Jfc _!

M *

jaail ^ i pLjj ^j^iaaJi c >* ^iVi^iii 4j1 hiijjii

i

|jjj Yl JJ^lJuJI

“ri_i

-JiLa 3J¥dJl yk 4^* *t^u u in-n dj} OJ^ u* J*J

^ V WjJI ^*>11* -jj-isJl r ^ J*U <4* (juj) Isfilij
^-^*1 JaaII &L^jLj LJU^jHI ijtjSj 1*^4 ^<nli*jLJ

1\j£a ^jUN *La^l *^L3 0 Jjj Vj) *L»jUj iVj JjJl)

t_l

J >at l jA yjijj Ufrtill ^ls ^In^t l u^Sjj

L») *UUi >* 'jJLmij .(jjAi)

.(jj; ^

i_JLuJ1j (Vji (jjj jt ♦ ~^1 b<XA * i

►Lii^-Vl ^ US ^>-Jb -Vj JL-H £“»

j4 U [jMJJ J* US i Jjj V[ >“=^j (*J

cJu$\ Jittll oV *L^1 JUy

o*- ‘Uilj ■>#* *1** u jl! 1 *^

:jj[ y O^ 1 >* U£ lilijj *Uib

rri

iJVjJlj jaJllI J*t£i .1

yiLJ ■ ^ JunLfiu!! {jl ^L* V Lu

yL* |Ja 1 (jyd fLkilj ^IuaJI \ 1 * ^Jj 1 3 jLUI

(jji u\_^i »ijjtj i. <mjj (fjju ‘Gaa^

aJ ^ ^ut J* (JUVaJIj ^1) *ilil aJ

Jjj ijt |«^%^ .ijilnilH jj-c ^Juj jt jl *1 ftUh

li*ji iiii\ |t-0A |j^*l j-+^fl jyjLuAll ojl>*

3 *■*." <L^iia!l (jj* jic jtii i^Ll^u ^LtLu

%JYaJ^ (JjU JaI&II 4a>aJ ^j-4 ^jjLuuiit lj-jaJI yi

yAju$ - <jjLiJuLi3ft *jLS JJl <_fjiiJl j3ajS\ V qiib i «-> l (J^ljau

AAA ^j^jAjliaJl \a\ ,^jiA44j - ijjjiltiiUI j * A. 111

i^ilili ^jjljijj <uLi^ u|jd)l |«ijtj 4_id |ilj iLuli] Lu^k Ij^ naj 4 jlU
ijSj (*ij kfcjjAij JjiJ (^Ail JJ Jcul\ Jjj

*

UUI LftjLlcLj yjlxaJl ^>c JliLiiH yi 4 iN

* » * I * ■

ijAJtj tjU . Lo-lLaj^ IftUl *Lij yi

)jIaj jjjlj j fJJ JllJ u-* ULiJAAjJl

Jj jJaill Jau <j^i OjAe

4juLj£ yi ijli AAA tnj L*ljJ -3-i-LSl p^A yj L*Lwt J|jJ J-aJljj JIaJI
Jl jj-vj Essential* of English Grammar jThe Philosophy of Grammar

dlfrllA. *Jl L_L$£\jjll L|ajj3 ylll ^ill^ Jill

v UL.i Cix Ia ^j)I * Lll>w l ' l jBjlilaJI jt ||£jll yitj

i JIi|^aa jksJ (ji &jjli CulS t^Ljjjiiill Lujaall

<ikli! ajla k ^jjjui£ltl ^a £Ajj Lb yi jMj tj|-a ylt

4". Jjij ^Urtli JjliJ Jjtij jyabJl iJ-*LaJ yl) A j Jj*jij

rrv

Jj J (j^- <jP^

£jl=J, 3 (j-J j As J u H (*J^^ i>* J-*

ijjSj <jl o&u L Oj<j **1*1^11 ^,-S.mII yi ±aAjl\ f'^Al bJJd*4

? <LUL (jjjJaljll Sjd£ V jj jUjl

<<LLc. UVj L*«j£ ^JhB^uJ (^jJl l-aii <JVaa

Ljifl £w? jjM 6 jL*J\j iu>Ull l ^ li. rt j^Lu

6- Lftiu L (jLt L*j£ ^ytii U J£ Ja Jllsj JailJl U* u! *y-£N

* |j >1 1i4 JjLL V Jl ^ uii -^4

t> Ijdli ji (-0 I^JufcllS 6^

L^Lal$j ILaJl 0^ <J! '^“Li {JLJ1 JjJ *hA±+

sLpJI £• J-flLtsU <<iUl *Lii bjb&l Ofu jij ^L,

«W i Uy n"5~i Lj

t>t jL 13 ^La£ <iiH J^i 5jjj-“=»

^ Ul^_. XL t_ilLLd Lfjilil O^i *IJ^ -4^ WuLfci ^ lW*^'

.<jjilil |«dAUdJlj Ljbjdi-j f*i* ji <1^1 Jj*JI p j ^ Ub ll

JjliJ C^iltl <jL (bj A kfl nU bi-4 O-* jl

3'*^ 4jlLB

Jj u>Adid Jjji.rijiij <lJ| j (^U1 0\ Xj

li*-£ o“^ ijl Li ,< UV»ftl l Ch> jnXJ <ji <<LLnjJ-«
.£LJL ^ Ejj^ u! j[ *LL7

Sjjli <iXll j\ bJjj LLfi uAij Jl*I V <*ill oi L4

John Lyons. Noam Chomsky . N.Y. , The Vilting Press + 1970 . : j3Al\ C^)

p032

vrA

Cm Aj 1£ <J-*^ll iIjLjJJI JjLuj {ji Js

juui i^Ujj

^aAJ (ji imIjjL* {JJJ «-Jk^Lli.VVj La^J

Jt JJjJU* *S*ijL§ V oj-l^ ^AsW 1

»L*wj£ <ij£ ut \ n A.t J V j jil (> y-wj* CjJ J dJj

<jcm j^i <^>ii - ^juujii v ijj j cj j

^1*. ■u .li.'A jSM i>* A*#3 ij»J ‘'‘ Ij i n jlj i>*J^ ^*U ■Vi»*jS

,5iUU iLa 1*1 ydt ,> - l+i«Jjj ii*. ~ o>UI 5>Jill J>
IU M y3]l r ^LJI <> ,%k JSJ ul .*U£l, jUut ,> 4AU1 Jii

JjLiJ <iJJl Jut SjJaj ^Llc^ .SJjaj iaU 4 jJj ^tiilLj

^LiAuaJkJ tiij Cft A,a> U £i YjLa ili* - iLfllSifl

.3±*aV1 Cm jJJ J-t tSiJi t>J-4 -4±Uj Ja d l

_>jj£ jjLau 5-taj r ."A T Kl | ^jj, Liiii l-k^. V) J 5iAJl J L*lj
J& V vit yAi SAiljj JS ^ uL? uV .fctf

Cm C*j&u i-ySljM Jj Ifia 50^Jl LiLdj J

* jtxfcJl Cm ^J>u=> IsjIjJVj ui^LaJI ,kIi'iLaj iaj^j

Ullui IjJj -dJA^ (Ujji J*i U£ JLa*JI) ULlfu l^i

.<i£ iJJj C>VjlcJ Ljlj <dJ*i£ ^ CiLi^lc

l^^a lj 1 M^~ yilill idljJ L ftl^-TI jl JJ Hjjl jJjjVI b<ii JS

C uj i | rt Jl tf dil J*

J-t <jjLc tjji CiilS <ij*j J Cm J** Lol^

jJjJolJ J4 iJ H-Ll^ pJJiZ J 4^ijJaJ ol-* u±l^ ^

5—Ijj Jl ^.>4 J ^ ^“b J

w±iLJl J t^uS jJj -i-j—i vs^b 5 UjLiitLi

d La^u J£ CjI Jrt! dJiSj liiiii Cm

rr^

JLJ J>i J! EjLi[ OS'* ujSj oU 6* tA^“

(r),

<i

i j l^^ l I S ELtilltl CaLuijjJl iIlu <j£l^

Ji 4 a^h r.Mj eVT <Jij} J_i i generitivcsemantics JViiJl .1 oLul

^1 jl^tj .CiU r L*i*Vi 6* .CujLi

a3 utf ^Sft ^ y* t C^^\ *>±*

jjiill Lfcrf ^a■ .4 *1a yi <LLa LL£ul Lli^AAll^

.Ui ^^aJl J1 '4u v*

^ jiijj ^ ^ W AsM' ^ oiSj

J-Ojij ui * .» —* ^1 >^J U^ W

v'j^j'll Cilijli o**i {j\ Lilt tiftiikjJl t-uSljSll OrfJ <3 tL>^

yj jfiji

<Ll*4jj jtlt j4 3^111 J LjLjl ^ NjL (jJ^d Ol •H ^

>iil1 6 j^! ijl ujj Si** ^JAJ -’-^J^'

,i_uii jjU ul jiiJi ^ Oj^ 5^b J fA*

Lit {jj^£ oi^-J ^ < j'**^ u4 *^d! y* 1

^j 5JL ILa *1 L J£ ^J^_i <d* tUJ 6-“ jUj ul*

Ljifljia ykj

<dU^ ^1 ^ -Jajisn Ul ^ yA

jjij <L^aj q 5L J V Ijlaa

v^fcj jj 4^^^. <jj J-sj t^ill yii lA^ JA j

■* ^

tjllj i^Lj US*. bjLifiL ^^la+JI J! Jjjj ^ L|

(Ua*i yk 4it ^ijJLii (jJJl iaj .<1 k_u$j5JVj J—il

. rt ^ (r)

* 0

Ji>* La (jXt ljuh\j V\ia .ujLj&] 1 j^i

h_uLaJi <jI? ku <ii -ui (jdp&i £X*Jl *_jIj

’Jj^ oI JL=*“» <ii pltl,#* 1 : <L>JJ— Jl>3j <iU^ ^i

.J^Sj 4jj Jlu <i\ L*5 t <JJijjt ^J^ll (i*i ^Alljut

f+*j <J>ij ui JL?-^ ¥ 4 j 1 pAtlj *1^ >*

f**j -AjijJj jjL£]| 1%-Mj |^ju dL^jd *jt V[ r|»4jL$5

pAjI La£ .^JL-s ^ |uf 0-*^ CiLcL&4- <1h* fi f 1 toJ j^>l kdjV dJj^

j£tJLd 0-° ul Jjy L&lU *d^>11 (*AJ 4 UIj^£ "Cali (jj

^ j*U-J *1 Sj 4jj*J Ijjitf *—4jAJ fj\ JjJ |*Jj

y L LajSjI <Lai <j>u-v Jjij ^

<1W" 11* ^ yi JjUj V UJ 6) <> |UjL J* iki!

u!j ‘y*A^N 6-* (**i

I 1$J (JMjJ j| . '.uIaJI wJU&jjll 3 aU1 ^N»

_j4k -dlljLAt pJ 1j} ‘bJuLfl (_fl 4jl|jj Vjl f<Lu5 {f\

kia Jlu yJ jkit| |J4 .^>la]| *Lwjj lit J^ua jLJl

jJjLjll jjJ ^iU 11*$ .414^141^ *>*1l lift LU^jltl

£uaJJ. ^ILbJI J ili l {af jjL*Jj £iLi JuJt ^jt ijJAhVl

t>* 11 Iff ill Lajljf tM lUUJ J ll* (ji . Ll# h 1 j*S jE^j \

f*i .<j*tLmiV1 ijA fjlLflJl kd |ji ,^-t .jjLV\j .kjj iAJj

jSlitfi La j 4 , iZi^lij^J ijh j^j jiklj

, dladAdll kJjlJl djyldjt Jl

I L_ui£tl jIj ! Kjj^VjUI ^^LJ|i1j£ 4 h-iLt&I! * J JJ/J- - (0

. WV/Y , ^nA

;JJL J lLaa 4(1415 pjil ji pJ5inJI Jjai 1^-1 *4^
La ^J_nJLl *11 ■ , Jj 5]| |UM^ jiidJi (*1 j s±L«^Jl

LftjJj i!jL 5 jLill Vj dju ^AjtfLbL jU*oli V ^^15

^jLitL

Ailj jo* fJll» YjSlI 1 * 4 * W*?-

V ^111 j5j^ >ZiijJul i^AjLLd Ikiiid \ jj

J La5 JjU 1x*J .ciljj ( 14 M 0^ Jr# ■£**#

•£ju t> p*j5j p*jLi— <J ^ Lflj fJill ^

fU^Li-=> |«ju d*J -Jl>3j J jo^; ^ ^ piilj Jj* oi :.j^^

\ m\j itjpj ^Lur j£i i_uSjj)l la* ul l*U« J*d ^ pAjWj

jjt j-ffl .Ljum. ^Jut jjj^ J Jjj J JJ^A ^ ^ J 1 ^

Ltik dj^j »f4l5 pjll ^jl* jlj *■&*** Eo».\j HUk J Wj jiLa.
pd'* jL5i1j jULm-> 11 MfninAi *(i (|l5 ^Jll ul h - ij j^

JJjJlj .l_iLIuJI JJ <Lajj J Ji**H ^jajL^ dJj^

1JL» pOi Ji pl=k J **■# O' ^ L* Lf^ 1

<li3U Vl*-* <Jjj J Jjj (Jj 11 - JL3 I** ^jV Jl n 1~ ■

f**jULd -dlj ul 4±Jg * p^ ^

J f^^LudL (j^Idj4L4 <Lo*jji |jj J ll^l* J *7 - pAj4^>

<Lu** Jjjj.j-.t dUUuj <Jt*Jlj i_u5jjU J- 4 ^ u-° la* J*

J^l ft i* JUj .ULiiJl ^ uW J <*jaJ! ^iSL- J

J Jiao ^>*^1 SjLiiJJ >-a*Jl J iLi^ill jL«

i-iili JI p-Lt V fh-u5pll JLyijj |*it (jl5 ja-Jl

Ji^l #± j 1 \ yi-i Ji iUj Cidlt! UiLL jll

J. ^ J-J1 p^j -As* J!

Ji yij UjLitl# ”■ liijl J| Jiilli * l>* Jaj I 4 I oJ

^JJl -1^1 jVh*' J J*tt - <4^ ^ vW J^ 23 ^

4 ]>jL L \1 a ijull tliLuja* jd

ItjiCLaJi CiUjaIIj h-llj^YI jjlt Yj jSjJ ljSj f«J 33JJI jjL *Lc.jl

, tii i rtt L <^>JjjL U ^j^U. t _ r L j^Vlj

U il_ic.Ij \ j\j I^I niiL" IbX|S iLfti jiaU LaJu£

JJYj ^ui» tP <±* LJtij Ufj" ^JLJt 31u yi daj

JUJI oijSj 'tjU-“ of ij 4 * .jLaiil I * J i J.i

■§■

^Lll\ 3*3 JUJ1 uaLai bJLft yj CljjljJ *id 1^"-^

^>f Hjd LtlErlj Lil liilLiJl <UjLaJl J34J AoiLaJl 3I3H3

Ldjiit YU Y) a-J (Ulj) US of tiL£ Ulj US !*U*

lit 4 lUI (jjS Jifli ^1 Y) lit juili j*LlA LuL|j, ilimfU

g£l ■ l| I-*‘ Y Liil^ l^i£ b>i4 .Y\i 4 ii ■ ‘Hj

ja!j fy*± ^JYjJI ^i VlT £ tP <ji L-iilj lit" idlj^l^il (jl jSlj
<> JS ^ jM >!lUiYYU U+L^i ylYafl jLUl 3*
U#ii yi ul yiH USIlj itJLJI 1LUI

S JUll 3d l«id jt S L^i^Lo yj bjLi jaL <*djtc 4 i*o 3I <jjjfc

Iju^3 .^>3014 aIuJI yj wii\S Lu) EYULtJI ^j[ JLij aa

3d Uijj ^ li n> . n jiu! t „ i tf,>l j +(J<xaJl yi 1>* i-jijrf LmI

IaIHI ^iiaj luj^ iJidVl ^i <LaAS Ju I^Lm^ i 4 jj ljuj JuU

■ ■■ jLltli ci— iS^aJI Jl Ucull ^34 JllilYl ^lai!| jV

* *

iLS^i \ n j/A j ijjSj

6 ^ ifEjk^*^ y4* *>* I 4 J 4 ^^ y^ J-*^ L«lJ

3*1( 31 o^l| Ljlu Ijli .^UYiJIj jii j^d

^;L Uft iih jik Uli^ " JUj 4U1 J 3 L" :H*5 yi -JLtf
kilijij cLlILkld <Ul Jjil I 3 A J^tAdaJI tj!L |*J >^Uj iJa .1 iIhJ

JjG Yi |_i&i t>* n LJ JVjC! %L»-a. .vr»r l

t>» J« M (3*^1 yi yililk j[j 1 Li^l . jj^aiaJI

nr

i Vj -yrtSjdl ^lUll jLlcI yi iVtLJl ,> o-J ^W*? 1

L*£ ^tiil

■ l| J ..ti J4U | d i.Ata i j ■ > a" 4 j£ 1^ ijjiiij 4 jI jSu V

^ Ijj*j Uic ‘LsljJ Vj itJjjbllj jfcill ^ lil*u3tl ¥$ I »*!vi
^ ,*1^1 6* 4J ^ W**i' Jl Jjii Uju*i .lillt
.UjOl Y>»*. ajii ji Wit yiii^ .1LU OtfSs ol Wit yii; Uii dJj
UJ&i ul U4* ul3A t .LaljSi) ij>=3 y-Jj lill <G)

* * j , *

.jsi* Ijj^j JjSj ol Ji ^

i—J LfJ*— L i jAJU <jiu JA

(J^li O-J oi VI (JuStj ,J£l h^UJl^ jjVI ^jujil^ (" ^Lj£u]|

tjXr ^ *ij . l t* - T L* LaA \jl_j ^oJUj J£l1

l^jin -43ISJ i^L oLSjJI jaiJl jjfeUu tjj LfcjLjli^Li
Ci\ '■h ii rtt l yi t-O^x^ ,*L*Li_i ^ m l a ; Jnlajjl ^

j kliliLd^flj Jj^alll i^ULurl La Luiijj IjjIaII
!AIj (jLj \aA£

cAlLajtL :Yj

ijjL Lu litALj Lji j4ji£ Sj^Lft *^l

w-

I wi : v+i i - l

*'* (l) ^ **“" jji Cj) iji 'te+D 0)" : j* W«"j
*iL±i ^ tj-tUiii *ju* cjbdJi jj ^

U^J t Xs LM J J>*>4 i^Sj |»-I *<ti**Jl J| Jial£

Vi S U^j iSjLjJ 31 -Aa AJU yjjill j^aJl ^jB|j Jlal

(jlj ^AdLu ja\ *Giiuau

btlcLlH t>AA ^S\\ wjl_lLijJl (J>* jJ ( ^4 jj c ^jj |4^i Jj , lBnljj

- 4 ^

Lu jA jj {<Ll4A 4jV fSjLjlt (j-q ^

J*jJI ^ jlaill Vj (ji OaX* Jii 4 j . A~ij

IX* ljLc \aj\j <j JjiiaJl jLltlj ^JLxltil J*i)l (jtj *1

uis ^ J li* 61 j!

Ua> 31 n Jl jtU^ ,j^lJ J <Jt4j r* Jii 4^SxJI

,Uj-ji Vj J ¥* Uj^^

^ iSjLij <Ul J^t J* - *i-Ai - JLJI JJ J"iJ
S^LJl \jtjZz V ir : JLj *1*3 J ^ ^

ll/t> iJl ^ Cm* Vi4 JLJl y^ 3 ** J*^ 'W^ |*^J

^jiUJI ^4j i!iLfiJ\ *lJ t> W J**W

^15,1 A^i UVi*- fw JUM &*=* O- ^

Aji-ajii JL* 6" jJ* ^Lillj

f Jj A" o,jSj J J ^ * J*^ <iiAj3a V JLaj

*1jV <«jSIi 4 jV! J SjLjflj J-Al JaLii Ms ■*“■* (^ ^

.U^l J ^Ul *> <iUj JkJl J*-

iU-JI <LVI*j -SjL>IL LfcA Jll wJL-il t> J*H W 1 —'

Ci\jJt (j;J^l uOjJ CiVjj[ Jill iAi*it

, jui id i«u ^ V- '**" J ^ y^ 1

J) — - 11* U ij*J jl Jit \1a"

*dJj Jil Jl ."jJM 1-M y J *( Uj-fc * o

J LkS «SjLJL o* tpj ^j^Jli Jill ^

f - 11 a n Ofi Uja- iAmJ AliiU i"UaA l^”

f ^jlr Jj Stjt tJuyi » ujSj J <V#U» L^ 1 * 5ji U JSj
jiJ Jl ,lkA 11 * U 4 I «lkA Ua ji Aki 114

.aij

: jL La Ludtaj l^j :<**4fjill 5*itL5 *Y

I ^ ^ : v+i^- 1

T> (S) J iU-ALi (^i) ip «(*r *+0 ^ L fr“^

yh

UiLS u!j

jj&iiJl (jl ^JrfVl ^jJl h-uSjjtl j ml ir ^ j*&\ jj j^ J >r <LiLo^
HAufjHI Sj_C.L 3 *J^aVI IU 4 JI 1.14^1* ,jjSj V bjLjll SxtLfl (ji
^ U^uaLif. JaI jt 3 UaJ1 1 la 4 ±j*aJl jJiiiil

*L*1£ jid jt 4-JS 4al j^Sn yfciUI *uS^JI *U* ^ US

AjS^Slt *ji* dlj JUj .JrfVl <UaJl

ijLa .jkj-Jl ^iti ,Lsl£j ,y$j *JSj >£* 44*5 *CilJJ^ ud*Hj

l^iiiJl * i i' i H j ^>1 Jx, CijJ U-i «UJJ Irtl 'i p-fLS (jj^JtJui^ iCili

rrt'm j Uij J-jU ,r Cuij Jjj>i.*ll .IiLtf" :~Ja U] tdJiSj

j H

fjU 4Z1JJ Ua »|jlS bii 4 jSi iCtll ij|_j ,<u <j^Si Uj ^J^jlUII

Ufil (U 1 S$ iiS) <1 17 ti l o-°j *»jUjS U^ JjjlUJI i"h 1 uj (jl

ais tjjii UjJiL Culi iU* Jljiyij luiSUl LJYj

oj^ f ( j d j *‘) l#■ (o^&O ysn ^ ^fiaj

' *4^ — Ui-U j*! — JS ; US*

<UaJl (jJJ i J jU li Ut^U jLi iSJj l£j*Lta Uj^jj <Jjujl %_ilj

‘<LuJl bO* Jin ipii .<44 Jv^H <dU^jj JjJt Ju 4 Uj| dJ^j *V*u

JjjJl 4 jlJ ^ J jlj* UjJtLi jljl 1 *

. (ijjcU) <oJSJ J * ■ -Jf~ (jljtJ

Ua jlml l 3 \ *,>■ ! \

<jU_Ljuv JVj t'JJjj ilflj'ltlll ^U=kJi ^LkVjjtl t>*JI ^bjLjj
[jU J^i-iJI U^vj^ (<jUjHbw) <U^ (j|j 11 4 jUS fh!U*«

.<J^LJ!

UV

:^L I4I J ol£ jx!£ -T

» + i i — i

.Jii 4 Jjii jjJ J! EJifc* *T £**«3 W“»b

Lj^J4 ^ AIaJ ^\ 4] —jSij ^

^Jjtl *jti£ 6- Ej« 0^1 4] fjl\j .Jj 3 t> 4i* lIjSjlsJ

JjI j4 pili" *J> 3 lJ J^ m . Tmu^I y^4*aJl ^JjVi

^j1jl*JIj ^Uu fr^Vi^l JjitS -wil JJj S*J

0** ^ja!\ u^iiU! JJJ t£jJb ^ <^1 4^1 J ^4 4 >^'
tdlj jj jiaj ¥ ^LujjL Ai* JjL-ilU

£i>l3 ^ uAjiJl J>J ^4 J <*J! <> V ^ ^

-gLi^ ' ?*- \ 1 * Lkij (j:*iJlj 4 *«b

1. infill wgiLajcj jV'^- 11 jlfcMii £» JU*b ^ ^-4^b

f T yj ^L£ <il jL-Sil J—■ >-»" . .. * 11 <> 04
V £j-aj+l\ ul J! ^ M ol Wb <fl)l ' 4 ^LiU <> j-JLt

^ IL^i ,445 <& b-^ 4 * ^ J* ^ ^ ^

Uj <ju^ii 6Jut Vl^j ," *k*i« ^ V S ^ 1 bJ -*

.AiiV ILki JS <> <K>Lj OjL l> Al*^ J! J 1

yi\5&x\ :LmIS

SyjL La UaLj 4J j*juj EiitlS ^

i ^ * 1 *- ^ + 1

"1 ^ Al^l4 41 ^ ^ *J+I' ¥ ^

^Li*. ijjjJ^ J t*>.jj -^b"^ v J ^' £±/^ t°)

i* V - (" AV - Til ^ J ij MJ>w) ^

YtA

jjSdlill ulJl 1 |^J

y> LjulLuhVl^ 1 JjLaJlj Ci \ fl.^5 J \ ^Jsu tAULlij i^iUujyi

L aS £ d l -* tl ' jUj^I 4 jJjS 4 jjjaJ1

1 jJiijjJl > i.i^ t^VjtjridkjjJl yJ <_l JLaJI l_lJUuV1

*4j JjaiJl

*u^ ^ "c^i ju| bu" :^- us jiiiiyi .**lJ ^ j*w

Jj JJ-3 j» Ll^uni* tJUl 4 j J^pJtUJl (jkj>Sj ftjui JULbuiVl

JiaIIj i^LJj . SU^ill ^J^jli Lj i I 4 . U4j^| ifr>iij U * ■U

yjjj (^iUl ^dVl i4j J^uaII tilLiJl jiAioll 4 j J■'->“" ljaj^I

<JL*| jjjla U*U Ul 4 ^ 45 ^ n 4IajSl n AluJt ij\ <jjL^jJ1 <Uu*a11
Jjii ji-Vl U(j ( ll Jlit tl Aj l$ 1N J j *i n ll Jl*JJ

U^JL Vji-iLA Jlj U 0 ^ J! *jU£J yA Jlku 5 jUil

*Li^.L^i <j^S £* jLfi^t ijj JjjiiaJl l ^ nrt!i il

ij u^sl\j *l»fl VJ lJ :l^ Jjtlll ^1 h-ulLwVl
jjjLuiiij |kLJ\ <ji p^uii” rju

t-^Lwri ^utUuVl frJLA tluj t jL^I jUH (j^l £_>Li!t jlAll

wAJlULj [jj-j-** * o^jiuJJl (jaj^ lyi US c^juH <id * i.i.^j tjjjJl
JjtiH ^Jla Uvi l+U$ T ^jil ...ti l y-±ti jjAiillj " UjLujyt
<J\ L Ij^ua Aj.i'htl ^ US <jU JIjJI fUj

jSjG (ji ul^J c^iiSlI^i US <UjU <jj* rti *i l l * ■ u Vi lJJj hJUj

, J*iJl 4 JU Uj *LijS) 4 j J^UaJI

iii^sj ijisi ji lUi 01 A ^4f <y^ ^4^

JUj .^Sj4dJ '- ii H *£-UJl ^ 1 J>=^>4 ijj ll-h *1 1

.oLfUyjJl pj i^kVii ^1 j" :JUj <Jji JJj

Cm^u ^ i(n-ro j*iii) lf ju- uU^l- uii

I ^.i f jj <1 lZjjLi^U I^jVI jTfc «J \ ^jlc (jUj U o_il»j jSi\

jUJl ■ '--I '~+ U 4 lAtj jjlL ji 1 iijjj

m

■u

I D u : i ■* - + t

■- ■

*1 ij <1 ^- V ~H t"

■ *J tJ - ui J& 5JUC-lill bAA ^wiLmi^

I ,%LbaJ\ ,jj ^j« in'll Sh^cVj jjl

f*Ai JUj "JJl* fji jTinuti l*£ ilLaaJl

ILuJl L+aIaj^] uJjJU^ U-» ftAfA

: lil* ^^1 IL^JI ^>Vl

(jfc) »U. Jjj

Uii r ^£ ,ij^U jWI yi liA 6ijjSJ> Jji; -iil

^oJS V <jl (^tjll II* tjjjJ' l*l» *iJtf**»J' 1 Jtlill

.jjJJill Ojt j* Lfi^JI 1i4 J ji l>-i ^Si .J±»l3 Xj “Lii

J (J*" : Jl*3 <lji J&* ,^i (ol) |fc**1 J-i- *>S

<(Y» J-*>Jl) "tjojVl yi Ck3t^i i-r^J-* r^« iiA"

p£la q j^i}* » *i"l |J* i jj .lfl'il lj

^Ij^uVI :UIli

L Lu U-aLjj 4J fu^JLllI &4eli *\

\ +

+ 1

Y*

4

u *** Lf*

*

3“^ ^ jV li>aj jpJt fJ^ 3 ^

. topicalization 5jLi.»-il\ I^jjill ^jL-*U 1 ^ ^U. ^Ku

-U ft-dj£ 1 J U^) ^[|j~...VL -1 *■ -■■! |wJJi3 La^l gjj <1*5

5JiVj L}!# J£J tjj£ $£j1jLusJ 1 (3^ *LkjjiVl AbL^l *jl£ L*J|j

h±u.LaJl ^d Lgda L|4d^luvj . L&jj Ifl^t ^4

- jju Lud <LlL&

JjVl ^ji^aJi A * ■ wVlj i ‘~ l mjt 5^1 J-uaJl

^Lf^MiSU bjlj-mil ijjfiu j '** 4 jl *r jT< ^Lft>1 1 j il<n7j <j£ j-H

L+j^a f-Lj-lil *Luf tfti ifJ^jsu OL? J £j 1 J-aJl jd>* Jj&j

J ‘CxjIj 1*^4 ujSj u^ lAJ j jbjljy rfiti [3 a ^- L “ 3

!^jL Lu LioLj Lfl 3°j^J tj^4)fl Siidli *T

^ *-i

^3bl tfJUfcl ^ J*J

"v 11 ^ILJI ^u*Jl sbi JMj .^IS ^ J— >J wH

IhJJj OWj *4L«t£ J^t-a

*—

*

_j j^ Afi J^aI ^1

4-,

tjJ>U u**i 0&

t* 1

* _ .

1^ji jUih (jj-*i jti ^

■*■

t j£iJl

f(j**l (^£j ^11

:yjL Uj UaL, 4i >j4> : W_>

lift .iliUUl <>* ^ giLi L*=*j 1 ^A?

Ll^L) Sdi(j JS - U j‘ ii «> P*- J-Jj ^ s^rfU. wU

(j^j L*aIjw*[ J^IuJ V %lo^ yi ” 3 h> ) t <UVj tZilj

frJ^Zkjjj 4 jJ^J Jj ^JJJ jj tn«N t^TJ>J Vj

,><J 6^ iS^ J^LSi^Vl ,> 4j jj*j ili iftjeif Vu*

i±iJLu <JbS /'^u (J4IJJJ o[ H yi (J^ *lM

^ixa ^Lj l*4i* Sju*^ Ji 6^^ ^ J-»i :L fP JiF^

dL^ j l^-j .^~ pj i^u ulijij} JMJ^J but .I fl^ p ll jIjU .JlL*id

*--^ J iL^jlc, 5lJ nlii^ji pj crj^ -y4

:j&\ P>* ^ f"^ ul"

+

^j*U

H ^*|

►

H « *]

J WLil

+

7«“ ,j-j*1j J} *

~ J^lll :L**U

JS tijAi jLtlc.Lj < U-* psi P U " * *va ,*A*

iaLkil p il4 .i_jljjfcJi Jjjutt J^U* O-* ^ ip

P ((jH aiiJi oAl ^j>«3Jt L*l* *Sjj 5£ ^iJL-rlj

*> JIJ-J1 JULJ1 »JL* p .iiiljil jt P .pvtt P

r^U^li li«Jl jp L *1^ p oj& pit H*aJl J! -J-Al *1**
:pL u p o#* >* L* P& iiUj *^ j~*h * n1 l ILkaJt J1 1*2

fettle. i uij

?*uai ju < — *m\ tu.

Tslilll ^1 * - »Utlt Ua ^

Jjin dliU. (1)

;iuL, svsui (T)

Ua (V)

Jib j| <Ua11 u+ JlflliVL t>AA igk Jijilti kliili

j\ *(T) yi US 4 jUj ji -0) US <U~*

Uj r—i *(t) ^ us ciUi ji -(r) US <ilS*

^kUiJJi ji jjlSjJI ji tjUji^ Jj

rar

ajjiliiimji

6- OiSI yl) «±^1]| JUVjJt y> li^JI JtJH
Ujiu, JytL-J ySlt iiiiUlj o^Ultl iijM* Jb .iflL^yi ^.UiJI
<JJ | A ~ * J i-iibil ijjf <j& -tjLH *lU3U)|

tj ' * * J^3 yjll ClLj^Ulb LN«

i ^j i l 4 ii i jfl CiLtoJi-aJjj tZlULitfl f*_C._^J1 iJ Uj

IfJ uj£b yjJl (j^

JflOiSj ^ lia yjJI c.Uj^i)! za&

^^UJl <jj> *JVJI jUi *jl5 uLa^

^ujj ^jJl jl.LifttUj AaLa <jjll Sj4l_L» frjLhLfclj ^jjlylJ I

JiUUI yi «LJjj ylt jji^kiU LJLo

^ <;i ,yvaJi ,0* ^ ,»bVi ^ji o!

»u yjLwjyi <_>* jiiWjjLw ti *4_jj

|U& jj yi»j Il4j
y4 La ^ Li" -j 4£*L*iL o* * > ^AJ yM"*" (t)

*1*11 ij* ^any (v)

(g)

^4 J>ul IjJM jliull -"'l * iZlLuJI frjuk

AIjSll ^ *i*Jl 0-* Uji kjlla ^iJI it fil l j»U J ijLuJ^ f<*—NIK

'- I lj>“*^ (jtjJYiUI ^jlultal idj jJj i^jalll ^jjatl

UV^il 4^Litl .^i-lill iajlj .UUiJI

■ij*& yVjJI C.L^lti .i^b y^VjJI Vj .Sj^Ij

ri*»* ^ Ate ^ J&s 4jLzui

*yWjJl J*i~]l yi UijSU* ydl i>LH y^

r*v

antuii^us?-h ]

,3,^ *&\ 6. W-llI lJjj»3 ^ Uy

3JU <a.jj ■>--«•■ j-H uif i Ixyaj Uiltlj yic Li&il UjSSU

.(jjjuJl Cli*J*l pAj U*»*m i>* OWi^ ■*$# .oyajlt IM*

, (J ia U V >*C» yiiil ^ji 3yj*..H

>' J\ i^lll Sj** 1 '.#

tf i]l jJ! J* UJJ ilill 6- <U I.U

^ i n »jl*w

^ 3L*U1I Ji^. i—i J! .li* ji t>

!6*UI yi *4^' «3»-J ‘V^ tf"WI yM* J W'

- t j: .*-n ;jjiti dJj .Sjj—aH Ji3 ,> j#*i ySlt

^ jJb ^b «/->U -w* .“ ^
j^t IJU ijj^A Jav is-il' po* 11 fc ->^ ■Vj'"

■ ^-tyi 3i>uS)l £jU. <jV <3*111 ,> Uj» y-j rfjUJI

t..U tJJ fc (Xs -<i* jj*3 iJ <*U i-iiL^#)l t> ub

l^jl <3*111 JjVl 3jyJI ^ 3^54^11 U

^ ,J W <1 CiA ji u&~ V JJ-311 1-*A3 -Ai*^' JO- 3

,> i*ja. yftjll UU ul* »lij ‘1" j* 3 J® *b^ s^J 1 '

Cm. J& l*b yi <1 j*-3 ^K» *^4 t^J 11 •' S b#i

V|j l,-., UjjjiS ylS ,*UsSu Uj>«j 6* j** 3 o' 3tilJ ' P*'

Cili idJJJj . *y*i JS J*Sj Vjl jj^* 4 o^* 3 *^ ii ’^ il *

.Jjill) 41 3*f~)t 4 *b“»' jljScbj - %" <*iS

'im ijM - (iljaiJl *tsltj .*tjl4 -4»3*W <p#plb <*=-i)b

I.I-KH L,lj . ililijll .J* kJU 3jj«ill 3»alb i^sjUjJl Kj>-alt lA 4
^ Jjj j ^-M 11 o' I#' ! li> Ui * J ' 6* Sp*

“Jj!“ vUaJI ^ l^jlVji

VoA

U-O 4^1 l_iAJ ^J-Si |i,j ■ 1JLA

h ^ mJj »bLAd b\jiJ^ (ji Qj^-fcljJ)

Ejj^c^L) j-*V l 4jlS Ljj IJa iji#

igA CxjiSs * ijSa ^ iiiuiJ ijihl

* fl l ~i> i& ij^jVl * llTi ft ^>a ^-iVl <£j* (jsMj r ^ J J| ^''

* * - ^

^4 ^jA.& A ijl&url j

ijA Sj^ >*iU jnt.lll Ej^yaJl |*J 1 jJ^9 ^

^ <LiAjJl EjJ^dfL 4 j4^Lc L a£ *\ (jjj ^^ILbJI Laj 1 I 4 L &4

**4>?JU ^* t 'u L j^ l - tJk<! ^ - "j ^^rOjL^Ui
AujJ JJJuij »feLxaJ Jljj[ jd ^LoaJl 6il4

V*^' ^Aj) Ej^d i^ll* 11 e j 7 ■* ** 4*i£J 4dA*ill Sjj^dH

^jJt\£ dLfa.iJl frJLAj ■*^ J I 4dl&Jl l "^*" 1 ^ i*yt A ^

<^J£ ^oju ^4 IJLd^j »LuLi L^i^i ^Iju H- ^jVl

' b ^^h ^ L >

ijdjJl IbM L# L*£a£ 1 '^J^ 11

{jjj i"il iN'HYIj iZiILLliII l Ji {jj |*i^]l u^** * ^SjAuu”

0“3 >^T,$

»

S 44^ ^luj juj iUlLbuli 4iA jiOUd ^4 1(3^

3JVaJ 1 ^ &Ai1^J1 <JU\ <u^z It J5 Jjj

juu ^i*nM toi > ^^iflllj C>ju jj itl U La S LgJ

^ gJjL^L ^ (jl ftJifau |ji ^4j ij# 4ioj]| Ulj .bUa^^

bAA ^1 J jij*i.A< AjA^mj *i±£*3t\ tijj*J < 1 mil | »i^V i \-aJ-it t, Jjjft
iljjgj Lji - Ej[v; ^ill ij^dUotJl jiobJUa j^JIaJI

"yiaJi” ujiS j Lut JlaJ^ bAA ,4i() U*JtS
^JVjJf ljU ■ Lu( (ji t^4±Jl

^ ,JLJ1 yl Uj J* i- (Uiu U^it AjMU

Jo£ Liijjj J (x$J cEJ^VjJl 3«Kl1 3jiAjJt Sjj-uaJl jLaUMfL

^ ^i>ji jisi ^un jssl, .y*~isn u*jji

fell! Cit*15 (H^ 11 yi y*j

ciIiL*J£lJ <*UJ1 3 jaAjJI

^UJl <> yAj .(a^O ^ aj£\s code E>-i ji s>b
(jt.^1) 3 LUj Ji* (( ^jUJi i>t LfuLu OjSjj -L*W! y*

'<jL»j lAj *o*a^ y* (jUjSi-* W** Li+J ot

I^LlM 1>I Ljj£dJl jA$ il*a**M u>t

.iuL^yi Jililib JiiJt CuISj U-I

*AC c**- o- A* 3 * ul jj—3l' ^

lii4 L^J L^j} ua t>* *UliJK$ USll ^h*aII Ejj-Ji Ojj jh&$\
\Xa * A<.\\ l j^i Ji»1mi 1I\ (JJ^J iUAii jj mlH

:ah

l^jLbw UU** ijiA'ill Ih|3j>» <4 "‘ ^lai*J\

code i>\j 33jki*ll UiSJI ujSs
,) V ' S^lj 3 j'i 4. i ll

Sjjs v i^V ,>*ll u> jy^i ^ iilail

^jj^tl ^jjitfcj \yj& *it +1| T > ii * yi Jj

l+jAcj j IJni £>**“* (Im

CA+Idt bii J* 6^ Wl -SjJS CiVOt oUf
iUjfesH *i* jip y ijAi N i> J& -A J)

obu cr^' AjJLsJ Sf* ^

ii^L Jjb- <> j* tifc v^* v ^ ^

^ ^ Uili uA Ali hAA *jLmI

\\y*± La p*\ ul A>A* -WSj jl>*a 3 y*

J1 l|Jjilj J>Wi ul ^ ^

n.

^jJ| Lfj fj^Lbo^j o£p ■* l ~ fc ;^

tLiLcr dltj ^f 4sememe <JVaJI j«JLi 4

jtJL*-* ■ ^k ijt^jjjj^aii <L*J L*J r{ju^plll) (JUtfl ■*-*■* i^lljaidVl

Cil^dVl f Ij 3»»i« t y,5 ^Ifwi j^Vl 6i (Jj .(jijijjAJO

yi Lilj JA? Xjl J* L* £* J-*ln2t\

UiaJi £* (jJ$± L»jS J-*UlJL»

3 tj'-v'tN

* IWf

."i^i" US ^j ^<-...1 ^3)1 iJVJI CJL^J\ 13.1a 1j|

U1SII hi* tflha (_5JJi >* itii^UH OU. Jt *JUI *U3h) (ji ‘-^'■---*

1 n i w ^1 iijljf jV V) ^]Yj itj^j (jj jl' r Cull U| .Idij UVj

^ 01311 UJl Uii .UUh. US)1 AlUll ..-J....1I <>

"^AjVl ^ 4- jslS" Jl ^jLa " Lsll UUi jhj,"

ji .VjUitlj _,»-■■!-*- jl i>hJ, .ftjU4ill JS JLt ^b
C^i" ^tai UJI Cijjua. lib .U>*Lli ji ^Vl cJ>lf
UiU yi> jihj + ^ OilS" uLyiVl ijLa .

l*i1 ■ liTfc, Iw J iJUi |^l t£jhi i^a ijVt jhl'i l

l3*Uu ULt ill . y4j , ^a. (jits' (^jVl <■» Iwjt ^f Jla^j tfjjl f>*jJ1

icjaJtll lil* <>• >4 l* J) irillj -i»J Jhhjj .t*)S sLhlt (,1a

UJl »** J faj . ",>jVl ^ut," :Uil3)l UJ1 All* ^Ij

^ .uU us usi i>« usii, ^u>3 y ,uiLU>

101311 UJ1 ^1 ~M^--- .(ja^aili (> ^* U d)j Lull

Vj rty^r \u ^ ^ jbu"

y\ ^jjoll VfljL *> k» i<*1£11 fr*i^ tji**JI 11* u^d

1 (>1A IJla ^jJ! <-JVjlU £j^>li ji mm ijl <j£*j ,$*£* 11^

.4ajoU1 SjI* jJI Ij^^L

0- ^iL L* -i r ^j <Sli* VM 1 ' ^ ^ *j| ^

+ £j-» ^ J*» 4- u-kii jLaSl + <**3+ :yVjJ\ ^Auil

l_u*JI IajJjI Lfti* lZjLu*J1 bl* -£*0j

3ja^jj]l 4JA.J *4**** 6* </■ JLbjVU W**W

Wlu JLajVi |^Li OlL*

Jl u^*d l*-d £y^l 6- £>*H U* eJ*aJ1 SjJ *4^1 ,*A*

L^jj ^ill SJYjJI i »~1 - ipiiwJl ^j*i2tl ‘i/^h

. <| i ■ ■; I I ll^ll feJUfc

.iij* ji L«UiJ ^ iiij -us sju-jyi iuui j G j^iij

,u J a (jc jUj yl iujlj^ 1 0 s UJ^

f^Ji «> j oLli'j <#ais .suisii tf 3 *' V*»“ c*^'

jji Lolj . "olajj" yi oUjlj (/IKS yJ*—I' £j-^l t/» ji ■u^ J 1 *'*" J!

.itlil^ .yjlitl,* -JjVl -yl l*S ijtoiVl <# OSji U ji^fc 6® liA

jTjjjlt JI jUU « 1,: {TjJJll 6* SjtfiVl Ejj—J l J| erase jjJ jLlt jJj

, <r) it* 3 j>S-jJI yjjll yi oA i/SlIS V^' o* LkAi

JjLi. jtaJ" J ’acL> jlsj" ja. U-ijlSVl ^sjt yi jrj-iall <Uj

."3aJ" J "

D.A. Cnise. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press. 1986 : jliil 0)

.p.192

. «V o., jjLJl geyJI (T)

rir

IfcjAu <jVt jkvA

Ci\ i mil ^Ai&u LfJJJk-C jjlt A*i£ll b«LA J .1 -^1. Afcl£

:<a&\

«f

"T ^±fc* Jd Ldl>4 T I fr-h . rt

(VhM)

«jj!u LLS Lj ( C j^i ^ JjVl illllt C.L-JI V

^Aj jiJswflJl <*uii ^4>ll i^i >A> f \-}jp&+ UilS

^■ ni< i > U^j ^Vl jdjj 'uj* * 1 * ,l 'tub CmII

^i 0^ i>*j 4 jJVjJ 1 fejiA^L fetid

J ” T <—iji^ f 1 34 A £(JjAd*Jl p*ut\ Clldrt JaJuu (biUl$) d

^Lb-mJI fejsdj jj 4^UsS j\ A^tS ui ^ 4 ^ ij^i

r ^ Ulfe i^JLu^l ^ld 4lVdU %>£-" A*I£ r j A,~ JL^L

J >A> ^ l- <“ ^ Jxj V-u* ^ ^

-* ™

^jifl ill ^4li ^Luij L 4 |jjj£ Lb! Jj ,^jj

<i& 1 a4j -j. t j i ii J] ^*

.*Lhi£H feJLd *Li£3im« ^UjfiJLaJl Xm+H (jl

Le^aAh*’ 1 iub£M dJil <Latid^ 3 j]^i&iJ1

A^ L* ^Lt V^" “ jul. uii u 1 —J 1 bid /', ^
V-Cm ^ .*«>» yi <>-ii Ud \aW <k*t 0! & . ah *

£J*J t>* >A? ^Lfcii l-ijjI* JbA )l | i ^i L*J i^jIjjJI fejUl
CulS LJj * * fetid — fi-t«i <ij* “ gtj*? * J**

(jljilt ,jJJ jjlji^-*-^ j **■ ^ ^ ^ j (j\jiJl ,T L_jtjitt I(jLXol£H

A^padfeJl (ji ^Uj Jj p 4 _§ 4 ma )1 fetid
JJ <uj (jl <iy*j obill iJits - ll L T jLsS11 tl ^jfclS Ci*

JJj \±Aj Jl f“ 5^^ J-»T ^ ji

^ji>«ju <jL £>♦ J^i H tuLS" <i*}£

vir

4i\jai ujS *in^ *1* ub *<*»

UJjj - " ^iVlSn ufS ^ ^d' 44***^ <*-

tUll 6- ^ W --3>*j -*U* ^ *u" <3^

.Klj^Uj »W|'i* ^A ^4Jt* <4±>k Ji 4 *itj Ji Jj^ ^jJI
JiiK JjLiJ tfjJi jA Ci\m*.l llti *JUl J (jjj

ii^^sn b«* !LJS A-jd yi i#ts <±*^ U ^1* «b vtfil'

aitj ,Lo^i dJj 5I1 j livre Cii£ J*^s!J *31J

~ r i - ...» *Jui J&A\ J4 y "^-iIjS 11 <*l£J yVAll.Soifli

rh

jUiiVtj jl^icL 4 yVjJi Sjlp^I Jn*IjH Jj*

.L, *> jV s^joifcj Juiij I<ijw J^l uV*

*(prfj>J') Wj-M ^ ^ J! '***

ju. Lsii J& *ui jh - J^\3 *4-*^ C& - f^ 1

ywi £a*jJ1 ^ J Qii- **; U^ LJ - 1 *" 3li d- flJ * J^ 1

J L:1 1 ^11 <Ll^ jaj a\ ci« J-*^ 1 b^ CA* (fJ -W^O

UjLifiL VI ^ J^b^b J#b*-H J! ^ sf*^

J*JU ^ Ob Ci-*I ^ *(^Wb>0 4b-

ou-ll ^ bjUtb ^ j&* J*

j^jir ^ rji.J-fcti J^UJi ^ ilfcujt *i-i ub ‘4^^'

^ US - (fjl) Jrnill CiL-mJLj

/^Jd- JjVi J*iJI J i> pi^' (p^O ^ ^SB ^ 6^ - ^u*-*

<illi i^iJl Jyj (Ji : JL*E !<*-ii# pi*tt ftf 4J J*UJ) >*fl

kclij Vjai,. ijjj ■"^■r Aii o*^ ijLy *Ii*l*i :*Iili ^b ■<+-**
,-U^ltl dii iua. 1> J.j*i* <*i (^1 J pbi <UlJ\ :*lili diSi -u^JI /

(f»l*D L> .|Jc cl V JtUj djj i**

til* (f»lr) Lfltj 'J^Vl jA (ihUin >*j) Ly»jii Jis OL» >(jL*j^>
yi tft - ti*j .J*1ill U*lj <ii ol* <<* Vju. JLaL JtS uU

j;jij -3 j£jaJ 1 4u4_>lt CiUl £ #yi <_£A=J ^Ja3 — IjUAu

LfjL-ii jaL 3jd4j]l J aIc <JVjJI Kaa^I

jAa ,> ((Uitj pLj pit) 1^>1 US SjL* ^llaJ ui OJJ
G“) idij ji* .{^ j f) j*

0* U*US U>*' ^" ' "«j ^ LjjjLajyi tjJkj .(j-Aii) E>*Hj

Ij] tfdA2*Jl HYaUj h£ jjl1*JIj yit 3iy>iJU * {jjjJa

(jjlj \3\k /\iUj i T lfci f 11 I knew that I^l^jLi LjulLj

he . 1 \^,t.k,i j\ dljj <Jij±±.i" E toJd him that I \jAj <Ljju ^juu-Jl

«v

J! r jjiii 6- J-uli ij_ui Uli ."14* J! j-iu N came here

*”Li4 Jl 4 j^uI' T l brought him here

(«0i ^1 yjiJI yi L,!^ _>tiilt SjM t> A* v diJU,

Ci^Uzi LiAiUl *jui CulS tj^i . L^uj L*^i J .a! in y CiliJLit ^jl i ^

J^J UJl u) «|**i ^ Jrfdliij l+lu ijjSj V tiJjSi il^jLilS^I ^

J-*^l </Z jsyS ja J! o^LJI ot

JjaUqH <U1m* 4J *A4 *lh§5lijfl {jjj

-J-iii* ^ ouili J <U*- Ua r 3li*^ y jji\ u*i

y dlf inXi JaJ <j-* j^JVaH iJA^Jl ^J jJaitl jt

<iijyld \ <jt-J ^jllt\ jSdJ r^jLgjJl ^SaJI yA JZ^ 1 * * ^ JjtAJ

J*. V\jA\ UtUl U- J3u JJJj L< ^Lt JjG y Uuii

^jljaJtj h^I^iaJIij c^LdJt^ ijlauJIj (jiAaJtS

<^jV\ i^L^n uyAi\ bJui *Tiifc^w<

"Uilill" + cAJLf* + L-iil^a + ^4*11

no

<J&\ *14 UVjJI u[ "jUaJf J* 'iij
ajljt + JjjII ~^~ J-UJ1 + (*j)jjJI)

, ^Lfll <iuj t^JJl

L*^j JjSja 4 " JjjJI c*ljLf* h t^Aj iiHill tfci Jl

m^\ ^ ->*W ^ ^ y* *L>W-* ^

gj * % JL 4

J J-Vli ^Jlii" fc* d^ L. JS Jm. jftk* y U* J
Jj ^iitl jiSS *sl "jjl" ju -iH' jJS <i! m t&S J JU,

ft.14 *. liij-iall 3 aL1I J-o ^lilaJi ^j]

<*J£J| j^SiS f <JVjJl ^Lilt 0 - 0% -*iML i ^-L*iiJ1

* "tl «■ ^Jl ^llu wjL^Wf Jfl til4 ^ * ii IJ*1 I

^ <**ll ■ mttj

+ i-lail ^jjI j^Uvl *f Jtli + iJuJi

^UiJL ^gLLJI + <ijLUI Vjn^I + £jLi-Jl + £^1
bJL^j 4 jJ£ <Jjlsj ifJLll J* ^ * t «H frOA ^LhSai Jl

■»~.H J| Jm y - - 7— 11 J*-J1 d= iajl .lie Uil uji J .«i*yj

4jji] ^jJI p .tjj *1l t^i** tif idli^ l^ic i *i*^i i y, « Ci t ft 1 1* 1 1 fctii o*

. j W“ <-* *"«iii#jr' J- ifljJi 43 ^
I JjUttl d* L***-. U^4 -**jS3 ut uy^ll E^ftJI J#8s

Jl ."SjU-Jl" JLftlS jSJj Uiiii *tf>l <ftWj *=i1.iaj di*»

a&I UjUjlj (jjlju jj Jill HjjJl» 11 JLajyi 41^5 *jjL4i t* Jjt (jiill
a-K*. "ijUJl” 4*JS d>ij l*Oi£ djfilj Liioj *4^

jii v^j "s^L-jr di Jl jUt -Uf w*! ji "yuji"

.EjlLUV i|*rt_.n. JJj ,4*l£)t >14 J 4iSi-ft LuJI *i* (ji && ^

TTl

\j[ SjIomJI JLSj JjU. 5 jji <UjL* ^h^uJI frJLA Jjlu
Lfjji j^hwi jSJlS *Ju^i L|SLLi

ZlA^AL

■^a 1£ Li* \j\k Uj^Uuj tZilj^^H jAiij

,>JW jAh "j**-" U1S U**- U)j ”jA n 64jJi J[ jjU rjSj
\j[^ * n pJLc. n <aA^JI tZi^pi l|Jji tjlj . 11 jjj^ 1 '

’'jJli" 2US U*m, ULj - ,, v st" 4^JL? w j& u :J^

IjSAj " (jjli-a" Jj ^jLu

■_** 1 ^ *1 a ~- 11 'IJ jil tV> 1 | -'j ^iiil (jXtJl ^yUJ JLd

Sji nn * ^r* jt* (Ilii^ t^|l j^ jll Ij^l LuLJ fjJ^yJlj

CjQ *tj£Lu* j! ^j& 2 « jAj VI ijSu i># Lai »[ jj“* KH (J>jjLi

I jl tZuij * ^ 11 * (k-iji) 4 **i£ ^jJLdll \jjk g^Lc (JJ^J (jJ b »14

L* LfljUJU yi J*Vi L+jli <UjA 4 j ^JLuJl tfJLrf |j ^5 Laf*J -Lijjij

*Ui uhIM 0 ‘LLiiJjJ itJjjJl IJ 4 Ailj J£ y^ 3 U (h-ijt) ■ I ^aJJ

iiAJ ir ^ ^ -r t-Lfc ijjH UV.JI <Ua*uJ , jl^iVl (>* Sj>£&

, "u-iaJI j\ ^

jLi^iIli.1 i jiVl jjLi Ijd 4 ^ 6A4 JjLL*

-u- j£ j-3i3 a-ji *0 juu) uWj 1—i-a W

jjt l Li4 ^LaSiVl -tjiA {tlill ft-ml ^U^yi *lijtU&]1

-^ rn . rvllN Li* jL^jiVli T JU* jLali.VI

0- *tJJ J! ^ JU4 jL-^V^

nv

antoitjuL^ir]

jjLuj jg&iuH jiJj o^Ltaoi ir** -*-U

:^sli u ^a^LoaJi *04 (f-^U ?m iii

3olUl SjLuUI -1
■*

^a^kt\ H=k^ JJ fijLwyij u-*

d Xl C>+ 1*S>* Jjl^j ^fiil ^Ukill %La>>* J! |*j

C*m L(j1j *J4j *^*J1 0* U+ lulU&lU

^ *l«j\ 3L.ii| u! j! u>-Ji

1*4,5 rlllaLUl 1 * *1 * i h sJd4>^ Cm ' X ±J^

liikL, iiiij U^UU .<J| jlu^JIj :*UJ1 ijLu

,UJU>

J«U1 o* <Jj jluJIj .i n— H Cm tj*j\

^ ijJS cAi) ^ >3 ,* JW Ciijll ^tf>'

jiil L^ U«ji J*H J** y» 0*

,^1j IlL^ U>fcJ ijji .ULl ^

jJ 4S^LJl (jj£i t^£jSt iX i iiia ti j itl M t* ^ OiJ C^ j * ,im I

4^3j <iJLa. Ji j*Vl 0*J |*Jj >* iU*»J ’Vmrt i

jh Uj .kli io*s Xi u*- 3 Ua-*aJl *> J*±3 diSi
^>1 C.U1 o ^.Ul J*i 0* cUiiM.YL XI aid

<J| jlL^JIj jluJI 6jJ J*a*j J** 6* *-LiA3—nVLi

. hUjlL^VI lo4 jL*j oJ >4 hJdjH oV

T1A

Jaj |OUi LuiLull ijj-JI j+lcu L*4 j

* " '"'

r 4^\ jJ^w n Jlj 1 J»^ jj frjijLuJ (^jil *^lj jiiii

\ f**j t-> ^ 0) ^ V J I SjiWi ul *J>*1 {“jl J**j

Ij^j^kl jSSt >Jj iEjaJ^ {jljflu f^jUSjUalu ijLSjjLj

31^» (<-*) ijauboJi 4il*_* (1} EjjlijJL £ul£ \j\k

JiiJI yi u^ DU U>U„ j\ IIjI J[ ojj tuaJli

u i^* l n~ i» (i_j) j {t} Ijj^j (V)

,1 j>u£]1 J±i jjb f^aL* J—s>i j*jLi

CiUj^dOll uU ^ uk^i uj lili

J& Uli ..lUtiBtyj J&1L1 liij

i 4jjJ i 1 V ii tH Jjl*j i3juj±]1 |j1 Ldl £)*£ 4^UJi£

YU

SUaJl JU J* US Jl y3». iijljSlI J* USL,

o* ijjiS jjj |»i3 Y il^la-6

ai. ? » ^ jjfiiiii ti-jj oi <*JS ^ *>

jjj ^<ul[ ,1'i^ LJf# ilaL-yjJI J kiLIj

ijjiS <kjU*Jl jJi lift ^9 -<i* ,:UiI**Vl o&aj ^ 1 ** >^j

^^l 1-li! <J ,I»ii J*i *> Ul) h*j*l\ U«J! 0^

" »

^liLi -Jii u[ J*i)l 1> V* ,-uti Ji-*l! 6^

uj&I .JiiJi U-^J1 ^ ^ <L^ ^ -<tJ[

^j ju*Vl <u-ij juJ 1 ' Loi iAJjj --4>=^1 Cm> Ijjj

jji j^ui juj 11 IljJLS bit jji <a.jj A4y^ iiLfciiK

! J^iio 4 jIj 4-u.<tjH *> £>dl lift |»4i!

^ JU*iU iijuJ! t> >il-Li ^ yisjl ^ A>*

l^j .j-ujI juj :t^H3 *lft jji Jkij\ IjJj

6* ^ <a »W* <s^' ^ ^

^ J <S il] Jl 9*“>W ^ J) ‘tf***^

*Lli <ili* i>< jjjS Jil5 lift

^uaJ|^ AjLuiII *T

ji 4lt £t*AjS ji f‘Uc- Jjij 3«ti£ ^<"11 OkA ^ ^

ii* o* j**d u" 1 “u -u-^' J) v^:

^ Jj.ii ^1 fjPh iUiSJl

^Ld£ J Ml* dJj 6^j ->j^ jrLul

, k.„j j ^ JS Ja/jI i^luJl l#a. C* <8J»ls “LJS ^aj (J^j)
Ijli - l-.'t-.... ' .jyjaj ji jl ‘6*!^ UJJ "J*f"

■ ii»" ijuyi (wis /yu iUfi,*. aiu ,> ju-«

IT

Ofl

"J*j* l*K 1

-Je-jli ii* :uui ."J./ j Ji%

■ JaJ4 4j]| jL^ail ^jLt Ulj J

JjjJa ‘Uj *,j4**Jl JlU^* < ,ljti I|J

US dJj* Jl'jJI ijSill JiiUl L*i* iijJS

Ojj flirt^JL L >aj*aajJij qjj»~i 11 - '-^t U-* *USil (JLt

■-

ItZlll U)i .^Udull (J>* (JJdi o^ull (jJ <^-3^u=kJ Ua^AS (j^
^ L, JS »U« EjLiyLi %USf ,*»>! JUU "

«LjU l^US <il ^jLc Ajij jLij ^£u U JS 045* Xf I ^! ul

L _^aj■«-*■>>~it| jji Ul .1 ViSti jjU* 0j4

HiSurfJl ^aaH <Umi l>* JJ*ni| tlutS (j[^ t*JUM jai\ Jlj Ui i-i**ajJLj

till O-o i*SU Jji 1+iLc J*j" jt ilukuJl ^*03*

L|h*>lc. u-" ^*1S1I * U«oj ^ hn Vi lli *|JU Ja*j JS

ui .*Uiidl ^jj J! Ej^i* Oj^-* oi Jl

4J yU L J 1*Jj | *->^ i ll l ^ijlt^ (VAI 04 Ol

*

■ tjnl-> 4 Jji LJJ^S U-® J^oii tjaiu {jgJ**? \Jin ^ La^dtj Ua

UaVjI Uiiik tjL JyJbwa" ^“inK £-&>* Ljj^

- ^j^v ill aJVj 'Li*,** W 1 *^ ^ £• -b^

OtijiUl £tiU ^.Ulu .SjiLu u*wJSIt 6* Ej^-Lj J* 0*

jA US J-SjJ "o^ l> U rt ^ * t3d J - fciS i/*

(r) (jj

rv\

(r) jitii

Oi3« Alt jLUu lift

. a ^ I itfljuall jY .U» (jjiuLtii. wul^ L»jlj

>12311 ^U. YU U+nU* 3 oIS Jd- 1 - 1 /

Oj , " ^1 -L. ^VU ujSJ' *>!' ^

.^ujlUl ^>> ij ljii~i«) l u'**-i^liiYl

Jjii" :> US SjSill ^ ’* US ^

^ <i~i\ «j#S3 sjdiifl Ml •*» &■*-

{£) Jiill dJj •*** “Ulaliu Y n_4>-=>»ll

YVT

.LUi 1 j*iu ui$ VI dJJ£ ,jl£ Uj

V t^LuJl *J4 ^ jpLjil

6* j ^K i i5jJ-“=*" f>#i* ui^j Jx J-aJj

Ji* VrfJ 5

n

>* L*£ EjSj JJ Ej&JI 3jLoJ jjjIi iji ijj£u oij

4 *U JVS ^jJI ^ddL^lL ^jVaJI (j[ ■(*!& f3^%> l»i4 -<J£* *JJjj **jjjjLa

<{n1jlxVl) ^Jjjjuil CAj^LdJl <iLlij <JL=hil

ijl <idlj Vj ix4 i>i ■"■■-jl lit 4iUil .^J^LiluV^ j^LLu^

:(*) l £M\ ^ ^ US ^LulL <5^lxi

ijiiJ] iiLflJfl ^LxJI ifiU

|Ul J&j 4j]j LiiiaAi^ kjUzuJt gJJ (jil ^tiAljll (J-*

U£U ojis j\ j\ i^ut v?u ^ ji h)L jynj lau

U+l^t ,-gi ULAjtj, jI-IjI 6- ^ 6^ l-J JiliL-l

4jj 5 Jl& *UjXi Ejli lilj <_iUuJl ^}\Sl (f^Mr ^lu

lZjWj UjJ tluk^ ‘CtU»yi Cljfi* ^ *UjJl*

Lt jjA 11 «^« <| iUjt4 4 jJL w^LuEloJI (jj^j Ua (_fS jJjdcLuf ^jLo^U jfjii

:^[ >*

jj t_ilj£ll U^iaj ( n jUj t-ilsS 1 * tUSjHoJf Ij^Iu Ijj

%Lu <*J J) ‘UA 4 ij3j oi Q>*J -* jfl * 3 jm1 JjJ JJ '-XM*j

ijj vi / jjj i^tss" :ja v id^i oii iju ^ <us

rvr

itaila jpj ji * \j*A *Ji>4^ ^ 1 M * j .^i

* ^ ajj i_tl^£ ULfti l (t()t"Mij jl * Ajj I—Ilj£

^L£ U*" *L*a J o*^ CwS*yi ^ <A u-A aij

^JJL* u* ob^ 1 ^ utiL>ilj -Ajjl ^ ^ 9 '—* 4 " ^

.wLSU Ajj L1L. j* ( A*\j jS*. ,> oLiilS UUS ub 44 *»b
Aa} Jl 4*1^11 ^ >4> 1-iA.lj U*i Jlltf " JJj 4 *^ lit’' iUa. LI
' I - fllji Ul'l~ v '-~* "ajJ) 4»ljS Ia*'' <L»a lalj -lili LS 'LSL <*-“■*
ILuJI j ilj Jt JJaIIj .Jjjl <tii U-fcjjUj ioIjS (c^^ill) li* jl
^i.~. ay.-.Ati ^JYaII I^Ilu J 3j$£« " Ajjl 4 *laS li*" KjjiVl

jj jl £_>13£ lift

LiUSli*

+

0 ‘l "jjjl «laS li*" j "Ajj 4 .I 3 S li*" JIba 6 # OjilVi
ij*! jjj *jSLi ^ - Ajji *j£Ui ^ 4 ^ 5 . - J *^ 1 *uai
Ciiil lifi .jjj ja! tial ilu obb) uljSH o' .ul]S!l

ayi- jl ii) tjjya- i-v.* .Sjl#*)! »i* Jit J-jiS-j Lijj .Li

. j,LJI i^jJ jlSil jl <iLi Jaa t^jLSU Ajj

^fill Jill ,j --~ jli " Ajjl LLS li* B Ljlill <l*ail Ll#

(ji li] jiiij L^t bjL*!I tit Jaaj. “ i IajJj Hi*ai 11* ir> > 1

li* o' W*' <W* ****** *«Ji ^ s = t t* 1 ^'

lUjLiy ^ill li* oi I ■ (jtljj 'jii *o" V tt-lllS *J| jLiJl

(jl "aaj 4 .LS li*" JjVl iiwJI ol jU 6 iM 1iA* • ■‘ii* ** ^!

.<] JL_i) J ;<!■ jilt ji dAi *A jl A V t" 1 -* 11

v fLtl ui ■ iOl 4 *^ 'i*” W« j' 0 - *i

rvi

11

jl£ij j\ dLi <*jJ qjSj uS ujj tJJjj <4S1U Vj

<J! JLUI L^a ^ yll! oL^U SjlWI ^U*i\ 6-

[j^jSj jj f jj ^aL^Vl jjia <iLi»%aj 4 L 4

4JVjJl Lf^a jjiTi 3 Sj&i 4iLo)fl d^lll .Ja^JI ^J|

(Jii £V**oy lUjjli^J 4;J[ I fll irt *Uj * il art *H JjLu lj}a iIjjjS
AIj {jJl4 0^ UUj ^ * ^ifr. * Lf J ^ l>4 JL^Ij

Juai ^-i.^ll OljU |jli irf j u .’ 1 ^Lo^l ^J*1L

,it-ill ^hiV „it*i| . iln.1 "yiuJt ay-" : lilt yiL^yi

I 4JVj fjx. ^a 1 s ^4 u^iSj^Jl ijj li^l^ JS <JV,j <j 1 x.
^uil UJa. ZfZ tt£JI yisu

jl^L ZL£*i\ J! " iiJLJI :J^V| ^LiYI ^£jJ\

J! ^jLii 11 -yWl J!

* 3 ’-

tjjj i^U*aiGj tjtal t-s a fjUliLtJU »^ijflr »\\ ^1 ) ATjum jl^cU ^4#J1

. j^-Vl ^J[ ^j^LUaIiJI JaI wj * LijJ Li IS

.ia. 1. ..a 4 ijJ ji£ l^lLaVI 1 k ^j * t| ^1 lijlu Ijj Ul

i4j![ i^i«ia] 1 <tiuj ijidll jLLufj J^l IajI U 4 laUo^fl

IdLdl jJLi yj *- dJj (Jjil_J * Jjj jaL (jjjd JLfcJl ^dA i jJj Jj L*S

yi *U±xJl ,^a *li\j j±* J :^i US (iil* ,f ^=w^ ,P ^lj
jti£ M I LiLa Ij^a . EjjIS* jlaIjII SjjVJL*j p^IaaVI

<i G >1 3^*"** Yj ijSJ Lu ^aLdt^i ^ uSj f*J ^AJI

i<LLU\ ^ju II 4 ^Layii ,<iotd ^1] i Uj4 X l>* i_aLa#Jl

. 4jljLi4j <U\ <^1^ *JLaJ 1 bJul

Jtu (ji JUJajJU (jw ■h.^'iHj

I ^a U vilij i>«^ .<jjyLa^ ^<*ill

rv*

tjji , e^LaH J) U#*

^bJl j^JI Vb jjJLaJl U* CAS j'

4 ^ Jl "u**" Uj ol

.4jl£yU JjLfr. ftt l

V

jjL-s - j*j tj* oty^ 11 jj— ^ *usi-.vb

Jl* ^ £-ib JJAl " t>*-^ tifeS — 3 -**“*

VJ rt EjI^Jj JLmJI Uii^j JUU /'Ej—JJ VI uAJ*Jt*J1

6 * ^ > Vb p -1 4 <3^ • V-**

f v U-» ^ Jtli E^ma* ul JdS^' i>* ^ V U*j *u**>*^1 6 *
bi <<l4j*** 6- l*>#k J*' *W v*

JjtilLi ■“ J-aV\ — Ju1m^\ o! drt <>* 6jl*

iz\j* J< 1"-- 1 \j4j ^ *^'A\ ijLA *U£L-jVI Sbi ulj 11 y W^ .il

ijtii) VLJ3 V) :J U:i (-*'**■=■) d&*^'

^ UJU fcb* ^ *T ^ ^ < m

^ Ob 4 * Ch i-U UM

sui^h, ujiSU ‘J**- ^ u* w**b -yW 3*

5 U^ l|ilUj ,^iiuJ\ OJJ SUl^i ^ vWHj

^ 0 -* *-i 4 ^ pj* -vb*?' I*"**'

Jjiiij If^ J~*b-i O-* jAj ^ rt>i.* H *-U ^* tiilj J*

(JJi) ^ffi-JI fij 61 Jli ,> J4 U, ■-UX' ,>
jljl) U^> (JilJ) _— - u Jji» <il Ji* i> o^ M .»*'jJll *i* ^

Llj ^irJI |.J1V| j| !*Ui Lt*^ 1 1> '^ i>L » i V*

of Jtfi: J Ji)3 *j't* fjeMi bo^ uj-* 1 ' c#-h* ^

• 0 >yi j*iJ' (> (J

4L j*i=J . .UH-.YI r is»i *las*.in .{lii-J' vW^) tfMj*' ■***' ('’)

. m. >^AY. jUjJ(i : j'- 11 ; -*>—

rw

jjX* Ijlj ^3_yiri"T[ <JLij

J-M Vj *^KI1 ^JA) (A lA "CuiS' J JaaJLi /XjwriJjJl

Sjj - *“ uA Wjj Sjrf ft# ji aA

*>a j n ii^jjJj jfejJL* 1*1*1^ 1tl4 (J^lu

jdlj\ jJ » 7 ^Ji 'i *11 *Tl>V ^j jlj (jjSj sdJ*ij tdi^i

.EOa^J IjA ,jlt pNSJI £»Ja

* '■**>! LM La" ^ ^ Ej^IjJI j+Lgj

&^Vi <,i4 ol lf ^i *u I." iUjJi cJla ^ jjiHj

lf4* i>4 *1^ L." JjVl 3LuJL ulj *i^A j Ja*j

O^u >* La JSfci > V^ 1 jj&t 4jtii </>■,!,-a^fcH ^Lt J*-^~

J*kL

tjUi JjVl *L*aJl tfiji uJ jAh iA u! -'Ab
A* lL*aJl Xa.i A jA 3 A uU -[*^ Li] yiitJl

J^\j Jl*j US 1 *^ U^Aj^J*Jl ^ £*a>* >* Lk£ *[jii JJJj] dkJnSbtJi

AjI] t&ij qgfj&ji \aa^ *jj£jiU ^4^

Ja 1 L*£ jji Lil* oj&± IaJja jj£jl!1

C& J*ili Jjjjad p[ (ifiiiiV\j ^iill (j! Ijii " Ja)

Iki^ .Sjjit Ijl <1 jjSj (jl Aj V <1^ c^ J^iN Jjifcj Itj *4~i+y£

Ijjiji \j\k .Lfgi* jA 3 ^ uA (jl 1^3 pLfii^Vl^ ^iiU (ji ^JSJ

Ijlijt <i& t *■ ^ji LiAu |J>£ Jj£^]| ^I^OJ ji

jijj La iji Cm aJ uA o^ J—lm *J*LiIl ^,1* (cm) >?Jt

J*ill oA ol i>* jdSjjJt

TVY

.<isw J* <ifi r < ilt,,fl l1

jl A±j *(ul>U 4 L*£) 1*^0 (t>0

S?**

£jUj 4^

■ LU US JU-M yi

£jLj Li4 b^444

«

IT

t JLa

J tLi La’ liTilt

w

U) djV

i^jjJLiJi ^Lt j3*t1 tiUti]

Up

<J 0-* <J£ *u“ 1

l3i

^0>f) * j 4j

OL?j^ [jjj i

,|il4

S.K

i*- ^ fcj^aii i

■ **■ *4* J_5

P¥

Aii tj

i .^i ^ "^r

r kiJ

UI£

.> *-«ji ^

ti

Ail j

Lil ^fy* f^Ur

l," :cas ijjj .”

aJ w

<jb

♦ JLftJ Jl=J_J <jIj ■

^yi >Aj ^

^ (id-"l tp

^i"

ti

?1 (>

^ii 4*-^ (J-* <jj L» \jyA

ijj i

(id-4 ui

■lp!

Kj4j 0-°

.^puJl <U-m^£J Jta-*J1

ijydji jJt^i *r

<j 6* ^ ^ iJ-ajl ij]

U* Ll*! ^i£b .^L£11 U* i>l 6K>* ^ ^ iyl*-4>£3

J- :»J ^ yVj tialtj Ai* lJSjjj l*jW i>

JU3-1I Ji jdjji Upjl J jJI^sHj jlJj 3!\ uJi
o jSj ^li Lib i> 4

(^■ ^> J*i)| iihlj .<JVAj iiiUl J^d J*

L* Jiill lift J**N 6* jjilj 6^' * it i rt JI

^Jl 6. Wti uA cto J! J 1 - *> u >

V ijjju JliSil ({<U 0—»-l >* Ls J! 4 (4!

■ Jr x* *4- 6^ J^ 1 V** ^ -u^

JdH jbS jail V— ^ 4 Uj ■ 4s^3tt <Jt J**d

■■*> Ujj jjSlA ut J 3 *! ^ Jl AjJiaJI BJ-* (14* 0* £r4 ^

«jpal * *U

rvA

■ 4 *'

((Jiuij) L*llt ''jit ^idJ <JYjJl (jSlj

J5 Ob ■ flu Irt ■ L-$ln ui 'SLmi Y -(u^a)

jst-^ u*‘ ^~ij i*^i* j-»b js ol» ^vusii

Ji* uj d>tl S-lj (jlijil.»j t-jJj ■ «■■■—'ill

> - ^jllll jliiiVl ^ Wij <u* C^j) J*itii , 1 *^ JOA
o! (** <jj^J 4ia ifiJl (o—^) J*iJl \jj\j U

<(ijma) (JjtlH JjJal ^jt L*( (ijmiu) Jjidtl Lfijilx^ij ^j)l EjjJI

•JiVl 1 JJj fl^J <Jjj{^jt Cx]& <J L*!j jA li-A*

^ J! JJ*ij ^ (o-^)

VUlyu^j :Jjlj Ji.l5H iki /icjLkJL"

li*, 433^ :Li£* f(ol^) >11 Oft

-# rf »

sLAj Y^l£Lul 41c. - <Lfcu pj <Ij^ 3 (3-# ((juu) (ji

^l>uul| tilAiJ -Qjjit-il Jtljl yi J^LbI^jj Lbfi

o-* ^lAJ 43ilt o*. (*a-U *UYjjt jJI^ oh* U-Aj -<J <*1 Vi.iYlj

■ jaI 0-4 j j jj j j m lAiJ

^Iujj Y[ 03 S 4 V oSU ^jAj L#j>S L*i

‘UYjj 3.^.1-L ((jMdj) j ^U' "-^} o^ tjSlA 3jit J 1 I# L+j] Ld^£

fJjbgk^M V ^JYj <£UsZ^ (^jJI jjt j j uti ^J» 0 ^ 1 * Kl l 0 ^*U

(jjSj) JiiM ol ^ ■ Yi* G^ 3 ) J (ji^) udrf ^31W) i>a

t±iljL^I ^ ^J^UJ! o^i *(_>jl£) ^£>3 0-4 jJjnd

j-c- i'iiJ (jl *fu ' ll rt " ) J (u^*=w) oif JLaJl jA L *1

ojj Oj** 3 *^ *Uji

yam iiM±JI oli -6^1 6 ^ 4JJJ LiU^. 3 ^ ^ ^

JjS^ L#^ ^ (j^*) J G^) 0 ^

^jLixi - V^l^l <id ^tjLuu V ^ix* La^l* Sja\^ J£J 4JYkJl

(jjj jjSj) EjLfij T ^UuS iljJiS Ol*a o** 3 AjiO

rv^

fjjjjdLklt (J 1* oS 4 j 1 ^ji-t J*1 j

,5sXi^ iJVj yj C>AjL U+Uu

- (^ JkilJ ) gjajJI t>* (^Lur) (jl 0 *

ija. 1* JLu (jLiliiJl 0^^ ^*5*Ib *j) JaaH L^jt Cm>

AJ; ^uLd ' J^JJ$ ,4ic Uc 1 jl A*t n\ Ajj £-1— *Jj5j O*^

Cj\$J rj»jV (j*-*L-»j) l fc| hUj f4*l* (^uLn) U^laiH

JiUtfl * jJIjjII IaA LaLuuII 3T¥j pjjUt cf A*jj( £J>^

^LoJ J yi l-JiLuuiI JLJ ( ^ioi Ajj ^uLui *JL3 (jii

ob -<-ii u'l««AS" oj[

jtjl l* ^ j£llJ aj c ^ *\ii.* H t-JJa jA$ ^a_=J1 6^

ui^Ui U* Jb 3^4 ru^U ^ -^*^1 o4^4

(<4>U £4 AJj £uLdj) (<*--» Jjj £-dLui) <UM*i

dUj £* Lfj&b -*Aib spa y*A**^fl Aja* Jaj L* <>* ^ l>L *J

iftAib S >* £^4^ All ,(^#L^.) <_irtfl «ib Jj jljA*l

Jiiil jlL JmII jIaIjI JUj Jj *ti#U* £j&

j^j£j Jju (<*jyL*a f* J*} ^-pL-j) p-ijSjaN oSlj ‘Qfc-L-i*)
Liib ^a1jO«4 UjLu \juJj ll»i <j-J <>* tjAt J*iJi

<<^dj biiJLaJI Jil Jju U uj^d -Ms -vlft

jast\ -Q^) ^ 1> J^f (J*^) oj^i' Cx&

Id jJLkJ^ . 3 aIVj <**« bAA Jaili MJAi

jjby i/aJI J**H (,rAi ^4* jIjSjj QtdL-j) ijAi

oi ^^JJU V \A4j .Qj-i jAi ^ J" uAi Cji

^L-311 Jt ^ Vj ^L-Jll ^ ^ lM

♦cjlijJl juj L** a 3 nil*ll (jl ^*4# * J*it^ 1 a^ ^jm

Oil .3LMI ^L=^*ll ^ ^ j'

<(^U) tfJJl J*ili a»Lo 6^ i^jii lj>Ud i>*au (guLu?) Jiill

TA-

yjjj [t^jl ji fijU ^ V Ojjj-ti Lt> ^V[j

tZil»iil uaLa JjU (^tLuj) |j1 |*J

^uL^uJi J\ ^ifi J JU AjSIb fCltJJt j link'll» i Jaj <ji Lit

oi ,_jlt ijjLi <ujj ^imK *1ij tiaj

<jI l^ij r sdJj o£- ^*SJj *4 jH ^L«l ^tUi o «~i^M i l l (>4
Jjji *jt (Jj-* QuImu) J*il1 (jSli *jiiVl jl mnu ll ^^1*

La^jrf Jii LXS&H <jt jg* O* La** <-ljJaJl

1 ■« *■ ^uLm^U t_ii^ <ii 0^ U&*d !_UuJi Lit >£uL*ui[

JLfc Ji-J jt t>t <iljj J J ^t ^i M *\\

,4^ku 4jllLu»} jt tjA^I <J_jlaU ^uLiiiiJl ^JLuuil jl d£*Ljj^Lj gLidi^l

j\ t/ **ui ^mLwT;*H jL j LajaH jl

jit jt JLAJ oV jl j*L

J*iN 1>L J i£-ri ^ ^ J* *J*JI jS< i> W uA ^

.(fuLij)

lUffuanrumt]

uj^ihin*H u^j-4 u-» ^(3 J

Lf jJI ^denotation ^ jjirti.llfl 4 JYjJI L*li

J-«JI tjjSi jj »jLiiSh Uj

4j—J J! p4«a*i ukAJ MJ

J[ * s ^isto‘ J** (*^>0 ***** ^

*^ull L41V ■*" > ^ u * lih " >1j* 1 >.1

:jji ctSi :jUi <^1 ^ WJu *<3lU U-*

- 4^111 jt 1*11. .5 jW* 0} 'V^ Wj 1 Lit .<*>^1

"4J¥.Uf <4*-J J^*i dlU ^ - lSW-H 1^

i^lLaJl 4 Jjii ^i aj$£ ot J*o^i lA*

judullj ijodu xi j«Luyi£ Ah jji L^

,<ji-i ^\ puLvl (Jjilaj (ji *(Jni-aV) 4 |' ,fi ^ ^J^^A ^

■ L.^»U ^jj Jilill |bu V I *1444

f, >^ t *ul *'*>'* * 0^“^ LlAj f Lh4^4 -^1$ i3^i

k/ iiuJi V J^- j^“rf A r^t *JVJi

1 MJIJ^ .ijJaJi 4*111 pic uliLaAL^u p 1H Ch** 1 1 * aj (0

. \V<J* I MAY* , uL#J 4*&+

,UAY , CM ^ lilJi pi* p^ ^1* 0)

* 'VA^

, . JL-&U jijJi * u^lfi ^(jUjLuIU ^*>*11 iS 1 111 *N p5L*Jlajt (l)

TT\jfl , MAI

TAT

cWj CxjS Cm (^jJl ypLi^s .j-*iU*Jt

V (frLul) ^jlj |J jjL*]l bj|uu 0l3^ -^tVl J ilu fci fji

in ^JVjJIj ,tflU »j| {WA\) jt C>*lt) liiL Li^ Vj ^ 4ys

US frJUAn V KaLU*

Jjll* Cm SJjU connotation ^lu^l

Jjj UU Cf^ U^jj fjJuLjkrfJl (jit iiAJ Ujj HjJJ

*"*11 jjJJLaJI** |t^|yiAJU bUwur jJSj J-tSH Cm *iS

^ . <A) "iJVJi J3itii“ elk— Oijj iist* ^

JiU» Cm —.H 1 .1a jiSl ijV jliA

lib &\ liu Lj . "WjM" : v Ul ,wl 4*k Uilki J-Ail j^iUaJI
^ ^ m oA t-i <L. i» J\ iUliii w Vi. SuaaS!!

iii Laj Ijial IJtjlj .(jjjiVl jic Sj^^aoJU ijjSj V iJ

.(') aUaXI" glk iu j4j t^JUuiil 4 j

<—ij^Jl Chi 4lVjJ\ o*l JjUjJI jjhj

jl ^jLiJ 4a*j ililj UVjJli nijLjJt Cm ui

— |i (jl 6 Wj

Jjji i> jl ^Mtl ySliaJl jUi-j J) “ UVaJI

£j*aj Yj u»«aI 1 (fclSlfclLi Cjji—a Ulj -li*** jb»l»

ul ju*, V *iV Mj <sf iLJl .iSj J1 Jlj JjSj ol -m* L.) .*i

oi <j* |»ijl 1 i/tcj .t^u CiljLaij t&Jjjj t^iJt ^’iI a-Hj 4 * 1 * J

<s? iUJI j\ jtSiil Ji-jS Jl jliiM M yi olSjiiu *wyis Walt
J! J-o-JI JiJU WjJLi <ijiS iito.1 *Uayi Olil^ Wili

. stu*. tfJ UI UUI ^ 1 * ^ .yJjiJI JL*a. <v)

. \T|J* 4 i!udail <U1I1 filfi pfi■ ■ .olijj uiii* * ** i (A)

. rri^o, iyLJJt upjaU . tf j_ji piLJi aj*. 0)

VAr

Jjj J\ Ji.ia .yitull ^

ytfj Jj>- J! -jP <lVaJU -yiMJl J« y3CW' OW^ 1 J- jaaS

.znftfaJI 0*! iUiWI I> uj_P-a Ji JPw *WXb

Sjall^aJl inf all jl JJ j ja^S ijjiHi lull! LLB J* la"lj

,_^la. jai - Ui - *1*^1 jit C)As .Jill ^ "|^4* ^ a#4
:<d .-•!« lLa.i aj Laiai ji U|uf jjill {Ujj

juaflLi V ji pa-aa .<1 <all L ^jaija J ji JA J4 ^ ' J J OjV^

.i^lU. l*,U tala jl 4ij3 yaH <nfall <al| -Laji ai ^ U* .*U»i

mfa j'l •!£ - t j—J laaaill ZulSJ US JlS >1 J<1 C*U Ailjlj

." iLi" US <1 j£ii Ji jai Oa .11^1 aa <ala <J) JaUiS

3jjL ijc i<4i ji <l>*aa jfcjll £a>j*>ai <ai <Jlall »S* y* walla

-Ua iiifi jrji* |*i ^3)1 tfjiifi ^vu^vij jisiVi j* >iii saM

J^i i>* — tilai yi*.iji t l i«ll HVJl «j1s i_fla ataa)fl tpla
^1 dla Jii C.U1S J*»3-a V - <)L»d| jl *L*a)fl J^asJI
ZjLASi oa Jliaa <Uj Jwaijjj JWil J^i J* 4» ' >A~ ... i

J*. gij (jAlli) Oaya Oi >»-«“ (jlS U <il ^ -<iSl_>laj AljZll
JLa.1 JU1 >jii Jay 6* L*KS <Jaa J±j*alaJl **■! <*M '0*a!'
yt J^ja .^lISll jUii |*l*aluaJlS "!«lll jlaa^i" ^ U . l l Ja>*alaJI
.(-»!• "Vi) ^jjUa j*j 'Jaaalalt fila! iai Jill U#l «r““i

aA <111 jW» Jj! oi U" :*■<*<« 6*1 0-4- JlS j

" <111 Jl-j ■■■ " ijUtl ij^JI mfjJli . t '’ > " f j a ll J»s yja. <U la-M
^><■ y i-il* ^Vaj ^jj» * 1

t^LiaJl IfOlVj yt L*LfcJ ' *\~r\ m

*^iUi p^JIjux JiVj jllilliAt 00

. M^\ * *>tuh ^ : *j*un

TAt

\jaJL QjikUll gjh l M i j

ijSI .uljIj tj-* 31^*11 Wjj <sjaai* i ii !■ 3 * H-U^yi ^

j-rg'»-H <jljL1j 3* uj^lm *3^ *tt L>* |*4* y* LjjjUL*

y^i § v *js\ tuiUi **/ MX m- atej ,Aij3« ^ ^i5Mi

41c.j <^f jJl *iiill J-uy-* jLi*

,<ZLj)*a1Aj iiiUi J j l -hTt l ( jiAll * >* l*i4 AbiUL

kluij L^j Uj\>u*4j *4*^ £j4*N CAj

AIjJj il*J UUj[j £jlu ^jL 134 £4*J1 ♦uW 1 ^ ^ ‘W^

, U^t &4^Jt <j iXXLi Lb jjT* ni

WjJ\ , "ijj jU a" :hW jAj dUJ >1 vu* iiM»

Lt -|)Ui yL iJul V *i-J» ^ jU-li Sj-aM

uL £*U-U ^41 tjji£ fclVj-fci CiLfcilll 6 3d <L»a 1 ^311

|*^ LAjI -*A jl ***“4 rU J-^' f 1 p ^» B

oii$j iju *as <aui ^ ^4 ^aft Jji ul j* J-*N

*tX4 <.>* ,>Ljj (J3ll ■ JU^tl y_|ji Vf <iiKj V JJ3j

.^j!jlJ\ tit 3* j#*3ll (*iJ0 <*iSJ >-3 j ^3ll

jl ^j .jLajJI Jj JiL ^jIjSII

tjLiyt ojSsi s^uai W 4 JI ijjLw jm* <*»x iuiiu , n =tdUi" w**J
JLL J *4 yffl" yi U*i *MJ -£^ 14*11 ** ^ 1 A« 4 J 1

,^-JL glaaJl (> Ja^ > Alll uis l*S <<1 Ji4

^ ^ UiSii d 6- r^jJi J^J ^4 U-L. uti

Jli ( <J) EjliyVj ^LuJ4 *\*£fl (^ *U-iW) (*l—ill

j JiUj 0-i -uijSll jIm! y> JSill li—J' o# ^ O')

J^uj >-^-j au 4b 3 ^ (tt) iHjjfli tjfjfli ji»*l

1 Mil 1 JjUJI Ji j " EjaUH

TA«

V ^**1L*J1 uj^i ul j*j r ^i\

.6e^> 0* *£WL 4ik ^ tt J\ oli ^^*Vl g-lijLiVl

La i ^c. u^-°^ pJLu jLJgjl ljj fitjii

I j i n j i t * Luiuj| iLaJI jIL bjjjitil ^LiL£!\ tZiilj

r LtUI 41^1 SjK 6^ ijUS ,f j^l ^ ulU" dJj i> AiU-)ri

JjJt u* j i wl ,na t\ j4tj dt^A^yi (ji (JjIj IjHj »i—^j^tail

h-ilfVI |b£^l |i£^ ihi^j .j.^.l i*ll J^a!I jj£t "*-id^dj<iiJ

* UllL

f

hjlit..iVl dJj Aijjill ijjj£ E>jLlLuuVI uWj (j|

i^Ui Jii Jli <^j 1I rt ^ii ^J^A5 Lsfijj JUj"

‘LiijA igk yA*j KjLliJI <1 Jjilii J.J4 (Jjj 1^

L>^ J»j A*^* ^ Jjlj ti"sUl <1 ‘llf-i l| H ftK

.<ulisJ 6 -*j ,*li <4jj £ii ai jj ylt ui jLjU ^ s Ji>^

£tULLuul d j j “ Jh LJ j ([jji* 4 j 4 CiAjA jaJI i^wjj 1 j[ 'jIa

.* 1T ^ij 4 Aj la$^t jhjj :<U JUi

yk WL5j ,pjU+ J!

IaAjlaI j aJ ujijj jji*JI JaiLll j£JLi ijl ^^UaaVI yi

,/xJl U^i t>* 41 Vj »j\_)*ll jJ> il jijti U^19 <4i*#

(^r)n J Jta G 4if ) . jI^hJI

<JJj3j hLa-i^L aLa AJ u**J ui ukj t^Iil A j t i *mH j
LcLaj^i 11aj <x.^u Ld*ilcp CuLi *La*jyi t j <J *4/**^

,<ilUbj ii <4 *uiV4

.iAVr , uir , iirfaJi vat* jg : .Jti-Vi ^\ j ^\ ^ (\T)

.(TLX^aJIj OLJI (lit) IgiUilj Lf4>i< 'U'Vf* o-* J-ii *■* 0^)

. VA*^ f T*-** ■ jlijitl jIj - jU±

TA1

*UdXb cte .i-u-i ^ d .4—4jj

j*j jiiu j-i mfjJi j4j u*>U !> u^jj

.•LuYI

M I

j A ■ „YL L* jnAi I* ^XLmlI \|l »~^j lMJ

■ t^ju .yij ^lij <^jJU t IjAUa ^jLiia ijkJjHil

jlj-bVl jto4j ££*"4 j «Vjl Ailt

lj£Ij .L*dJU£ oLjaJJ V Aj .uuj U-^J -UkiVli , ^ 0^-*^4

4_iUj Ait <ki (jajjij *JJX JOC J>i>* Ail Jit

J«l£j ^ic JjJtj 4>4tjll) ^jJrflli r J^iiVH AiV <4i4

*jui Aitjj ^jJI ja.V\ jLicUj #1 ji ^fc l i rt jLitL AtL^UI

Lo ^ ■*■ 4^15 1 j ■ ■■ * l ■ tA*i ililjclau^l ,jA±j bl ^

J&\ iUUjJflj ^Lfei..tn» jiU J*b Ji j>S-J J> li4*J . 4-kw^Vj

.hZjitfJJdlijll >i!LLi O-^ IjkLliijJ U&OJ

^ Ljjlj V"A ^4_jjSlj|y <"il ■ pj ijJjya ^

<J^i jlj£i£ uliVjrti <Ih *j\j* CiJ&S .<5jL*J 1 AiijVl

0^ JjS o! p* w WWj"

JUj dlj Jl*j .^L/t ijbj Ch* jIA

Oti .(VT*L-Jl) "o^ 1>J fSi. ib" ^ ^ *4*-^

.^kJl *ju£j (0* kjj ) 4i*t4ijlt

YAV

jyjDlj3Lu«)l[0]

o*. ui cttiui yi

bilA 1 Jj1 JG Ifgl {£jAJt ^j] 1 jjjJa bjj (jjLuaJl

oi (jt f [^i4— ^i*-* Lid ^JtLd *Lf» t^aLi ^k* JS Ut ftaG^j

JjljjJl sji lJd .Jlljj (jJJI >4 <J|^mJ1

L*j jLf4^kiG J ulw ^3)1 ?ll*Vl t>i .^1 iid t

GiliL*- Jjj (jl^Ji) US ui ^ JYaW>U

jji u* ‘ *1*^- * ij*** urf JL^fj jSi (jjlbj iSj.ltlj

(jat y-j ^

(Y ijjyi) (<j| c-juj y k-ib£H dJj)

wUS

{VlT ^LuuJ\) tjJJujjJl tZiilS S^linlt u[^

^tdu **5^1 £jjSJ~iJ 1 JjufcJi (i-jLiS) l*JS Gtjjj

US 0-^1 JjVl 1UJI ^ii ■ s? ijuJl jiU (> 41* ^ JS
^jl* JS |^ul Uuu) ^Jb ujSsl ( 4 - 1 ^$)

gJj (u w y db} ^ .(uis) us j os-?

<^Lt J jlj ui o^3 JS u^y*M u^*- (^^0 US

G*b LLS J* ClilS ttLJI u!) .US 1 L

. 3 *tASJ\ 4 jJj j^ij ui Ijki JS iS^lUt Uiji ^1* <*ASJl

x« Ciluj ' b^Jji u^JVj 6->.i jLwH J i5t** Lm ^4^

V Uu^ .USll <UkG >i ^ ^ :u*iili iUSll J^*-,

YAA

Ot* “Aitj jiSt jt (jlj'no I 4 I ujSj ,ji (j&u 4^ [^U J ^i'.j

<j*1 Jt Cjjjll) <*1S JJii Yli. i± .SjJS CiLaLui yi iiaj jLJj JI*

:^vi J^ij ^iyiiJi .(vv oiMt) "jjjll X»" :<^I

Lii .( 3 *jtsi j,jii u*a) -iai >» lvi ^ jjSaJi jjjii j

<4ajt£ 5jL^ii UJ.L0. t j V p0ti tf ! / ^ (JJaL Ji La J£1 *J|

ISjLia jjii (Jill jV i'r ? *•* • Yj

-uaj*a\A*Jl *-jjaJ1 jaXf CaLtj£ ^ (jjljjJl)

pragmatics yli HJVjdJ U£ti t>±4

:Vji J*hMj Jfk [fit (jj (jjiJlj a^jJ^jyi

^jWjJI ILjjLj J ft 1 “i J -Uaw«j Li yli SjUi^Vlj jL^Jl

.iiMW :invi

L**-^ uWj J1 *L^J1 ^
uj&u J>h* ds>^ jju : J>ij jJu .sLzJi

U^* **-&!>• ^ Jml ml ijali jL±k[ ylt 4Jtj ^luJ\ bda*

J] jUSiJI t-iLLa-Jj OJ pdlLJl

Cu^ jJl *4J (JjJ^A i^jaua^hJl 3 jl^Ij 4 [*|m Oj&± |U ■

ijl ^ mill ^>uiJ dJXj t lyklit

SjUiJl j5Jj **14 Cy* j& <Ljl^iajVl 1 j4

JLdl .wilumrfrjJl yj JjjL (jtS J a>*~aa.~

i-iiillUj <Jn L.jftl 1 yli VIJ did “i*^

.ftiLajIL ^tj3a*Vl <(!Vj .A-wj 3 ^ K JqXwj^

yi nilmIS 3 U.jja-^ ^ ikl»\JLlJl Cijjj^l hL^

r

^4 did Cj-4 -tfM S^aIj ■"■*'* *t ^JJ| i i^ja-U ^Ul^d

-t>*^ lit** 5 i aL»*l^ \ tj* U^fcJl ijj ifcaj

- ®Aga 0 Hi i aVt'l ^lf||bj jIj I «j$L«

YA1

00

^ Jl*L\ ^LmJI 4 I 4 iVl j oj J^iJI

pU)l f^#i-Jl j* 1i* -jJw ^\s jt^l 'Jf-i ***i
^ .dlj 6* jid Jt*- i> £jM ^ *_£&i L- uSlj * k jV*J1

jjjj j (j 1 jJi t-aijjJt ■—i^^m~> bjLi&u *Yjl o* n HiiiiJi

w *

K jj j iti (i >—iaLh9 *UjIj 0* (j4j .SjUiJI

6- &*i tfllli ^ *^\s 4*H AlJ^i ^ .<iiU

^ JA Vj {JatilSiU Sj.*lknll JjV> 1 J-aJl (J-* l>“^ 'U^S

p L«jj <j#tiJt iiiWjJ\ *>* j4 ^-*-4^ * *tijyt

:ijLt ^IjJl t>° ll**ji (^ylt (jj^ Ci\jLi*ll Cmj

<i* AiL 5j>*J ^ 1 ^ J*®

t>J <Lui SjLulU bJul *(ta*0 >* j'j*M lt**^ '■Ait*

.(p^l£ll ot * **0 >fc ^iinH oj&jf lijiaJl ijt b^ujlkMj oi

u^i iJ*iN jl JL4 1 ' ^ i> UsLm ^ i±\

j\ jjeJS jl ^LulV^ S&^»} ChJ '(St**) J*

Lgj^JjdLj .(^\jJ\ J.i i*-h1 V) tj/ l't*H uj^A* i(j»AiM *1 j* ^j-J 1 ^1
<jA\jfil ^ jIj V) 1 _ r Jj4ii^ jt l>"^ u* & ^

J±+l\ ujSJ .S.jiiJl <> u-rUJt vAU-i i>i 4f*Wii -Ci*^

(L> J*j f\S\ i> JJ j^f J ***** *■ 6*1 WAjJjA* -(* a ht" )

frjLdJI t»Ju& JJLj U jit Jl -(JJjAj V jt V) OJ&£*

j g\^ . ^La. ^ Jt*- Ch

.(Jjljui)) Jljji i> Jit ojJ yfi isemiotici iliWjJl U\

SjLiJ ^li ^Liyi ^11 0l JjIjOJI

<JVj ^JVaJ\ 6 i tlrf* v* ■ £>* j*J J 1 y*

dJA ^ l^AljA ¥j Vj ,5jL*U r U*Jt U^i ^ U

Jn ^ 3i,Liyi yyji ^

■lUaJt yi Ojt* CitjLit <At Jj 3 ^jj| 1 _ r ijuJlj .iUJSH ■uLt Jjj tj ill

<# ^ f Wdl JU* S"^ J

tjjSjlII IA 4 0 ^ -O^ Sji*J0'\3 a Jl ujisiy * 1 :JUj

Ol J U^* J^- iSj^jft u^dJ* 3 ^

tj\ ijS-t-i *W*Vl ui *^J L>* I* ^ ijj»JJJLJ 1 ' <l^i

JjjLiYl 3 uAfll l <ul>*H <3^“* p ^il.«.j Y +l 3^j i^ili Cx&i

1> 4JI *Lmi ujill: pid Ji" Ip^lU, U jijill ot ^ Ua

^3jV\ Citl&j *(3^ j*AUtiJ lij <jit Ijjj {^EjiJl)"Jj3

pAjfc* (*-#**-,> *p Oj l f W "jpJI jd»J

L^j^aj Jj ^LJ^bU jixi" tjLt Y*JJj u^-j <3^^

■#

.y LaaSSj (*♦»=>
r L-ii LjLi>l yvjl r -.■•■=

-uLybll SjUyi :Vji

< 4 >J fA^jVl JJ4YI Jjt i^yalll (ji liljjtjJl ijL«yi ^ *■'“

:Wu JLalj kiiaJ

ly^JI >-j*.L~ V o>^. J* VIJ lilijVl >iUi J& U[ .1

m

»jaVl k*^jatl fj]) <L«djj L* £»t LajULi J lj^

fy!4 ^4 JJ« rt3 l ll | ^1 m 1| <ji It (Jg f I j| , T

.JililVl j*Lt Jii

^iil ^^*11 J .JiUlVt visfc U <JH (jajbStf Ja. ijiai 1j) .V

.^l yi E^LiJfl J* UUI -Utifrl jl*3tVL .»J^ji

jlj I jI^a^ t ?L i Mih iii| j i > m 3**^ .EjLt^l pltji ^u^tl -jS** C^®)

. f WAT, , Ul^ QjjAW

V SjLiyi 0^ 1*iAj

Ubjjji kVt Ll* 3 l-U Ljfls^ s J Li l : UV-“

l^j 5jLi>U ("jaJ* jp* 0"fW J 1 * 3 sf 4 -* ^

.iiLyb BjLil

^faa^JI SjLiij *UiU

jli. O* ^aja^y ui u4»J La .theme SjL*l* •***&*

UijtSJI siUi *laal i> Sjlaa. 11*! J*i3 £^>*

^ JU»1 bjlail tf-ill > U>i lj\i .(UASLai) l^A*

~ blji ^""oljJal *laj)f :eJiL*i tf.**.? y^'

tf All jl>11 j (JVlji JAdl aia.j >| >si3 iM “-L* Lj ^M

»A« JS ■ = a i <j C»1 li 3 tfAJI l_u*J1 4*J .^lall-lai JjiJ •“*

*jtf aaJ V lij^b ."*L»S*1 ^a.JI ” ^1 Ji^ 3 Lm

.tjjMiill £>*»>• Jiaa yjll tj j . nlH ial> >ia* V! ‘>1**!'

4j>> 1 Sjiayi :IAIU

SjUyi :u* "<a>^ SjLiyt” :21k—11 tA*

Uaili tfi>all IA* gj.njj -ijilj Iki oUh*<J1 O'A* >J-^3 ->jHj
jjtjaJl ajliti .il2i*« U|ia .lalj JS > >iill Aw- -Ctt*** 1 *!'
ijLll Uifl .j> u-J *jLSl SI* Oi-1' J! JlkmaVl J*. AUaj yjll

■ jjljall Ciljlail >» Jali tf>J (*U“ lA“>

jAll jljjUlt la) OiA SjWyi f>>* i> jk* 1 ' ^

It t . J

OijaS *1j*i f Um3-.l ol -i**jl' >> '>J <AJ“ WF* ,i J Li ''

gaJ JJ Ja^aa ula ^ jlA**a > Sia jajaa. ij>—t

,U>sl —*3 ,jU>Jl {4J y3U SlaUJIj CiaSU* J*i!l >1 Ji^i '>J

.la>j EjL&l kAajgiaa ^aaa^ jUAfJ .iittlll plUll

trr

SjL4)ft SUjtj

ji ^dl jLaI |jJ[ i^jl-A ll ^^j]| Ijj

tjjj iluj f£jUJl Jj ^jlaJi J Cijljl Ij} uaju J 421jj1 0^

■<ajLl±J| 14 tluj J Jjj L^jI ^JLulaJl c>4/ .La OiLi ijailaljuiJ!

1 j^i J*'l ■* K <JIja J <LjLwyi C^LaJ^ll (ju? jAJ Lf^jJ

Lu ('jlcr jdl JIai >a L*£ ^jLUJI

BjLJL) ^KaJI 4*14 J5U "“ ^»ilit<t l AMjj ,'XLxS Jjjj

I jlJlmVl iHiljLf jCil^Liiyi l*i4 <UA*1 ov*j

^IjLsJl a A* JaaM jj Ijijjui ♦u±p-^l J-^ ^LlH LJ iij

.luid kZjL±2^j J-t <tl j

^LAaJI bjl^yi iLu^La

JbU&ljSlIj tillljjAdJl bjjtji it j i*il cftUi ■* »j1 * ri*h

i>* SjjflS OL^ <ji iiJ >aaJ 1 Ui u!

djA |j|j »j4plil tAlj uIai^ ^Jldhaltj ^iidili »&Lall bu|ja

CiljjiriJl AJb J ■I '^I j h Ai^i it_ijAll flj j5Lm^

JS U JS uc Jlij Aij Jj4j T l,Vi Ab ^ BLaJI filj J! ^JLil

-0-0 S^Lii

Y^f) Ab ^ «^ii* ^tO*^ j£*i5mJ L*Orf

(j^j JLnlYl j- Jt Ulj i~i^jir>j jui Ab <*a1j

JS Sa^Jj 1*1 uji* J Ui* <*\ *Llii

J! ijLi) £+-“d ^3 <4 Jj L* JI s j'-“I

J-t (I <" ^V

ljy*j £fdi jj jLttLiiVl JLu j£jZ +*J UAitj

LjljAifcj ^lx. i^uLi BjLa&ll

Ji (jlo, iJ■ .iVl) qjSj JJj-xj JjgJIj (JUI j^L

nr

SLaJl yi Im.nlj Jx £iiij |*^l» <-MJ -o^“LuiJi *44

*> \ J \ Sj^VW ^jIj^p 6- SjjjS

^4*JI

yjUlluLJI

1 ,".l **I -IH

™ ** * #

UJijt) ^uA\ :JjV1 J-Ull
gUl.n«ll CtLiLJ J -ti l
jiti

JjX\ AiJUi aji+, UL^\ :g \jJi

^LSJl 4iUI V L^SI r^UJI J^ili

(c.yiiuJtj( C,LU£J1 )

^hjhUJI iliLjLJJ! ji ^oah

iLiUJUl :^LJ1 J^a)l

JjVljMttl

UuKy i Waul i

|Uibi *1 Aj LlwLw,! ^jLu*1II -1

jIjI&Li jtVil l <jj *g1 U j^'tS

pJaJJI ^LuUl jJuJl *jl£ Lid .(Jjjlilj) ^Uaj Lf3l

^LuLJJt |4^ixll Jxu tffJLil jd i JJij . Ill'll *mi <iJLx^ 3*U1

CiUJ t jL± ^lL^j L* *UJ <Uu1jj J[

jUa) yfj (*aJL*Jl LjLA5 ^JLjlj ^1 IjjLuJJI OsJ f+aJbJl [%Ic^

-Ij'ijii 3il ^Lt ^vJLwu i^Lf

j tint fjLLbui ^]| < Un^t * 1 1 tlti y j ,, M \ n j jjiflj p jj flj

^iitl (^1 I4 aU) p&iu j«j>ij i j> lOlij pjLfl jilt I* j’‘?

bJL^j tZiaJi ^^111 kijijjiuti iLjj Ld^Lul 1 jl-j

oliLljl^ldlj iadl! SjJjuaJI ^jLjlaJI 1 jl lZiIjjAbJI

^Ic. IJLd ^*■*4JliJi *liLjjdd LjLAi Ldj^J j .il.i .AVlj

.Lexicology kill jjAaJI

(J^L «^jhiaaaJI 5»l \jLaJ) ^^jJUd jiVl Lalj

iJaljyfJl jLiul tLi^i *L*j£JJl wUL^ll

^LeLlua *Ljli *l~^* Im kilij jyjij ■"*! Ljilll jlielj

.Lexicography ^a^iaII ^llall |*lcr |«l±Jl \1a >|^ajuli

■ ^jjJaj u^s* J 0l ■> I *1^ iJ^jiJLA LLai tjAdU J^ajII ljUl j^jJU

P&VjuJI f«£Lu <ji ijj i>L«J Sj^yo^ LLAiMj>

? <T \ ~-l. L1 3 ...jijll Jiuiiiflj pil jl ^w( ^lb

4 jtJ^Aj j])la|j^u j^Ji^iad yjj jl JbJV ^Ia^AaJI

^ :u* pun^li 6^ ^j^is

IMm ^ U^ La tA*' J |* ?» *^ 3*Jj J y* J trt *i*l iS^

J) <ia jjaitl Jl ^-Ijil idJj IjLi La jjl&jjj tixJjjJ! UN» 3jiuiu

ijflJLaJl JJL— Aai y$i ^aJijll" Latj

( *L^L ^jJ ^ ‘y^iM

.JJj jjij Sjiil l_j

4*J\ a>*ijj |UJU Jl <iUi *L*l yi P ?* » N JL* 3

fttLfc. Jjji-lj (i4j CiL*l£ yiU* <> y*

jui ^jlj *J U -JiUlVt ^ <> Lfci uajA

lAlll ^Uiu h>*aH u' yihf -<3lj yi - *lW Wj 6

^ ^ ^Jui *> .^ai. * 6i

Ol*j * c.b>*ll f**i U 1 * L^ 1 - 5 JM »> J*9H
JjVl iisk^Jl LplWj JU. ijjj i^L»l

Jjljjia yiLt* <-Mrf ^jJ\ ol yfcS^fM 0*J ^U f4* J*l>* «>*

b-^Luil («-|i Oj$i iJ

uL^ljilll yi ^."‘H jjl4 Jl ■* ■

oj- 1 *I hirt nil o^il4 (jjLjJ ijjjL^Jl iji J.AJh \\

* v t *

lJuj^U ji-t jjrfUU k^iij Jjfj -CjImiIjJI dXa ^4 LiljjJ'jj

l^iis 1 JI 1 VjJtid Jjiilft (jjj t Yjl J^iaM f*yt Ifb^ilAl^iAd

*

.LuU p |~il (Jd^Lu yj ClL^Uxu^oJl

Ajti^o iilj jil y 4 Lai

>ii ( ji juUI >il iJjAioli yi La iAlj ^ iCiLiiljti)!
4ld J (Jj ibjJA {jj 4 j JUj fcjlu (jJ I L*li $f«*mYl

LJ <il^ . Jij ^Yf :JUi <> -4 ^ -ill*

jj{ |«^ji ^^ic.r' iLAji <jj jiiij / ^uYi

JdH JLA-j Ljjlj jj .iJn'i frjAt !>» ‘y 1 J* ^IVjJI

bJUt j . jSj Lvt ^LoJ^kil c-AjSJI L ^ . 1,-s. J^j ■ ^ p-jjJ

£n 4* U>*i <jt 4J»^1

4Ai£a jit JJ <la j<-*Lc ^IYj Jj*la-*Jl jit J aj ^ji. K tLa

jit Jju ,U±i\ CiLuUJl <i*i La C^*^i <& ujA^Ji

■ 3JYj jA>^

ciJjjJull fjVI luyuj L* tU) >ftu ^jJLa

p

Li^fjl iflij jit (j |-*tlkirt a )L i * 1 .l.Th * i iij

^jjj J^i[ *[J^J*J LJJ jjlJ ^ll^li jJ «

, A 1 ! ^ <Y+*\ ui^ll jIj j

£*jA\ (T)

ro

L^i 4 ^ ^ tf* i,f^

^jjl£ -6JLA LuLt yJ T (_flJ>ill| M ^iJaw rn J rtTl ii ^ l \*&A

^AjjJs iji J .^b^U y^lirt bj^4 Loj ■ J^Jk k < rt n tjjlj > "J

yjj 0! *A*jk ■■" : JA M* *4u*^a *>

j$±i JjJI CxSJ^ |H^ ^ 6>»J (*^

p >*j *u*^i >* ^ j**^k

* H "

UaJl JjLj! LaI^J .SjjfcLki ^ULutaiS JrfU* u-* k-* OJJ^

■UJ Ji*ij V Lx«La JjJI tjl LT* t3 J ^ |J^ iJ^olijJI *.1A yi

™ 4

t *y£ 41* V UjUj i'ili-i »i*J *,j*i

(ij^ApJO Lkl£i t( jJaLi uW* *il* uk—*yk jIIj Jiaj

^jji) <*iS oj^j *£IJj4j *^ULt ilVj yAj i ^w K yit ^JYj kiilj
ul>l oi - J.rtiJt j! *J-si)1 y^i ((3^Lj) 4 j!£ Uj> .«-*Lt 4i^U 4 aiU
IlsJ) Ci1jl> yll yfc 4*1SJI i»14j .^Lwjyi 4 m>\a 4JVj CiU yf 1

p

/jL=Jl yi J tjlij-faJI (jj jlaLj Jit ^V5 Ls ^Iiu tjjV tlftjL*

yi LlL&i h <JJj*jH TI ^LUin» ijj) *t*i<uj \jjt5 -kiUj £* "

^Ltt_^j]l l-jLjS -dJj ylfi 4JVjdl uj-*-*"

.(_*A\1 Ci) ^lij^J! -l*.-» * o* ykil

bLuiLki j>*uj (J JJl i-iiftUk Juujl JA AaJi ji llLujJl yi Uiij^j

^JJj^ .t 1 a ijX- Jpfl k_a

| i J i ^ Az*l\ tj j^fliArt ^>t C*1 * 1 ^ (.>* ^ J^* -1 L- ^ 1 '-■i> t ^k

J\ Ui*: Uj .J-iU (i4 yi r JLi^i ^dL^b J^Jk 6-

3j-v J\ ^jJaj - J^aJl ^4^ - Lh^ljl <ji Vj Jtjj rhlh . nrtl l o*f ji^k liA

jo.Au fl 4-L^AlU ulj J\ Lilli JAj jj-n^

frjUaJ Lix y\ JJj OJ&£ W il jh . n jSj bA4 Jaj

.^ui\ jj Jl\ LUlVi *>

ikLi J ■ m i n il ^jbtfLiiVl ^Ua^l! ^4 - 1 ~y '|

JliaI j-jiltS iatiiVl | i 1 %l.i,o l l j' % ; 4^*111 p^LjjJI

f^iUI jj njj l ■# p -* i oj V + Cd) l-uX^j^ .{_a\ VO

6 JU*- o*Y ^*tb Urio c) ^Jd UJ ,liU1 J^oj,

C^illn \ ^ lHa} J jt-ii p <J^V uojxJ! jjLmJj «(_a£oA tZi)

<6JLxlu iiijV ^i|j c^jLiaM

*

LjJl Ij^ms a Iglrtr jl£j ^aJl CjUJULwhH p j JhAjj

jjJaJJ V 1x4 J ^ jAi, i {J>^d -&XA grih^*K ^-*£pAJ

Ijli ,iaju I flu>1<ri 1 jjipt l( ^LaiLaJlj i_a^aj jit Y]

^ y^Ji i^a-^aoJi ubp ~^mw4a]i ja^ ~ p*^iii ui=».i

JJLaJLL*a* pjhi.a !<Ja* -I j£j jl LgJbjXj (j^J (CiIaJULaajJI j^J

- t£}xl£jjj ^jUj px*Ai ^Aj UUI (vie

‘^uSin* AjjJUaIj} .-j^aJl t jjifmn'***ll * 1 * til l jjo 4 i .A j i (^jjX.

iiiii LjljjLuiiil ^j"j"I1 \^AV^ |^i

ajJuoi (_£jJl 4jfcUl pJLfi p^*-j ZAll\ ^Lii jj4jj

*

jjk»^ jljjLk ^UljjXJ ^idJ V ftAtjLfcJl 6 JUI 1 (Jij
aA4 J 6* <il Jjfi jl ^iia A4

J>J—~ tAJAj VfJ^j fy-UA^l "^‘**'1 ^JljjJl jxlcuJl ^UM ,jAj (jv^Luil
iAl j ^ jSiJix Y_j <djJU V ^jijj -*l L-^ ^1l j^Aiad

r^r

machine translation grlUinnlj jjtrtSj *j1 o^f * J11*J

o>*^ UiUjl Sisl- oSd pJ ui <"<JVi u^r ojJs^

^ J-*AAjj ji u£*j V AiJl J JjJ JJj 1*14 ^UuuJl

, J^A\ jjx. Vl^flV- ^a&JuJI Jalinil! ,jj 2 £j Y5

,^-fljjJU tjjJ LffjiS Jf <lil *jj ^ILaaJI Jii ji rnli Li£ uU u^*

c^uJl *Lii <ji Iff fU^Vl i> >lV j' U -djjjuiI ^LwLvl ic 1^ <*j
bnl4j . J^kfl £|i* l^j *l&1>i Liii* Jj41 ojSj (jJi

jj ^Loj Lu *^uJ1 fvLc. 4 j1jlUJ 1 1 t-ajjalH <i&1>fl (*4l

IpiLa-Jl <> 6jitj 0*^1 1 ^Ijj i^t ^54^

^if jjjJlj jjjil <JA 0^ *4^

|( j^Uul(

vj) U-I t <1^ <i>t La£ 34< *<1 jjjJl Ut

ftl l Jjjjl MjJ? j<jLc. Lb ( _ f it iiyjill '-M>l

.^VSJLj (*) > (1) US

(.») jli (^j)j («-i) (t) <-ilj2j o' J* ^ ji-J'j

. w aus j—ji ^-3 . (,) 0 ) > Wj

Ufljl l> ojltUj JJ- 1 " iJltli £S*oj3 6* -^J

J^3i 4.1U ^L^-Jl i-djju tjli ^Ujj *ft#) jj4]

OJLSJi ^ ,41b Y*« Gi^ *ii ojS5 4ii*j - C !*JI

*jL bllfl GkiUI J* liiJjj Ik ft 1 1 JJtllJ

.U* ^ MIA ,i$iA :Gj^j .c.li*>*3l1 ^Uj^' '***“ 1J# i/* 0")

.W o- -^kJl ^j*JI ft)

."* ft)

it-Jjlh* Jjl ylt JjJU 4jL l jjj u aJl

.Avl Jl ^4 I 4 j j -- 1 ^* H

ilAl {J ±£. jjjJ\ £^>id Cu^ Lfcjj

|**t**M t'i-b jj^I ^ J>?%S JJ ^

^ uUli\ ^ ,L* J-Xfi i Lfru Ja\j hJCj miLunwaj , L^l« SjtUli i i lJal i _^4
/ ^ ill£ iLuiJjJ UPJ'* 5jL*

Cju ^icj L|I±jijj jlSVl ^LjJI (jit 11 iL^ul L|^d

flj dJJjj ->=^ >* * " i —jl <*i£ U^ "l| rfc |» " J>^3

jjSS .(lit) ' Cj-Jj) yj Lfci^l JJ*^

i^jiilll CujdJI jLmIII

jj^ili UA Lai *Lu1j <j*-Jajj iVji jjjJl

jij ^>i£j jt jj - mJi jSJlj tjj5^ l&jI

(LfftlJl .j£»l^Jl J^Iju ^ MjJ fl^l* UjjLt La ?*r»1 ^ W) jhllL&duJI 6XA

CiijjAd

f UUL yi*i v J^IjJI I.U ul5 Ij!j

ijf^u v j>f=>--Ji cA i/* yja je^ >»!

IjJj l,* 3j3j <±* ^jl W '-ij** V J^iij

P'^LloJI ^.Ij^Lj ,jlj Jjj^ *_■ J_p£uJl u-ij^ (jl ULi jlJI jLu ULlS

<ia LjJji lA^ W

SjLJi ^jli <iUj ^ Jl^ji *1*] ^hudl ^1 ulj

43llL^ kli^LJl Jk% (J*xJ| SjLi ^lj

VHJ^I (jL-J - (j j t r*^ 0^0 ^jL-aiVt pjia ^ (1)

^(bu) sjr«L«-J^ (V)

4 ft

, L f±+M i 0-4 ‘Qj" ill aIIj [JJ*^V'^ lalflAjI ji p-iJ-o-ll

^likuu (Sjji* (J5, jj^a, <jLc JaLjaJl L*iia tftAJktJl ‘l&uJLfl

.uIaJI a-aj J1 (J4AA304 Hj *LoAjJl ftltlj lOyuluj ^JlLubd

OdftiaLjJl Od Aulil if jJ j^£l jJJu IKua

iji jljjl Ijj *<-iJjJtJl jjJU (jjUaLJl 4iJ <CoAiJj U^ ft J if jJl LlA »LAjjAj

f f

0-^0 ^ JLa^i J\ (o-^O (>**

|JjlU1 i> 4a^*JV- (ji ^

S £*aJlj rJJj jaij

jh IJlH" Jk>J “J-* 5 ^ yii

jikJlj *<JjJLi .pltl l yj ^JJj <ia Jji ^4 Lftj |*jJ-i-o ^4 L* (ji*

jtj*- pjiUI ill jj -5y.l‘1l I ^gj (i » Aj

^ tilill juo J-» 114 J*L-*Xj JLd j| ffs^s o“^ ^

IjJj |> UftUJ clij^ki Ju *A4

jjjjidj jljLt ^ijiuil i fsilJjhS _^4^l

^jjLl^ll jj£ o-* j j^fjlil! o*j V

<LL^j ^V ojJLII J

21 f l. Jf ^fl x.i |1 j a . ..1

Lgj i^j>jjij ^jjJi ^XaJaJl o-o idjjAl L« ifjLii^ Ci\ (*j

5 ■ K ufiJl jjiiU if»iJ ^jj-> ♦ tiLuiJi

♦ o^LuJl (A)

yi CiA*> ylJi T 'dlj JStlj* SjL* \jli JAJ L/jUU o!

J^ mW l La >jL^J JJ t kiUj pjflljLiJlj j-ilJlj |fclikj| *UjJtll *'

'Ui* (jl£ Lu Qadjj EjLijdLa id^ij

-*dla <%JLsJ! ^i J* Jtyji Jij o-* L* (J^

u-'O ^ u£j pJ Luj <ajaJI <jA£ (jj JL5j jua

Jlj L* tj! L» <1 ijjij ^ijji! IX&j ,|UjLaJk

U>^| ijl i jV^ Wj -^ilil ^LuV J 4 A fs^JJLo t^fljj £id£J V p -s T n Ui iLwkj

0°j yit ijjaJL j| 4lip|j * .t Mh (jlS IjJ Vj ijJld ^jjj ' ^ ^

^Li_j uj*!l <jLfe«J Jli Lai fJaLdl pljd! jiAialLi

l&jLlij jaLilVl^ i& t tVii f 4 jJ> SjLaII ijt\ v *’'i ^jjjJ!

.‘UbOUl ^iHl JJJA£ Ji yJ U^Ad f*aJLaJl 0^^

±j3ul\ <tjd iliUad .V

n (ji S.htj lJu^jlaSI *UJ ^ yJUU

4j ^jjll frjLiftil ^jj>£j ,j|j ijLuajArVl (jial La

^>« I^a Vj ^<jlic. LjjjJ V j*L£Li ijuLlil CjLi^LulxaJ

O^t ^n.aij ^5*1)1 £m-mJI ^4mJ1 l>* La t^iljUjdi !j - A jj
JjjJl j V iililjLijJkj kllLaiilk jljSj ^

jl U' ,J '* t -J a .'J|lj.MI Lai .jljSiU itl4 Jia JaJU *ii ^aUaJl

jiaJI yA ^ <AjJL* i^LJI <j-° UJ^

.yli* 11

1 jilhjll LlLa (j-t frJUJU <i<AaAJ k^JjJLJl AaJ (jl *. , ' , 2J

JLlu ijiJj ^OdjLyU bjLd L>* jjUulk ftJul CwVi Ij|

(JjjjLaJl ^Luj <jV {LL^jrfrfi ^a.w (jt <»A al^ JJU ijLuJ

iaj - “ ■ ^ ^ Uftlm J^Iai till . <■■>' A

(L'j^i J^\ DjUt U .(£& j~*i) ^ jlJ^O .(r-Ai

^ Cm <LaJI ^ (L\^) l*si L^J ,±^ h± :^

.Ult IjLu Q^laJi) ^jic.^ Jjjji-fc IjLaj ((Jdjiall) 1*JSJI ^IiiJJat
^ ^1 (JL>* <m\X\ SjUL <1 4 ]— V <1* Uj*j

^ *6"jWl O^U ^ ^ u^AJI uA -{4

.l^ljLa.)

Jl^Jfl • *

£,U*Jt jSj UaYj Ji*B AJSH ^L>*3) <*3

k^all <iiijJl £,U*J1 ^JL? M-Al* o£ U[ 'Jjjrfllj

tt^i *Ai E iw .^uii j| ft** HVJIJL-J ^ ijjia u« ajsu

yi •UjIj^L i^i 4*4?> ^i^* 3 yi

.^iajiiJl sla J! LsJj V *-JUJl ^ *dO*N |»U-J1j *\+*4j2*J

^ Autill SjjUI J! (M-Vi O* i-AsJb - 4^ W

Jiyu J& J 3 - **i£ JiM ^ ^‘Wstitutoinlity JiU)fl

/jlill" <i, "J^ft"

jtfjJl j^Aaj ^ jjjAlH gij lJ lAh 6 ^* J^>1
J ol -«li* J>4“ <j>u l*Jit ^Jjj |<U Ijiiaj

gjUJl Jj-JL UAS11 ^ij>u Jjili?

p-^l^.U * jjj > <~U <&JLa .^lill 41 mJ 1 iIiLftlSJl o-°

^uidi j)jufcVi ,=.1 j

*(iij~*) IjL* i-J>lJI u# ■ 1 * ~ h * 0)

Sidney, Landau, Dictionaries, Cambridge University Press, I9fl9, P, IjlM.1 O')

.132

r*A

* jt^LiLaJl J V Aijall 6*14 0^

l^i^Jj jjjL^ j^a 1±J1^ijSuLj) j|jc u! |*j

ji tbjuJl A*i£J Vju 0k^» j! jJ-tfiJ jb J HA ,lj£

jt JjJall EjJ ji jl ^HAVl jljLa J {Ajjn^aII tJl

ijj ajj J <kIij^|iJl j\ *<Uj^uJl <ijJ jl * ■L*^‘il1

. 3 *a!*1 1 l*~iI- vLUi>\Jil l

i»

JjL J A*l£ J5ti) Jl ^jaJJl Jj* J

jj y <st ^jUJi *<iji3sJi ^usii uWj u^ jjju -uy j

U] ojjjjlii <ji jii j*Aj l*i4j J Lf Lh .4 J^. Uj UU1 o^j

J l£>^1 a*A£ J£ J Jl IjJLa.j

.1Na1\ J 4 ]

Zulu aij uis uis jn^yi i ^ a \ & J v u&i

Jl AjI ^jfi. jLculVl o* t-ilj Ail J^JJ

J* bjlaJl J

JU^VlfT]

-si* c*Ui*i*

pJx (-4Wo Cj) JLhSki OJ jAiJl ^ * B JshS Lf^

^^*11 oL-Ut tfj*' J**i***ll Jj lilli

Jli ^SiH.j*LJ1 ,!j» *>. J^3 (jxJl J^*Jb

. JjjlW* Ijufiau C*L*i£ iltui £>***

L— 1 L 4 JjKH b Jjij! Lu Slfl ‘-*>^“1
i j^IjaJI La^lLflJlXbul <—jLjJl 1*1* <J-o JaAl **■** l*UaJlj wlldllj

■'M^(| * J *tjJ±iaj f tf^ 1 a*j ^(la*i)j

.h—IjJlSI l|l " pi

^jjSj tjl dJj t> (jjtui !(^LxU jUal—VI oA ^aj

^ic. ^aLa ja L* Vlj (ju^Jall u^$J Olj VL JLxluuVl

Qj “ • ji

SLull ij) V*j iJ-Vl"! njxijjj ^J(1 m l t ) 4 jj1j * i l“^4J

1 jlj ^ ^ j4l u^i

Lf iuj (taJuJl uli **1*J ‘^wij

Ijib ^L=! *<iU! CiIjjAaI ilalSlJI Sj>»aJ\ 4 jV ilfjx c?W

*

^1^ :jj5*3 .Oe*N ^ .^jjiljlll A-^i JjliJl O')

.MToA *wi-j <J^U)1 ^j£-s jl J

n.

u\ j! ti* l5*^h X

JL>***J ji-i ULJJ i 3 f^i ^ 1 j -< A . 4 ^< J A rfaaj frljauto JJ-iJ <ijJa^

frLiaJl JjJjj ^i<n_it iiJJl (^ii 4*il4 ^dftjj ii-J-fl

|gA±Jl 1 t-m-n ^jXr <jl jt'jju Xj '1|"1 lH ^~-- jj i'j

liaJi ^4>S Xj *iit O-jil Lfc> ^ JJ-*i <j<S

1 J 7 J ItLflj <■ iiiJi J_pJu ¥j jjJaaM

Xj jAilll IjjfjImiI ^jlll j j^waoJI SjLctaJ Sj^d p^ ,j " OU^!

T-

.L^Jt L*aii jjjj

Ija.^ jLlJI Lt ^Lt Viu JL*j£**¥I j jd jui_j

jJLi jjlcr (ii4 JLtlJjJiVLi Jjirtiall^ -o^j J\ o - 4 ^ a> *' <J*aj

L* V *<jLo fliijHj *l-^ini1l iU.il jjLt <J1j Uj olS L«

^ujjdli ^ldLaJI rAy % \\\ <j jxlaij Ld Vj »<jiLiil <luiJi <j

ft l4 u! X# *>U 5j£>±lt J^yi [> CjLjLiJIj V s

JJC ^j-tLt. <Jjj Li4 J 4 *X> - ^jn-i ill *Lu>*U o U^"fc n\ \

ji ia^/ ^^LiiS £ .Lijill yi J^ 1 ~aI| <U^a ililjjiall jiaVl

,UjJiU Iajja 1\ <j* Sjjii- iIu-J L#jI j\ Ujj,j

T A>jJhill |ta U*,H yfl 4Jj>fKJ-t ^imjl <l"nfi*H lUiI M\

JXt w L*.t £ cij^MSadJi Lfcj kAJj

t>A& oL cdijJ ."s^lai" jA ^paoll (jl LxSjrfJ 4 a1£

US J ^ di¥ Uj .^a5JI ^LjlJI ^ Jji |J Ul£ll

.p^UaJl <jic j^mJjLUI JSj

3UcLLall ^jLdaJtj jJaoj ^Aj jAa-

itijaJi l^i[*.i^« t j^m iiiii jiu ^x^ (jfj-H e^uXi i aa

klilVl JtAjV f>tJ \±* U“J

u i^i 6* p^aJi oi Jl ^j>- l ^ j 4^*4

i^AuVl JodiH jj^uj L*[j I* 7~^~' LaJ IjjjjJI jjUuil oIaj^ La| *<>Lii

<JL MU (fill ^ftlmn*ll oA ui -Uij **Uj_>*^ <aA^ *W*

CJi^Si (*£i pJ 1 j| <iS-iuft Jjill ^ <i n i nVi * N ^^1*11 ^4^

^Lai-k^Jl bityl ^>1^ >Uaii\ £*>J uit JjjIL
jji 6jLA jjUaitl ^a 4 (jLi Luij£l 1 jJ £.>i-*J1 0-* j44

J >1 ■**t lj 3 .a 1 *1 1 tiiLA yp( * ~*~ - 1 [jl

ji'^Jj ui jju! ^3^ 0*&A ^.uAfll l bl 4^ Ji*^i u[

ljJl=J <LuL2aj iiill £j»li-*j CaL V i * JjJI

,1^1 3jjji11 jjUuII ud J 4 4 U^ ^

3 ■ .j iH jjUull (jt "‘I.tJut ^ rinH i Vl fV^jjLi

[AjJXj *ifc pjjij Jut ^

3 ^ d ■ J -»-s.~ ^11 <l*AjJ\ LgJ^L^a

£ljij >-i .^LJI Jlil yH» 4*,^ OJ^J ui *4^

jji JUjllJ fi*j ^b 5 4* Ej bl J!

.y«UJt

jjifi (jgdJlSll ‘Utjf Lfc ^fli*! ft tjij pi \j\ \j*A Xj

Jji* ol ^ ^ixoUJi ^i 6i«-j**uJb
^UUI ^ 4juLu 4 ^jlil^l Jjjj *jUJ ujW 3 UJ j <il

.<L*Aj ^ ItjAajyii

Ji. Language Planning iukull ^*4^ Lii tlu^ ^4j

r ^r - J il 3Lyji^l\ ililfllfcSAVi 0“» Jaaj (J-iH >* J^Lswli

aUW liii Ji j^uUl+i

r\t

J-t t JlA iliLajttnH L§J

± j1A\ ^ LjjLu tjl J* UUj

ji J ^jiAj ji JaJaaJJl u^

uL» V C 41 JI J -^l v ^*nh J^jJI lilll

LaXbuj nljjj^jl <jj Jtic LajIlIa) [^J kJjIDuJ f^LhSAp* (j^J (jt

L+jtfl J-*sJl JJsj ui ^LflliJlj J jm u-* j*Si JJ*

>* \±Af '•Kp+jft Jl £JL>^ J^i ^ Jd>^

Webster jlu«j^ JlaJl jA l*£ ^a^in ji 41 a1j if tUl

* Oxford |»juj

nr

t Jjiu 4JadS |ul E_pjllj <Ejdj I

yjajj <u^ mjIajl* jljii (j-* ji m\ LaUxoj

♦yfciU! JjIJLJI LUlVl (> ^3 ^ Ua l^

jjijJl btU ^LjjIjJ ^j|jjj£ uIj > jljbsVl 5j*jj i^jIjjII tjjJj

J-ajj (jjJl y4 ^UVjJI ut i±ljj yi

fejufc j^lfc

^jdl f|tixJl IJut yi Lg*4>4 tjV (|vma)I pit [ji t jlmljj

JuJl 3aJt-*4 y ij ij tliijjiu .tdLub Lglij-a <j-a jiuil J)

p7**^ fhi& ^iJ! <LuaJ-M C>*^ *^$ k *}

A_ j r^- 1 p**- 1 ^! |jll L^jBjjJai b>ii ^(LcxicoIo^)

frJL^J ^VjJ'i 4a.jil <t jlS j ^ki.i (_jL ^iaj V

*]Yj U! ilY-JU !<i^l Ui ,> ^ Yj .iiiliJi c.L^>JI

^ jtJi jysui j«^ ,i* i-u. ii^, t«j jS)j .ju js

JjU-H ^ J^JI li+4,\ *> J3j Y

Vc.JU |%aaaJI pJLc yJ J4j\\ 4 >14 3-ufijJ yi 1 \iAilit

Jjia. ^ 6—i ^ l«Ai» Jji .J^ll

Ll4 jjl^jtl iji JLt .^jlt t>l|l Ujj ^jtj U .^Lu Ou J *

L|J '.-jj V jjjlI kii^Lidjufi Oj j LiiAld (j^j^jiih

t VUi

.a* u- t «lV :s>*iil! <(ir±0 ^ jiii- Ju^i Ot)

ru

U£U| Jj-lA.tl .{

JJj ^1 j^id **l^j *-*-*11

M -™

(jJLt 5iVj t ij^ix* jjlx. JljJl Jadlii I<jL *LJjJI

^ . 00 "^i Ah^\ <U~JI

[uli j] JJj ,4ji J^iaj

J - 3ah^L M.W JliVVjJi L>t *. t^OL^i (>• (jit

>yi

J *

“.rJ| |^l IjjA *■* ^lll uLLiImJI IjJ

^jjj 1^jL5i i^Lfcljdl (i jaXj Cli ^JLi; (JolJ L* l|inli uJ VjJLa^

tj| 3tl ,..*11 bkLA jLuJI

Jxj ,(n : ^ (W) ^

La jLilc.1 42i^A& IjLu Lg4^£ <*v*^ t>4 it-ilftJl ^^Lc

JL l^ilVj d JjliJI J*i ^ iJ blft

v ,^m tJyiM.ftil bjjj ^ I jlj'nn" O^a-J Y.J Vj r ., »jI

y iiini :ji* (±jd\) i> Jtf* ^

<j1c. OlVjJ »H_faJudJl d* tttVj <j** d < J^ A J

^k^iuJI 4 jJI Li ^>l£ LJ jju iliA Lfll f lj|

y^ill (.>£ ^jLyw JU^J jSj Jjjf jj '-*)

* 3j^ t 3ill\ ^jLt jA>Jl Jjt 0^)

.ruA ^i \tj*\si\ jW* ^-*1

:JLa ru*

J)

tZidj

0 *)',

w

Jj*— 11

l^itYj iilS UJb .yfcilll Jjii-ll i> - Jef-Jli

yi (J*-JI) <JSi .^t J-i 6. jM' li* yi *UI J\ J*

jLull£ ilsNjtl >y1jji £>* Jj#* i>* ^1 t *Hl J1 J j- 1 ***^ v“ J ^
Ju_..jk*J*) :<jti jc <111 Jj2S .3iLa)fl jj. ilj _>fiiAS ■‘tjjjjl' j'

LjjJVj iZii^ia <111 y)| Jjj—ll <il^i .('*A :^iw.jii) Jiy^'

jl«ll uidLJl l«l! jfo Uib -h*^J ^ yA» -<111 Oi-1 ^

-kii <111 uiJ yl* VI J.13 V i<i^l ^>1 -W i>

min JjiiJl j. ^UmJI yyjJl jl £t“l'

J l-t- VI yi O jilutl lj)

<^ai jUj> :Ji*s <iji ja. yi ftyBi) o^j

iLjJll JaI yii-vu .Jj^JII yiu; JIjjS-iVI yl Oj£Lwl .(ATltj^jj)

Oijll yi ytiUl JjIiJl O- <> »•**

•>.V lfe-J W Wi*M ■*»' y^ X» ,< - Ji

!> ^<‘.-11 jjSij ly^iill Jjiiill 4ja^» *1*1*11 yifci jSll

O* iiJt»bll <*JSI1 yjl** jJju o' “illi yl H (» tj *1*1*

yl* <lVill yi <*JaJl 0ib3' «US»1 ■*“ fMy*< u' ^

JL^.1" ij*. JjUl. 1 * 4*11 U* o' yi ^ Vj . <, ‘’ ) Ai -*i*ll yi»*l'

.'C'Wh («)

,^»v o* .uiui fi* .j**- jU*> .**«J 00

rn

uj .’’oWjJt w ^ LlJ ,uUii "mui

.jt£l iiiljliLII jl^jj jjLJl ^4 .J^aVl )Ja j&j Jaj

.-. 1-1 —1 1 dli (jlSl J* Ifcijlij £UJI

i^Iuj I^L&Ul <Ajj itutlf ,l«ilt .-o.jl (>«

.-■1-l^.J l ji u - UUI > last, «>lJl Jatt&l oSj (J jl <il & j
UU1I iiUjVl ,> CjiJ -Sjjjjo laftlua *1—Vlj lattiL j**

^ 'LjjII 3^l~.ll l^jlf

Ui.il jil^l ulS-W ib™ lA uj^VIj

{'v*

<i>Aj £**J

U ,ji j£ JL* SjJtli* jjkitl \<1A ffeugj

Ci\ ji

KLur^lJ^J |UAli)l

■^1 *"^¥1 4_«jjJ1 ijh Lfl* t^uji 3d La -laAUi UV*i f«x* J
<Jji ^i dJo Jl* Jjj .JLaJlj (*jJI (jit G-^H) < 3^4

JU^Jj p>\jJ ^jU *L ^lj) :^MJ1 <jlt u^*-d tjLc

■Of a

p

J IfjLld ^jV t£_3^l illXjliiy* ikflJJl f*AJ

iLja *LJ 1 n|Ti*M.l ^ llAj J^J-* 6 jj

tgks o>* Olil* *l*Jl ^h> 4 ^>*^ iidiU (jL-i)fl (jjt uV

rw

,\uV ^ (VI)

AoW umt ^J\^^\ (W)

ijV tbjX aij j^LaJl < .ifltlj AJj i Luc

• 4j]J |vA ■ i«-*i i ^jAill ^1 i lft l J&J* ‘^4^*3 ^jL-iiVl 0^

:J£Jl .Y

yA jjj£ ljUlj Jb-* Jb^ *>* US *W jjdidJlj

IA 4 0* lililVl IwnJl JLu *Lob*jj

yit Ub Lj-l-dj J4j <*bj fribcJli - >jjS

UjjJu <JU frjl** <j4$ ijfUlj jtLtJl J*

SjLa£. ^jVc. <IVjdJ jji f^Uaiil ^>dlb -W^JL^V

jti ^jjjJI < J -■"* L ~^Jj *'^J jfcbbll (jt

JljlaJJa^euJl yj (JJjJl ^JaJj ^ J l, ,.\W j:\jV 4U| tZuJ

<CiVIa**J 1 jji jjLlaAaJI

p

p»^jjt lAlj l>*<A j wI~rt 1 m jLfcj IjJ^S fj£Ji ^1>±J1

JS J*. iJYjdJ -^iV( u^l J^Vl ^ ^ - "Sj-AaJl" US 0>i^

/ ^LaL LJaj IjjJa Ji^jLll (jj djSb

s^^ut .r

<> Jb lib ,i^v»A USJl J** Jl a!te.V! 1JL* ^

jSj .iJj .l^JJbi llu Jl V* LJ* 3 ^ ^ ^bJl

^ys CaoJVl * 1 II 4 I 4 Hid ^LfcJjJl tjf. <Jii j| ItLfl Hid

, 0 ^V^ <**

Jyjjjj^ JjIjJI jIj ^jiaill Jj -b»j Xut 0^)

.\&A jjo ^ ^^A^

.rAV^ »Jt ^jll^ (M)

ru

SjlilLu/Vl 4 1

^4* ,l_lluJ| ItLgJ V^jjLuui i^jl* <"ililH CjjliXi
iaJikj 3 ^jLl!L| 4jJ <J>* EjlajmDiU UlS**

(3-t 3alji-i *UVj hZi\j bJ aIj J£ <jj£ £fl

fL* ji '"*j“ IuVaJI (jAiJ *l*A£ ili* *Alj

* M ■

ajj ^'■**; Ub *L o i S *»iA#

,j.liiJl Jit L" IJ-iiJl J^£ yi Jli ^ JJ-Jf (ji Ai^aJI yi 4

, Lilia (^t jjli p£l £ 1*0 JJU !>*>£

^" * ili^flu yJ iat^ll JallJl JUCiiil

w

-L, (JLt > ^iUl jjs j\ (jli. |JjJI jlLl yi JJj uA Jj

jjjS II*J *LL*J olii4 ^ |U* tji JJJJ - UHim *

T

yi yiaj (fiil (Mwphology) ^lli.rtii jUi O* •fvfl*!! CtW* ur“

C 'U.~ dlj JV, -o^yi %* (U*. y-i -Ut yii • Jj-H fj* :iUilt

‘-iSj^l jl *1~J> Vi '^'^' ,*u yi yi*i jJJI ’V-Sp" Structure

3^-.LiA 4 jjUj Jjul <ujj jrlhinflll JjJ

La£ “ <j4 gjwj T l tj Lo-o jJa {Jjii 0^

jstu -ijLi S>LU JiUi 3L—3 Ji, ,UiJ1 iL=Jl jUij
.dJj jjij 4 jUis +J LLJI L» ,^1* A^uaj liAUdJl

Jii* niUJu *0^0 ^4*^ fo*a nj *^3^

iyjiSjj uH->k ^ ijk> 6* U 3 ^ ^al£li

jJb (jLia) WS J JLaJtluiVi jiliitl IjI Vj <"l M <J j

^^buxaJl Od^

Jjl nui £j>Ji Mafiri" :<jL sf J w Ji <j>

JjjJ Jd l« U^fAJ ^ £Aidj3]j / jLl*L Jilj

*tjAijlji® 1 ».j1 * ±aJ\j u* j\^«y4 Lijjii \j :Jli

Vj i^jLiaI^ i_LluJL£ 'uj'ji y* ^ O- 6, jIjjxVI

uaw <oi>U 1 1*40^ ^djLj&L

>¥l uLii U oA u^j^l ^1 J JlAjSH

add a_p. (jLyj f^AaljliJ (jjiJ ojoaJ Iaa

Lffljljj V SAil^ll J ‘1^ oi ta4j .£ Jji# JaLftlt L>1

V (jgijijlJI u! *L^ijjuj 4*i£H >ii Xj

pJ 1 j_(Jj . Oitj ^1 X uL^*

^Jjj |»J »<J Ud p+Jl ^jV ioaJjIj'Ia s limi t

JLt Joj oAialjXJl t> J£ 6! tialjjll

JL; ^Jallli ^ * \\ ^1* J*4 uL-j)fU *ji.X\ o* *4 j1j

V ^^ixgJl JuSj^Il ‘LdJ <uic Joj
y^kiUI aA^l Lfllj .Jisn £«*# a*i-JL J! jAdii Jj -s>£4- a>*^lL
Jail jlaSjaH J) j! jiJj\_> 3M vW yt C J ^ ^

.. i iljiil iaj«Ul 1 ■jjlf <j?t-Tij ¥ ^aJj a^lj

Li J LiL^ .iiiikLi Uj2* jjIjIU miu ^ ju3iL*
0^a\jA«Jt -13 jLLSj ^^LjLjj V

SAilj Jil 31S*^jLltL njllimi'n u1 ~ * K ? * j*~ fc W

^iil Ja^.jJ1 n [ ^lJl j4 l*| Tly j ^ * JS U jl fl t "

oU*IS« JiU3« .*ai \j\a > 6 j ^jh 1 g

.i*TA >i>Jl ^as-JI a^t (V.)

.t*T/\ ^LJ^ (T^)

J jtj ,U#15L*j ^juc j\a Vjj .^jl^

,L V ^ (^#-JI) 3-l£ tiiJ Uti v u£jj\jl*

^ <jjS .^ij^Jt _>iL* Je ijulj LJVj L-l t Udij

ui u4x4j u* Jj LJ jjj ^LLlISJU -l 1 jti

♦joLJl Jj jj+Jf ^*aM Jj jjj

^jLmi Je LJVj I a« I » jlj Ji i 'h i ti tjjS *># pjjl Jtj
jjV ,*] iiAk« V J Wll. £^ii i-dlaj jLi Ail ,^jJ|

,Afj 0) JiiJl JS ^.ij.» A^p J£

■ilVjj; J1 JUJ! SjL; oV iidUS dJj J& Mj>

*

diii ^J>ij ,5^ iaI^I J L^m 4^jSj .Ai**JI JL^ ijL^i

<!►* ^Lfj Je Ijj-uaJL*

^ 5jJ^J (TJ^ uUJaLilj V "jLfcjfl" J "jufJ!" J iiai^

J* 0±^J u4j*= Ujue ,iSL jLMSis J J"- ;

J ^A>J Ll *iUjj (Ll^ gji JS Lil* JLjeL i O^tjJ

.(*) JUH

(T) Jiill

SjLiVl ^ .U+ua £aU ^ <1^ M±“^ <ji* Will £jl* ^

*■!■-. l^.;* Jl tjLi[ *ui ^ *. \ a f 'i jj liaLi LiiaJi Jj

rj-%.11 - ^-"^1 ^iidJ 4jjj»i ^4^ (j_jjLi.il!) Lftlj .iiifl ■ 4^ J 1J ^

*j*l\ >* (r) Jlilt > C^UJOj (j^JO ^

^ u<n y fi"!~ V jjjljj . jl»1j sZiij J±J\ O^j

• JiiJ^ iliij lIi^IjJ!

CjUSII 45U! >aJt Ji-J 00 u> (pO

Jl*»^U (l) 6jJ! ^Uiift! La j* I^As 1 —

L (^) *jJlj ,JU^U <il*-*J! (v) iji'jJ'j 1

^bLJl <iki* (r) (pi) djSi^ii j^Jl dA ^Jj

(r) ji-iii

rvv

r i <iiH j4 u* Ujijiiii n fll7a.l

4^ *£uU\j f iijiij <±jaj ji (h^ju L_uii

s >* Jtf tjUl .(^Vi ^) ^Lk *¥$4 Jhj ^

Jjl " > m < - Lo^ml JjkiLUi - *J' -1^ Jai^l" '^t l^ - l l > ^ j

"<-±uJ\ jAj, ij^ij Lj v| *u Jk^l u" :JL^ (jirvv c)

.14" jii ?"i^ m, rJ L-j^ ju*J! ^U" :^Ll ^i jii

V dli-

ij^ i> *4il> (/jJli fJi J! , 3 i> v*<?

l - J ) u»"J^ L>J J-ii! >-p4d.LaJl 144 l>utj oJ^il t>oj

^ji :j^i ui3i*n *u^Vl ^ t ^ J t ’ :jJ

Uj * wfl . J < J 1 JA J-i!j ^-v¥| J \±A ^L^aJlj AlfrAiJ

lf*" - * ^ i* n fl <J5 (ji Ljj4*L»j) .CiLku. l-iLaIV) \j-o

£LZ\ L jjO+ u* Ji£j Jkjill !Juc. o! j**Wll (>j

¥ tAL>*^ -*J-ti [fl-4kn JjSi LoJj Jj Jjj

U^* kdJJJ^ + ^ZlUiA juJ Ij . rtn . n llj yjL^Jlj «L^1I ^jj

jj 4 j*ii vilj *Uj¥t

4iUt yi y ■jtVnl l Jjiijll yi Uai j.jiyy fd [H- 1 ' u*

-Ji* <^**d

jAjnJl ^OAjJI ill*. (TT)

,u*¥£ yi w-Ji *iUi ok yi y^LJ! w ii ^ j*»i (vr)

t/* IcLiLJJ jljjLf luu^i iujjjj

r\r

■ iK~ Jiii «<*»** Ji

.ajjsn a^ V* b*^ J oj^Ari y^i' '* Lja ' j>! 1

+■

\j* y* ousyu ’’yM^ oUijfr o* jyu y* y ^

tfjh oi jLitL <lU yM^ (L ^ii^Ji

^Ai V 11^3 .ijlj-JI t> J^ 3 i> U^y Lfc^j

. ^i<"> y y*e <^j -<jj3*iflt jy aw ^

(vjAj -Jjliiil y j^>»M L> >*J

*oaj!yi >h—»L> j-u

^JLS oyJl* j ij " ^ *“® 3Lli\i* JJ '*A5

i« jsi .^y-“ y^ *w yi i*>-^ -^j 31 '

i§a^ -o i> ^ jy

iJjjhll ajdSZi (*4j 1taL * y ' JA ^ J ^

yll OJU- ^ jl^y uA ui Ji5^J J^A u- y^J ^ ajy*%9
r <uu 55 j i> ^i)L tfb jt ,4\jia^ i> Lcjli UW*N J*"

>ft j^ajuc mil JajLij -*ii* iW* J 13 &*

LIjlit f . £ jlj)l iji* a*->= x-J' o- d Jlj . £j ijJ1 W-i
.;_....t tj fJ L=JI «Vai .J~b <J^b v 1 mj

J»a-j jill >.Vl !Aib jb“V* tW u^b «g*b >»' -^J V 1, ^

*Ult ^ 0*j <W« J«*b^b #^*1 J\ ^#" ‘Ji*- 3 '^ 3 '

(ia >j£ jAi ^ >ai jij Sjjba* 11 —l-isn Oh J J- t=JI

.jun

>tjaJt i^VMuil ij^jB Aja (Tt)

r«

0- aA l)L*Jl ^ LLjij^

J j^ 3S tilili jitoW pi pi jij jJ <j$£ jKJ l

JajI^ia j4 **t. oti-iti liiUI ijiulf wLp ^>4 luidU ^ jJLfl ,<Ulj

H

LT^ U J*- >S1 ^JVj tjl t^pjLup u&J

‘ijIjN I J! Uijj *3 JLuJ 1 ^i k^lwa |^i j \-*ir 11

ajiUfl CiX^r Ll 4 Xj ,ji Jlull <J-* j>«

♦ CA^ ji-iltl tflj

«■

u^i L*j] <Ai*J H)^ aA L*jJ oi 'iUj

*l**fcit ^1 bJLA ^Lit

O^! J J j *1*31$ oi>*Vl ijgJiA ij/Sij |«J L*Jj

«^jV| L^Ju i^lukd j-ai i^jjijjJ^

6* <JV^Jl 0-* jSSt tiA ■*$*11 Jk>Aj

IH^AJ f +frii’ hLuaJ j£m V (JjJniH 1*JJJ J*i Up I HhiM ,jii iO-iXaiS

jo^uil ^ jLi ULJi -o^j J^h <4-ji ylt yv^il

(*^) 6^*^I Oj^f Wj rmjj Jt mi.4>Vl i^jUl ^Lill j-Lu

t^la.1 uajl^Jtlj fsjAiJI J±i <jU Wjdi Ixid^ jj (^ii)j

u^****>. j <1*3* 0*3 u* 9 j**JS J* Jlj^

tl* - Lfi LijJ \ * | I JJ V tljjjj^ . JaIj) J^uclj jkJ'JjJl

jAs -j^lj jl“W ^4* uVjlj U^i *l^k Ijjj jti\ CiLVl yk ( ^jjU1
J^U\ ^ <jt Jlj -JUj\ ji* uA^I uj^* uj Aa * Jj3il

L*^S] J^dll Lb *1^1 V cjLLcJi JUJ4 kJ^iLu

A

<Lhl£]Ll JaAlt\ Jl BlUiipl yk (,j-* Sjk>A jLaoti

J (*A^ (A 6, *il^jLai* gniirt J*i3 £j^^l

EjdJjVl Jjj Jji J^l

n*

kiiil L*i yrlaiUI f* 3*k

s^L^ll JUASH ui *»->* ***** ^ <>

^tjjJuui Ji JjJ

JJJ *jj^i ji Qjfo0 Jju Ail^lt laiiiVi ijlaiUl L»1

4^ 1 ^ 3jjuiJl Ciil£ Ij^j iyi±-Jl ^ Whh 0^1 j!

J 'A? *-^“11 ^4 Jl Jjli*Jl v4

Vj U*i *44± 6—“ jUilJl J ^ V <iiij

LutjLcJ <ULiu

<>*Vl ^ La-*

*i <Ejji^ Lol »Lu*jj Ji U j ». i ^WJ

p jii * Jjili *Ll*tl (^>*

iLfloj iSjjj£ 4^ ^ J jLAjJI ^

.(-*TY1 Ci)

^-^11 jljbiVl

.UYU Ci)

.-..<-» a,v

ri *1

^j) jVjLi. yjV

.UrvA c)

.jjLiVl ji jLuiVi -

.(■xolY Ci)

jil-LwaVl

.(V»#. Ci)

^.Vlj u«il! 1

iVji ui Vj

f*i"ljJ'""~ J>*" AajJ Ji-

^ ^ l^iLSitj .j-j-AiJ

ciUWi^> :w£J1 SjVl ^ *JJ3 -*j3 f* -^li
4 >i ,(»jill) Ji*-is ^ .(TAA .SjiJI) <^>^<5 jt-^'i

.uLift iili L*iIj liVl ^ Sjj&JLaJI **>!t S^i LijaJI <ji J1 |-J*i
^ U-J liii t* .j*k asu ^ Jii ^tii 4i tfb
Jit J*y I o^ * ->jb L* J*kll yi»*i *jill o! Jjii liiV» -a^Vl

m

J* ijS jlj ‘<1+^3 jilaJl JaU* jAj jJ (jr^lUlj fCSjUsk

<£* ^ L jSU JjlJ 1( *SaJl

>Uj*i V Judl

J£ Ijljbj J\ oajil

6ji iImj .koLuJI JitfL-Jl tgjli Jjj 6 t <j£*j ijJ-^

‘ r °V>t' jti-Vt jiiui Lus ail j3j .urtv *>

i_j$j£U Ji* ‘Wj Hi*J ^Uj(^jI JV3

uj 4i(j hiLAjI i^JLJI *jjX\ ol pji fvtj^ .^LL Ijj *u

JU“] ^ Lji djj yi ol^Vl

.<^u^

SF-tilt 0- <£>5*11 o&« jLislI J ^JL—J! yi Ujijj
■<*l**j jLAllii £>i^j U^ia Jl£ Ijj^ .JiV) Jl£.

^gJ r*\ C>° ot fUJI li* „i jSi; J jSu

,> *L» . jaJjJl JiiUl JLl±i^I —an

:JU uvu C) tfjUiSft ^3 gi oi j&n

LMul J*u p^JiL±Jj ,tr^cA\ ^ii ^ 4fl .i ( JUllall

r } "^\ J! J*il\ 5U- 0* L» /bu. :uiMj ,^Ji

.%iUl ^ jl-aili £>»J ^Luft <j-* u Jm *w J| jLil ^jcull IJufc

^>iUl J>kiil U^jU U^J^t Lai

J>b3 J! jj-1j Jjj Li JSIj .j>Lj ^la^UI odV^H ul ^ ,jj
j LfW C^Lu J—Vi ^ UiU (jlS Ujj £jj

p 0^ I jLi , Lfc* <Hili=JI^ L^LaI ii A*xJI Juj p ['^".u”

.V^*lA jAjH*Jt j^t (Tfl)

.Y\V\ ^LJl (Tl)

.lTli -Y'Al/^ >Ajn»il f^tjJyuJl (TV)

rrv

*

U ^ i<\ JjSj u^i I4IXfj *'*>" 41 J^A\ JiiJ

JUU Ula /u* >*t r ^ CfL*“i

. j^Vi j \ *ll-hi iuiiii fciflJ jU .aAijiwi v

T" I 1

J^l yj liA-Jt oj£i ui >»J •>■' v '* Li ' ■^ Li ‘' * y" 1 •***

,<iju. u>o-j .uu^ *uaji tiisii iui-, j*. yb

£}LJ] - I - . .. i 4 Sili jwIAac 0^* el^Jlj .<U—L jkiUill

iij iH3j fl—ill Ia 4 -jli-i W" jUil ..Lil

J\ ^Liiu JO& JW Ij zijfl ^ & (J Uly-.U^UU.!

Lit I ffjil fJ^JU ilij ul y**^H 6-* t|J»lj!l jjSi J! 4 j*uJVjJ

iJS l^ilt.1 j11a*j -l*** <ju y* '-W^ >* 1

,*m.l «■■'«;•<- 1 V jii JLJa.1 li» .lu iUtJlj "iiA-lt"

J^, i>* Sjj^ 4 ii J* jlAiflVl yi d»ilt u^ii*

p^ii-ib .Ua^ .LuiVi tifciii i> («.lili y;-^'
jsl v, ,<^Vl i«l* ^ W ^ w*

tVi* Jli IJ-* Ji. -ilAa.1 y» .^f>ii 6- <UA

Jji yi l»Uu ‘tdi ^ sfi» f 3 ^ 1 ^ ^

yU jjjJi .0-11 1*1*11 r*i* UtAili oljAfij •<*

■J^.-.li IJj o« jLASll J—i J *jtl> .(v(SVUaS- l yi ‘l*^ '-' i

,1+ijSj uill JjIj* 1I jil j&f ^ ■--“^ *jL»

rtA

4Ju3jUl [ t ]

UljJ *j ^1^-* ^i iLuIa ^" r |(Ajuil uIjj ^jLS Ia!

^4 jT J* 1 * H iSj^LkJ Liild

£4loJ! jj| ^11 Jijliu iLd La <Li JLaaI U^Jj .^l j. <.lft ft ll

1 . _~J~^ (jli L^jLlu <LjjJa <—iljjl wuj^j

,uai o. >pjri ,.i...t.i j\ ji -U4

i<_aJJ aJI jLlitl . <UL < 2 jjJa ALj iAjJIj 4 ij^Ja kAjjj ■ULjJa 4*144

UJ SjU j£ *Lu tgb yj-lj. >,illh* - OfV~ -J-L r i 4.14

IiiUj jLu La .La ‘Ui uJLulw Lf jJl Jjt t-LA^

i^UAJuJl Bd^^JL *aA\ .\

^j]| jl u4 ftl l

j\ J^l U- dJj £hdjl ,4J^tj £jL» <*~ii1 nl^ L$J iJj~*nT

t_uj£ .i_iL£ M_jilj£lLuil *i±t£~ FL *w^l£) l3jjVt LliLilill

a*14 CiLai£ ^4 j^jij -t icj »(k-i Ci J) SjL* ijA 5 tJLt *>

Aj. 1 p7* j ^ .(h_jG^) yA a JaaH iAj^xL l*J-u

^ji * i 1**1 I J *^Lti Vj .pAAdJt jlijrf jjLa <—ijjij ,JaaIIj

JL*hu#_jJ) ja^JdJl <J <J[ t-aAj LfJJl j* 1*1A$ U^J 1*^

luikuu ^la1^j| *4jALjH jji ^jill Ulil AjJUdl {_f JJl

. JLfc4w4J fjjtSjt J-oLk,J JwAjjJt nUiij

jA *J7 <3*4^ Uj2il LJ^ iluA^JI p^** It X jm'lVt |jt£ Ld_j[^

Jl&j\ JJ L^jii^ <LfjLaJ£ j& SjL JS ^ JaaJI u^ ■ J^j-JI **15
(i_u£) JldlLt 'bjLaJl J) ClLtiSJl Jj^ "It 3AAlt £jJ pJ

rv^

^ i ^j\\ l~iI bjLa ^ JJk jt-t ^ H ^jJl 4 a 1£ jjit

^ulj <j^j_j jjah&JI JaiIL «aJI ul LjJ-t jj

*■

bjUJl ^JLlu J s? SlaiJI ,> jj-Jj JjlaII (Jjj I^aJLla^ V^jj

<ajjid AdlL^q jJJ j ^ |j| . Ijj-i-s J-Aili JjjJ |«J i JjJh? J-lij

■ jjiiltll jialli ^ *QJ.^~^.l Gd jJJl JimLn~01j> ^jASH Ci l.jyrt.la a j

jAj |j)i 3jflljil 1^1 *L*J CijlS Lajj

-3jj^*Ii ^ J! Jiaj <3j3L2L.it £»-=>

CjjJh'l tj] 3jn1S~,*1 Jj^oJI ^jl ^jit iJ-JjJtj}

H^jJU jlji£ J 1 (JJ LJ^lj ijjtill

Jldj . J_pjJI ijlill yj Sj^h^4 JjaVI yic EtlMj j^uJI

,|hLjj ciata.j -Ji* JLfcil t> JL 1 *

■*‘"^- [^4 j-^ll yl| ;_ i^jI JUlVi bXfJ .UjiC^ i^LuiAJ 4^LdJ

<3£Li^} c^LLLla^ j3£Ljj ^^CrLLo j^LaaJI G-* i*—djj^Jl jjla

jiLu^k^j J J j “J fbjLtll ^Ailid JjuJl JaaH jLutlj}

jjlc. [fljli ^JAJbiil J^aJI (jt S*lA.ljJ| £ jLflJi l—> 1 n 1*S

ij-lij dJj iilll Cil n K t ^JuaJI

.Laili

*£jj JjiilLj IjUj LaLjJLa^j *LfcjJLlH yi Li^iu 1 jj

frjLft tJ^ viU j <jrf -3 ULj £j-a CililMiftti 6 ^)y# jil <n«tUj

|t*«l ^^UJI IJVSi cJaj aj wjjaJI ^jLmJ ^ (,r J

« * 3 a>lfci Jlj ^Lj«uJ( Ij.l n-mttj ^ KaLd CjI JCjIjj , tWjfJl 3JV
i^Li (jj^ i^uL |j SjU CiijJjlj

k^Uj Uj ^ JLu 4jU JS

IaSja CiJAjl a 3 fiJ iLgj tjuli ij^ 4 j bAi^JI bj$ti (jV VI

rr*

frLulj (_fJLiL£ ^laljlVl jg ^1*,* dJj l ? j ~ "j ^^ L^J

gA bJLu ^La^Jl p-^*^ jiujill (jLxJ i>a yjll <dA»Vl jji

^jit ij-a jAaoJLj <£>• Jilll* ijLu tbAjLL* <J>jV jmaJI

-ui* J (3-^

•Cllj^AoJi jlLyu Ljjjjyl i .¥

<3-“^ X* |*^ lH P>*"^ A (j

frJub *-u3j5 Lot SjLoJi tHiljjiu *-upj2 ibJt&lj ‘Lftjjia ^1 lj)

5£i (Jj-o ^ ^ fl l~i-s_j i f^CuJkaJl 4c.Ii^-Jl ^ iCj! jjJLoil

yj Ijjl/a Ufl *1IV> /tx^bUj) i4aJ <^>^1

^llidj fXJjiLu liajlaj]!^ Lu^i^j <^m|j 4>LA yjjj

bXA U^i J £*J -U^jl*. CiIaUI IgA t££*J p-iJLo *Llj ^Lc. jjtlVil)
j4j f<lt i±uAaJt > ll i a JjVi tjLuJl <J^lL-Lj jji^jjj^V!

tjLuJ^ Lf it Al4 (JXt \ l*UiJ^ fJ^J {^XOAJLoJi A.L-^jtl 4

■y^li L* o“-“^ tOA [tAl ► jjLu aujj jA$

£

.!

C*** ^ ^ J> Uu JAL ifjill > J-Al ^.ill

* r * ,

*Lt^i bj,LH£.Lj ^lt f^Ldi fejlufilj ' ^ 7 -" ^

Ju, ^ ^UVI ili Jiii I-jiVU ^Vl pjAjLi

JaLttlVl t ^ii tiiij LiJIjj frj ^rifi U ^maII ( ^x*Jl

IJ-4 (_|jiili^ .ijjifcj) ?jj Sr iji±4 ,jl*

J! ^Ijaj dlj Liliy Jj. iiiiiiJ! (jjljjJ^

^ic j^Luj&Il yi Ml 1x4 jjjkn juJlSS

^ JlAj ol Jiu Md (biljAdlllj ^jic EjaIjJI ^oi£It

*J-j" :^yi

rr^

(ji (Jiu ' L ja, 3 d^Jl (jLt |*- 1 J- 2 j

,"V-ilf U1S ^ , V-i° SjU istu

<J Li j£j jlJlLi of ^ ‘|M*^ (*aV 1 jiAij

.pA)i\j ojj* 3 i i favt jjj .Lhgrf L

£—=>!j jLii-0 Lf*J U3^J ui <JLaJl bJuA

L*J yi yjL L»J ;p-pj\ Ifj La

■ 3 4**i <1

jjioJl {t-i*i 3 j

EjjjS (jit 1 * 1 * :<il J£

JUiVl tlilj ji

L-iHj ,*2i ( j!^ o^t. 5 • 11 *L£^H

r^l jajjl (jltr SjjAuflJl (JLjiVi \ni i <tji\ ffc fr 1 n 1 1

.V

.r
.£

|ui ^iL Jjjj J*j
^ £Uj J*L Jii
,^3ii £iil J**i J**

.pA ju piji£ jjElii JjlBj (Jju

»wJjJLd |«jai J-ft*J J*i

(J-*-L (J**

.1

iJLiifrl i^ujj-t i#i 4*olA ^jLj-L \ t Ij>

” .u _ .

(»A)

4W«»m

y* V*J V*J' Ulli jl.Ua[ .-Wu-*)! |U±*Jt -Ujjiij l^‘ t» l " » |»i*lj*l (TA)

.\r-\vh ,iu. .ij«iifi

rrr

*4jlU jlJLi .^jjLjJI (jj'SJjtj 4jJJl

i5j£a)I i^jLAaJl Jk>uaj iiUl J j^jaVI (J>t p * n

Ait ^ fjl^ .JJ^IOJ jjA I^j ujflht \W

U*r <41ul41 ^ J3j V jSal jAj .1^1*1 jiail! <{*-*¥! ^ 1*1 bjlu

Jjj pi <j| j^jAjjLjil £jtIjJ^$ j<jjLJ! jiull

4±1jaI 1#jV u-° *3^ <*U(j ^l^io jl 1 +w*a i yXt

. 5Jm’4w*J 1 i^j^SJl

|IA^| £*Aj ij* jiSiilI <> UJJ-* J-i u-°

- CaUdj iLgjijjiaj ^tAji itZiUtlj 'CiAj^Vj

»|*aJLaJI lAd Jl* la-Lu -iiililM jjLui^

\jjL ( iin j j^j^iUI SjLJl i^lj t^jil (tu* 6«

OliilL L|3l<rt>j * * I ttu* ori *A4 ^tjjb <-iA

jjrfjJl jj tlau^i t AlSj <^lla jaaaH £uts <^L$ <i£jAV|

,<1£ lid L^J (_>33 ^ HjVI Uj .ii^iUl

^(jjl l&jyyijrf yAjjlitl jl^JLaJl Jj J^LuiJJ (j^

.^£>u>0 Jn^t Alj £a <J&lj jt-fjjXlJl Lr ^JL Icj^y^D im ftkA 4-il
jlrfjJVt U^>alU JJ i-flAfJ IfijA-oJl u±> (i^L?

ItjLicL <jl^Il jA*£ SjU L^A liliy^ iSLaJlj jL-AVij ^jtiiJtj
f ^)Vi]| <j Jj 6jjj jSLiiJl (jLuA)TI (^ti&[

^jilil - kl uu wiilj&il 6>i4 giilAt jtlil ifljl

.liJJ (t ->t * H <J\ ^jj (^aU >* li^j

rrr

pAJuJl

\ib jj jai ^

cLjj :Xji

jJk lj4^9 pjii ^>4 JjJrfftVl tj£ |*1~*<jt (^^It kiLuV

,4£^iUh p I * * ^ jjLuj ^ ijljll |tAJuJ! (|fJJ y<.u L yVl

y (jl J^V ,jjJ! jjj-ua^l

44

tly to Lftt jSjl Ej-uS (ft nil

cU£U J^5fl
*

-j^-iill t_u£ ^ yi tjjjfi JJJ

j| I^J 1 ^ jl Jfi I ^)j bjjjl | " >I rtl^ H _ l< <H I I jl iJjiiiJlj

h-l^j 4^1jj lJ Lcr jLtuJi & Jut . ^ LJ$ . Li>jut j\ i^j'*j~i 11

l»j^r .p^alfL^L jl^VI iji ^j^jpAll Jjj <iUuLilH

4jjjjtll jjj~iill bJL^l^ll ‘*-*A5Jl u! ■(•Saji ‘Udl

<a!£II lJJj J J) jA ^-ki J f^lia

jj£l jV jLoLoj *dij JLiL ui -^VUJl t-ilti yi *- JioVU j ^d>^

to j-^-i-J- iAJ 3 j r 3 ■■V j t ^ 4 til I t^l ij ^llllJ^ <laJiiill 4 j^lll

yi ,-dJl hJU yi !■* ■■* » AIj ^

\jj WU—i j! jj ol ul iImj iju* jii

™ *

.4u^iiL 211-^1 1 cil j yiUilL 3 jju j J iluiM

Z^JlM\ C 1 U 4 UI -T

■ ^ ,/j^lj <2 jj^aI1 lZjL^U |t^d jJmA 4 <nJ,l 5 H pi -^1 * n 1 1

.AIJ£ iiiLk^Ul &J 4 J 4^44 jjl-i* ^*Ut
.Etymology 4 jlU 1 JjI JjAj £tujti Sjj^xo < 1 h» u * » l «■■! ^ta^iil a .Li

I44U ULf J fvjj* ^2*4! -~*"-jl a£j1i »nil 4 -\ jurfcflH 4 aJJ)j

m

Jjj£ > JJ < rt' i

ui ^ j' Jl

i^lxa <1 1 nl^jl ii mfl *Lgjjdl Cila^Ul

<ji <jw u-Lt nZiL^LaJl ^_jaAj f*tSjdLiT**ll ^d ‘lo^ijLd IjLjI

. L~l^jl\ | t a jli^Ul I 1 ! t"

( •■>>* H ij* J±*J ^jLud ^jb Lu_?

cj^iull j5j j.LiitL jtL^dlc: tiiLaA£ L jjjj L*Alt

3ll, ,.^11 jPuajl J .^Uuadli iiJjjJl [jjj ClLoi£ L$j| jLlflj V

jjLtj U>iic *<U! k iljiil >ijc ^jliAdj jjjSJi Ijjliujj ij^al

L* i$jijl4 {jLI^4 jJ j£>ij 1j*j Aj --j jlll Lliiilllj t^Lija]l yjj

dJj i>o£ *»£^idljLaJi <ujJt!l CjLldLjlH |_£Jla 1 ‘Lhl^il <jJj cJ!
<ujjJI yj <JLi*ajl bJLA JljM Vj U I (J*djl) 4 ju*a tji 4j^d

"jjiiUl" ilia Jli j^a-o 1^-tjxJb J-““

(«)*■ .ti

JsL2l\ ±Llj ;Liti

^Lit <> ajV dlAJj .<*UI CiL*i£ ^UI ^y.Jl

jSj u^-yw j \±aj ,i^ij>4 y

**_dt£ <jd l-uj£aH Ci\* -jjj^ t ’i^ 3n KH <-ii kZij^Iu ^JLll {J-«j)Il

O^ri Sioll y* ^ tjl*

IjUtj JaldlVl ll4 ycij 'l"J * KH EJUJLa uWj J^ibb i ^ >

,^b jUiJaVi ^ ^ jSjj; ^ -iU

,4uLJI UIJIj i^IjjIa«j j^j'^'.j i^jjjJI 4*^1 Fs^!yi!l j-ft jliA^j (T^)

Ms -\r\ ^ ,\WV ^

rr*

^4 5 >Ji a fa jla jlf- i-U|>u C)\ j!>aj Xj

H

.AjLijL? 4jj£jJi (Jyfl JLjYj i^UUI (j-o jiaLdlYl EUa*

SUaH Ja— :hJU

yi jKLl^JI f*JU* ^^lc. lallfVL Jjjj lJ jjiiilall U 4

io *i%J\ Jilili 6—^ iMj r^**Jl </» .iiliijJl

laLiljj) Ajl-rTaVl EUaJlj r*LcUjbtYI ELuJIj j^jxtaVlj

.AilJI £Jjtj iijJLo LfjJtjNyo ^4 Lb dJj V>=J(

/i^jtt fjM JjliJt

H

ait ^‘UajfcYi ^jlt yi Jnfli <£ EjaUJI L±iiJ yi

<j! ^4 (JLull lift yft Jjkill *4*

«x^\3 JS igiAdaJLi Jlj *ULJl ^>b itjjLij lftV>b £jL*JI

^Ll CiVUj EjUJI ,ji uljSj Aii ,-UU^ yi fH 1 *

yj jLii Jj t^jjj ^Ui L§% Oj^ V .SUlSl* £*\j*± J!

|iaull yi ui ^JA9 *5 jUJI lLIjjAb

JS Jjj I jaih ij L m> ,^ !iljkC oi

jJ JAS -^jUY 51i>6 (JJ^J Lul uJjL^a-dl *VjA J*fti .i»Si OrU>"
yi iJ-a-iij dJj i>fl Jrf\illl CjQj *JU JS

^jIbaJI yj Yj <£jLJi <ii>B yi , U t J n > J-**^ J^>“

^ULaj tS**-\ J tupA UJi ^ -?n * ) l *Lu Ji1>a UJ ^4^
i> jLS *<**1 *j <4+^ ^jUJLu JJ

C JJ ^YU^It *14 yi ^UUl ^LUa.1

.SjjuO* ilil j bJ»lj 6* U« US .<Oc j^xj}\

rrn

(VSLtJt till ^ JjjJl

‘y'O? M J j^ fljt jjLi4 \j . 1 x r k n Lf i-JjljJl JjLiJ .A j

oU 'j J^ 1 OAf J ua Oliii Ui Wj.

La-(^J SjjLiXe jUjI IJ Ldbu ^Lfci

<W JKwi JiSft .jjSiiH E^i ^

■tJj ^ ^ ftt l jjlJa;

rrv

SlbutluUjUt

jdWtluLuUJ

igrl lrnn*tl ^LuLJ Jfjj ^ 5 jL ^

^LJJl ^jijJl <|i j^jJu Lhfjjlt '■! ^.LU^^lij
[jJl ^jxr i^Uj 4 i^LLdrfJL

-t—> 1J A nilH (jj {^UJl ^jjJl ^lij jju ^UuaII fALia^iaA

ClKlImlH JjJ illLuLykiUi t>0 £_>A (ji tjLi "tiUj - 4jl*U

vdlj J±ik3 '4±Midill , ,.l tlj .,.lh jLdlSyij I VI

.pJUJl \Mk ^

<j^ ijjj.lt mU l j wj tai o aJl <>• pxl yi liiaJlj

r^UiLJ Sjiij jjnnft IjjbUj ^jjS l> 4 ^jtx» iaV| Ubft

*[U.^a!|

■Lj 4 ^tj J±| Mj ^jl£ ijJj /'yjlwJJl wl L.^aU* 1 jjl
uu j4j1u USa^ (jl iLljLuJ <jj£j <J bjLlcLi

wtL,^ >11 ^ V *^uL*AJl IU.^aU a t■* VLhfit i^Alja

■"■^ ■ F ^jaLoj^rl Sjjtjj (iiLt jjJ LjLiij yjSiA i^jIaj

f^ydUu J^£dlll yi ^lu.^ aU -I

■* fj ,^JkiOA Jl *lL ^yij ijj£dl!| lit

.“■l-w I U-rk a ll -iStandardization **'1 jjjLuJIj

ajIukVj 4 * 45 * lil jlAj» 4*^.t ->. U ^uUJLJl ^ljJL*J| i>* plaJl 114

lZiLu^lluJ l . 4 jjOl 4 a*JL*JI JLiij ■ Juu Ij laic

,dj * *1 i^jLJJI p^JLftJl

(^1aJ|j * 1^1■"t| <j ^S~tl *Yjl <iaLujY

pic (j-4 1|J JjV yjll |Jjl4 jjJi 4pua *1J

^ Jfti-iyj ^jfU| julj j^lt j^HioaII ^L^jLcrLij!

,1#1S pjlail yi yjJiil

b Ju&j; . Lfj * L|lt j-t <jLe, < jajl if>^ ^j-i j jfoll I

<hLfl fluk J jO-tx-ajJt <^1 ij& o n '^ >rt ~* ^

fuA C^j h*^J -M ^

Lb ^ rn I i n-lt )
4-ULjiullt it Viil ^

*» H T

+

tjpt j^ju *LdJ£ “ ^LiJt kZiVla^ i>* JLs-° tfi “ ^1 l"iiiffc*H

til »-iTi <jl dJj i>* Ji^i LX>*^'*

^ 0^1 ^ j\ *yi* U^h U JU- y,i ,-UjUJl

ji ^U1 ol j! JL^ls ^ ^ cjLUJ™

JjuJI^ -J>iL*J!j> JaUHj ^ i j ft - i Lji ^4

^e iAIj Jl .^ikaJ\j iJtaJlj nlijii*i\j

^1 i,_iLJ! I>i4 CiLuja ^liuLii ■~*^ 11^-^ *1 t t^a^j Jli

iiHj r jV .«ul» Jjj oA uii ^

ji J[ ijSx* J>* Ji >*lj>

jaIj ij_>i* jji Vj X? LA? ’£**■

..,Vj --X? Xj vl>*! <^-5

^ CiUjWli CiLii y^ll ^ *(jj| ^

l vjj .fjjJi u X>ij VjIjjI I-

.|jjhiiH *jl£

m

jJLt fb.jA£ Lal& \aa

- jV.U yii ft) i-fc <nj j^jJ) Jji

.r

(ClLjlijJ) Ji jhi^ <J^ku 1 l <jii JjjJ (jJJ) j)jiiJL

fti^l <j^£j o! J* ^jilniifl JjJU fLblau Laic

Iaj^jj) ^ ^ jKln t| Il4 jqKjj ►lijwiflj ^jtVu ^LojJLfciJ!

iiLjuj) ft«i 4 .tHiijuVi bjut jjt .^yi

(J A blii Jji ul £SjV*^ : d>ji

kJ^&J) jHULiJj ijl gjlfll .ll j tjAii <j^ JA T JbltV) £y-i iJlllt oAj

■ -k J) • julu 4iLdLL^) p tv> u fjJj j.* jji lJJJ jljJaV) pU_fcJJ
.Jjiaj (Jjij JLi) o-* <3llLit i ill Vi Jlaj

Ej^j ibjlj j\j\\ '-**£ *(JjIjL$ -

,ji jljJa) 4*3 <-A£ Ol

F ™

(VIaj) n ■ »J *u->4 -iJIajJ^) 4t j t rt Jc L 43 L-U p h~ij (JLaaV y*ijJl
jJ (p—*jij ■ hL A^J £ 4*j)) btUj l^UI jjiJ j JLxii^j

jjili) H-A ^jlaiaj (_f Jll jA VIaj) *j - ■ ■ ■ jj^U) J>!u pj

<bJUj jl 41 j 3 ^ajlL Vj ihiaj * tj ini) 1 ^dla 4cjlli bit *1
■AL-uj {jl Lijji j]j . S)j) ^LLiaJIj jpJjdl lj! n 1 ip ^4 I j 1 ^ Ij

<4iJJt jjMitl yi ytludJi (j^A) *^Li)l yjrfdjJ) ^ !■■■*

*4*4* yi J4 *y-^» L*J

0 ^ Let *<] Eljj^ <J-Li ) *0j ] yj [jJauJ)^ <xU) ^)

J*iJ yll) y4 iiU ijl idJj JJo 4 jL1J!

jjltUt) 1*L|J JJa ^klaJl J UU UiA^ ly^l)

■ Jl>A1) 4ajLut )jtv>jj pJaii t^JJI Jjk (jiilaJ) J\ 4jJL^ JJjdlfi

nr

U jl-’-li dij o'* 'j| i £ 32 i JkiJLu ■ jlSiil

.OVjlj-aj 4—> <lulj O' “V g-i'' * ' ** ^

j^^ll 1 ■ jj~ JtJ LljlSii o' ^ _>*"■* JdS 4 ^ »'■>' L H i "’ U '-»

(^jjl *lill ftjjlj jftiA jlSiVl 6.1 a ^ rjm i

LiUS JjLji tfJJl fUl Jkill J\ yiLS!' ^U^J' O* * 0 ** l- 1 *!

jjU^ jkiJIj iillLi -jlSJ' *jj >4 dk>" kjUjj .*-iU“JI

.jll. JS ^1) Li'S* jjlijjj ‘OL*j JS J)

, 1 ^,Uj ji ,4*0 JkuJl 6* iilit tjlju oi 'jj'jl od-i'Vj
j ....t1 tyt.11.1-1 -jt. o' Ji* .Lalla. 3 j»«J £>X>i* ^ J^'n lt

... V LakL. > jj -»• .CiUlh^JI I 4 L.J .3jja 1JI .Wjk" u^*i
^ JSJ O' J*i Mj -o"^ 1 '-V ^ &^ J 'i

l. x -iB Jit SjiUiil 4 j]J ^*22 tfjj' JklJt ^LjI sp ad&» •Ui* J '**“
J*b‘| 41 <l>k> di3j I ■<-•- .j-J ialllj Jki* '•!• •J'ji O' w

i ,ij>l]t jA'jbll tfi d>kV 1 J*. IjSa-i o' dwi-J 1 ' Jo 1 ^ L - iic '

lf< 3Ui ^ jjiAll SjSSl idlj (Oil—-lii" ^ s?-^' ,i1j21 '

dli ^ jtji' jJj -jlaidt Jii 0! Jj 21 ' u 4 IjJj— la

Lo, ^ jLi. J! OW*3k jl>Vl f .*t, 4 -ki" o' b-^jS
dis Uijj .LaUi o* .U-LolO 0'S Lhjj OSki* 0'S

.JU JS JLl jki. <A> ‘Oilji

ia.i J- 1 -J (jli Cm mi JlU. <*li' ok li* 4 ^ 'j)j

t. Jjin yjll ^ dli 43c)4 i 4 *kl 6 <t>5 I j o-*l e' k-."" 04

.VjJk UiV— <L»^~'t

JLjojadW it jilt ,T

jdidl jjaj ^jlt.'Luu i> wi Jjk itjj! 6 la »!

J* 431— ril" 0 'S Ufj d> •■‘^1 ' a '— o*

uLji* v* >*j fyAj*zi\ <jl>uJl ui j>*“ C^ tfjLiU

Jutj iLfAt tjJaj .JlflJSH 4 a1j ^ (jit .t f .liii j

ij-aj V ji u^l tliljluJI jjAiJ

<L&1S1| yi) ^kili ^1 .A'fl. t i^jjliL i. JJJM g^AiAD ^4> iJjiAJ

■ itUjjJl

^ ot ^jL 3 L*l VjJj

bj^u Cili^lt \j*3 ‘l+yj lt^ i^jjJjJI wUJUijJI

jjLm* ji jJj ■ il -^"aVlj d t ■ .il^llj ,*1 (i^jLjj-ciLjjJI

M

■ i ljrv ll

^■lA t j Ot^M-unt l^\ (jl JLit ^jtVlniJ V ^JJJJj

,£-LkI=kVl SLjaJt tlAtL&jl ^4j {*_JjdAl^ ^jJaJ Ijj

«J^>iil Jji '^>1 aNl*Uj I jLaJjVIj i i pl jtnU j

1 itjjJl JLaAj 4j 1 JUI {^jJI k_ijV^

CiLa>jJ t>4 i^Etj iijJ ^ (JjJi tdlj t Aj_^aKj

O-j? >, > 1 Ki JA5 u>* *iJ>aj <i! J^i

Ail - JLpil u| (*J ^ U^j l4 V J ^

AIjjj ^A (jLuJ'yi 4jj<rfcj “(j-iiilt pXc^ wjVl Cu t -frll-m-i f

jAs *Vji >|i <tli 0^ L*jIj U-* k>>*

*1a11a Ju^u Ijjtj

JLpJi Ci\* U* ^JO* >* ^J*Al Cb ' 1 " ^ ■ w jJj

tjjLLht "■‘■"^ l y»N)l JLiiJl 0 ** *4jjVj i±* lr "LbaE^ Lf jJ-*i\

(ELuJ\ oJjLx* jji (jifi^l Vj ^ Cilj^Iaj 1^1,1 *r» j;j^ <i jnlr

(%jJ l Jufr L*^ . * 1 .Afl tl jji. |*j JLiJl \jjk ijd^ 3 o^-J -pAaJI CiVL^»

^LjiiJl -iVi iij*- Vj]

ru

jtZiLLidtjjJ^

»*dJj jJtJ IWI

^■a S^ta (ju-J <A^lj Arttrt jjii L^i£ ^jJUll frj -4

^LJjJl JjLi )jnlr VVii <ii (j^s c^ju ^1%*^ jL*j

m l|-^*; ^LLJl a*ii iaLuj! Sj-ii 5

jujpij 4 iLi JLaJI ljQf uu^i Sj^aJ^ (1»Sj > rt 1

JUj^u <cl aJV^ y-Lit Ja* <ii (joylii La*lit -1-JjpJ d tfi -<jit

H^aLc, jLifcj ^j*ir (JjLLii ^Mi 4il (jojjii LjJit

jjU* UJ Jjjil <ilj 0 ! (ji* ‘ i ri3b

^jj -a 11 ^JjU^JI ^>t b* jiij ji!l 4 jidL^)l Jil ii tal U iSL^Jlj

jyjiM jI --VI - -ij )•*> i H i "i l T tjJ (ja ^Lt «wj

£y* jiifi CiLLlaII L|X w?V > ljLc^ajaII

killJLt os^ji .^oJLi Jj j> aJ fiijJI JjL-llj I4J '-Ij^ij yjll ^Lull

^tu—1 1 jgti ]| Jiis <1S dl j ub ■*>«

5 -jSj*J1 4 cji !1 -i

*xi* Jj^ LjUoill i> <t>*" ^Uu^rl jji^flrt tb

lilaYl jrtti; <ULl*u»J1 b±A -*J^b

( j ud i^Uj jji jj 1 jL*udVb ffcj^yb <£j*iib LZjl"hl htrtdJl tjitfJJ

3iuI1 (ji ^bA^ll 1I1K Ihmnti LfcJ)

-^bii oa CAA La jf\ . 3 jr l nlO fl j! &±ukH

S J^ J b - 5 j^ pi* Jtf*** ^ SjjJb jJia-fiuJt

^^Ldl ^Uv JJ JiwilL \jSaj

f^UJi OJ pit ,ji kliLj^i JjJ k^LaJlhuil y^9

(jit Jjj U jfrLpJl Ojyu i>* oL*i kjT®

rtn

j\ * I Jjia jl <j-s olS La JaLul ^4 J^liJLa

* ' * * > ► » #

Ij^ i ii> LfcdjJ jl iLiis Ljij iLia^ ^1 * «■* t

* t '

f»*J ^LLmM *dj£ja (Ji JUj kJJj .iJjdJj O-i jl UjjriAd

■i^jiilLaj iJjlaLa^ cJ^Loj {JaAhaj «JxLa \^yt 4JaLu! <J£J

(•J* ^ JLSj UjU£j fJljtLAJ fjlfllm I ij jJjLAaJ iJ_cLflJjJ)

* J>4 Lo j^j-u ^rlhirmtl ■ JJ> j~V* ‘Ul La 0^43 o*

- LgiS ^Lilt yi |«1 La4 jA L* *.* j “^.‘ !j^aj ijj

>• tji i»ijj-4 ,jLt pjjZ

CjLcLLjI (^>D1 iuLall jA ^LtAJI I*14 .SjjfeUail kZit JjJLa 4ai

Ij J^usi l^l£ Jj^Ii t.it~All l4j^aj S^ALliJt

■ 4 c jill h.l jl -LI — 4. itl I j ir jl i i ‘i*K J /J ■ .j! — 1 jK L~il l L, ^-1. »1 lj

^Lcp Sjl^I frjjbUaJl C)1 jj&4 ~ (jujLaII \1a ^ * ‘**^ H . \

Zf£i U* Jp£\ m >*J>

.41c. 1>* (jjJJl t±l»Lu 1 |14 ^jmLiii ^^ic. «T

^JJi ^iti^ll ji *J^aYl j>1 j\ jJi

4l ^ OjSj J4j «Lt* CiIjjlJI

.jjiijJI jjij

SjAlJail tZil^jAxi JfjjjLLwJl ^>jj>jLUl fjlc v^mjZL* j>4j) I J^fcaJt . Y

fjlc Jiku YL* ^i| (JjA jJI <j-+ ^ I^alu IIjLoJLoJI

IjLa .Itjrt-^ Llijj_^kaJ| ^iaj {^JJI iJ-uaVl

^j^LtJl (jA Lq Jii .^jIbjJI y M \ Lfj ’in ij ti Sjjj£

^LgjjL klii^ jiLufil jl j^aaSj -,1 UbA iLfl*

i>« JjJaJl 4 a1jC- wijull J|**i1l (jj* <Ajia

riY

ILcLll^I itjill .0
■ fll .*T^l ■ ^^jJjlI! w( U^a) 1 c. Ij^uI [jjjjL

■s ■ ^ ^ *

<m*£j tjL^ ^ 54^4 i^il 1*1^1 ^jLc <jl£ <jj

1 ^ J *J - yi M .^Ult-■ J| ^Lt \X& jJaLuJJ) tLkbJx Ia1L*A4 Al ^Juu (ji

EjjjLia IjjridArf jlfbuVl ^ i ^U-nno ^ji-t <i WKi l

1 jj£j xi'j) ^Ej^Ualt <Uj^Jl i1iIaUq^A*JI (J4 ^1 Inn n h

!(JJjj£ 3J¥j Ij JjLm* 4 tj-t (^Jf^ ijLu-nJ jt£ilVl

\j\^~<\ QjSj .Cardinal Vowels 4 jjIax*J 1 !^1Kinn JAa hALm)

j\ Ui *<Lal_u <jjJajl

w

{jj

V d AliA *> ^11*11 LLiillj /Liit U*Ui j-1-uYI cfiS, U,

^iiJI ciLaJJiyKuJt £m=>j J^j"' - \j jl&uVl (jl£

*1*1*1! *dJj ^ jjSjjII '-iijj dJj Jj ij^i « ‘> *

, tUjiVI bl^L jm j*4j

lcyA\ *n

1AajA\ 4JUJI -l*i£ S^LJl ^ - ur-liJl Ji«

JJ (jl Atj ^Jb*i *(y° — ^ x ^) Jl>ii LaJLlM ,<j jh . ^nf

<J jjjj ^Ul (t-ijaatf) J^Vl Lai bl* ^A Vlkia

Uja 0 J+J& (JjJl J+k Lt(j ,(*)

L^j£)j LIa.j^a jju LuoJ jI^I^joaII {jIlU ,( )

*

Uu, bl4 I ilia JL2 j LaJlifcj ^±ft ,A“*d ^* c

^jjiLUl ^aJ 31<1aa *Lau fj\ idJj ^in a i ^Gr^mmatLcal Sentence
La JLldj .|hf 4 ^ t u , ^ * #<iill^

L^il *ilij ^^.ijuj ^Nongmninuiica] Sentence jac bJLA ■ JLij

ru

LLfgi *.x\\ iillL (jjaLLII 3J>^a* j^L <Lba

't £iii*£La Lfid Jil £*AJ i«LltJ |«jjtLA4 tjj[ *^4^ laLul ^jJ-t

jJshijl ifiA {j-a HjLojJI <jl <J ^ Luj

< 4i_>J. a S>4LM (tjj^LaJl yJt* j! ^^Jh? U^

<jj ■~ l, .l-^ IL^»H fvJLbfJl J. \~* a (Jj»-»J^ ui

djJkdh* L^idlj Jujjlll l>X 4 tJ^

.Alti£ ^jLuJI lZijV£

^i j±.y 3i±jtp o*-^i ul jl>^

til* .JjiKiM SUi uAi ul ^ ^1 jU*i J!

^4 4iLtSlL tit jLkj ^l>*! u^J -dJAS <Ll

iE^uJi **^1 ^ UjL, u 1*^ c*^ 14* .>Vj ^ o*

jit ^db J tZilj>*u)l frJLA £*j& Ij\ > 5 Jj*^

J*Li

6jjjiaj Jt J-flAjjj fjAj J j 4 6-* '-i'l-fJlj

1JL4 jjuil" ylt tJ-flAj

Uijt <SHb CiULJJl ^ ^Ui^n J^isll ^ ^ 14*
liijt^ ^ ^ J-jii jjL* oi ^ ui-»i ^ <^t J!

<jjilJf j4t>^l jj'«il \Xa <j ^4^1 L« jIaLi

.IjlL-iJI <^LJ! 1* ^3

UU^uJl j/Ulll oji jjLmj JO* JJj Ji-*

dj^ m. liUlj 3 ^ J1 c'> ! ^ ■> 5 J^ =,

Oju CliUVii 6- <jji4 u j-i3 C.VjU-J1 ^

tltkdj |j1 till n^4jjX*ii Ch* ■?fl^*i'^ *1^ Jt rA 11 H

^tuj J 1 jij. i UjL*^ Sit Li* uV*

. iltLiAl* 0JA.JJ4U4 4>».5 ^-4 J* '*d J ^ <JJ^*d 5

Ofl

<|jXd ‘LG JF* * * (jiJ '4‘ *i* '-flljj ^ >7iVf^lUi^^tl

Cu+ H a SO< -» CuSo*+

uicr ,J_ii£ jja ^->1 k.i>ail tji iJjLi^Jj j^Ju

OAj iu*LaaJl ji^t if JJ Jjjj jJ_Ll 144 «4^ljiai ,_)£j £il^Jl

>“JJ ^ "flV™ 3-*A? (^uLa, jJk I_£jL*j£ >*_>d

J! >Jd lOA -|1 flinlL Lfljj d ~?S'~ ^Aj ♦£a-=J\ <_JJ

J! >jj d« A-aJIjJ ClUujj£ _^A {_£jLu£

■* **

XjLbLdXa jjjJ

(Lc^jj 1 j k i fin tt j jfo'il l ijji u-* jj jm 4 ? ^1£ IJdl

< h i .^l Lf it Jjjj ^1 £*il^]l _^*ii] Llit

4*Jil| *V

jjtaH jjJ ^jis 4ji *1*^ wjUiA^Jl <ji^i

J«k' »4 *JJLj j^LwYI jLd JjbuJl fjjij tliJJl jtj ^ ^jLaIjbVI

-<DI ” J^iAjklJLi <ji LfjjLjjj ^u3^4 L$li ill4 Sit aXa (J^Lij ^

ij jl ^tdVt ^LijLuJJi [ji 111 l_iLj£

4oJUj^Jk Ac^iJt «A

Jfl i F >l " ■ --II klllj ±*"tl«. %Cjlll bJ4 JyJJ

<L^JLlq 3li fj£] L^^d ^ ilia JaIiJ^ -

3^*^ aX^ IX 4 ■^JLLX CiLj^ifi jt

ili iliL^lcr J '-j^ydui v a !"*■ 4jl^a> bJL* *J.Lfijj

Igi llmrt i l l Ij U^j u*

ijlii Ijld JLJ J* j 1) ji J*iJl tjl *t£_>d^ ^>4d ^^d

j^UJl liqJLki44 ^JAiiiJ |j£.jijJI pl^li lil (j* 1 ^ ^UkU

m J z? ‘iS^A O^Mi

• IjjJ&lt .‘UjijJIj tJj^Uall i^l-^lhinn 4 j^Ij i^a it ^ t

U^>i ,<2131 ji ,<^131 j\ ,JjVl Hilt i> litti* »3» Jtij

i^lid ^Lcr Ulj - "t -

- '— ” . d

-LuA4 Lujju

^JJI ^JVjJI |«Xt L*£ ^jJLaJI o-t JUU *JJj JJUj

jj *rl t-jn-m jAS i^jrl n~iy\ 3JVj '^o-li ±\ ma laj'iirt - ! 3 JYaI| <jJ> \ fliiol
*^™" «

jj L^IuaI i>iii 4jLia£.j <LcL&^jt iitujl Laj HYjJI Jujj ^t*

l |fl ~ k ( l jj» ^ jdc ^ 4Lid ?JYj 4 ! jii

IajL jj ^llbAd jAj 3JYj

^ubj ^jlc. Jlj {j^oidd ^tliaiOd ,|4j rJ j' ■-^' , *UYj -luU 4 mU

1L ^ala. ^jJ-uAj

jjSj 1^1 JmV Jjjll C^l lljiiJt <LlmiLuiV1 |JaU ^jl <1 jV

j4 b>i4 . bJ^i^JI Kj^UsJI ClLjAd jJJ l^jULi LmiU

w

I*Ij jjl ilij Iii4 JJ ^ajjj Lfjt (jP Le Uju {_£jJl jA

jjlLj J , ^ ju <i * 1 j£>°-^ 0-4 ijo^4 oYla^ i A& Lgajjjj

*■ ' F +

+ Cja t jLajjl

3-cjjJI {jjj <LLL*J! Ju*^ *1*1*4

bLu^U <—illia bluL JrfjD \ *flit b*li1^ ^S 0^

J) 1J^

*LaL*3 4 Jj

La l+ « Jfc j ^ t A~irt 1 ^LijjlU <&jjil iJ^aJU

SjAA |J ic. ^4j IJjIAjjVI

jjirtjan^ll *X& {jSj |«J Ij^j (> Lcji

JIjjjI 3jfilc jS>*il 0^3 ^ Sj^a^

L^i ^Cr <iA-lid <Jiji SjJ-ms J£ fjl <j _i^.^>j« Kj I jj Lilli

\jLi a'i j< 1... ^jf jjl~A. tj 1 |jl<"i.~ ^-1 j 3 .^l ^ I I 1 j~l a . ^.l

■ JjLu pi J^=»j ^jAl| i>l4 ^Jgj * ■"'t ^AidJ l bi4

ylJI jjjj £jiJJ AjjLuJI 3-o^uiila

. u>L 5 I4A*

tLgXidi ,jJJ Sj^tUaJ) {4£jUiJI IdA i j *aj p^L^jjVl

.jkjijVI ‘ 4| -'^jl Jii Ajij LfjLfeZjl

.Y

.r

i±*A*ul\ 3cjJ1 A

y^llayAaJ\ jjfidjlL (^Laa j^ial tJrf ^CjJl 4^-4 CuLi Lojj

yiaj *_ijS jjmjz ^1 a|j jjLiajij la^oj ^^ 1*11 yj u_>j£ij

jj^i j j . ■*■ ^1 J)1 <jL«V ^ ItJ I t~* i n~* 4 i^|i Ld^Lcr |fliu J

p

jiwl hij ^LLdriJl £b0ljj (jiSjl ,?lSn * Lfjj llidjlll IjJ Ii4 « liljitl
£*dj jfcJLc fjjj U^li ij&lil jj i^j tZjjt *h i t*nrt « 1 l £**3 <4ii j

A il r tj ■. -<- ^jiijuli ^li j^t 111 *IL.^a1I

.Lufcil 4c ji * V

I) J^4 .itjjjl bJLgl &jJ^A CiVfcl.UninN tJjS^ 0^ y ji*j

T ^fJ 1 TI C& ^*3 UJ

6* JUj Ji*j U\jil UjL^*L+ IT ^iuoJl

|%jAuJt n ^5 "Jo^L^JI j lLcLaJI

*<1£ <A]j jii *, **J1 JfJltlll 11 j . lr 1* rt ll

rot

Jisaail

hi o* ^4 all I 4c jj ^c > a-t&j Lu

. -*.IL:*.II

‘LJJaI Ajdl bj^llJI ■ tJ iJ ijjl blijJuB j^iaJ jjlf. tUjSll <tjj

mijjji CtLalk*uJl 11^ -1 jtK,4 i3^^J

-4* tfL jjiM Vjjjj IjJj .^uJI Ji J ft >*.j Ml# (^Jl) ^Ik^hoi

J « « * j V^Lc &j lklr Lj *jm1\ jjm*2 JLi-0 o-* tui 4aaiu]l iZut£ i^^il

■ La-4 jj* j O^ 14 >*j (jJj «4cijji ^

|M^ tjaclidl 4jLh ilj ■I jjfrri l <Ujj j^Joj
jLJLj -4j JjiiJl *00 jUJly 4 j

JjLiiJI ■ (<b) 6sUi^ J^aLJI ,(4i^V) j\ (^l)

iljit-ft b^-uLi lll£ ( JjU-m Jl Jj ab JJ (jit jJ LJj . (<ii)
oh* 4aMJaJ ^LtaJ ^^4 ^ da^d L - 4ai^ . T '^jl U^ll

-^j-iVl 4 »jjV 1 JjcLitil CiAjS ^jjl\ j^lbII

Jj*i*Jl 4ilj <j JjAbJt Lbj ililjltt JJjHj

.6JJC ylc ±JJJ3 l-A±> l* Cm* !j>-i *Ja3

l_>JLxiJ} i M-«ai b^ijLh JJA (J^ii*j|) 4jt^ 4l JiJJLbil LaO-iC

ji>a O* djpk^fl \Sa Lc,jjjJ (_£jiYl iJ^cLidJl

ujillll 1 _ 1 Li j-? IajIj -.L^i^i (>*

*LoAcJ| (jJlc ^hmhoj ^4 1 jjattl 4c

* Ml* vifijSU ^Ihirt na i ^lianrn o* Sjjjx* CiLalEiidu*

f J 4 <Jl i(Jl n tl jjj£ J«l£ 41# j^~*'J (j| t * ij4**j

tj nT^flh JJlL^ jJjjSiJl wuS^jtliJ *|+a 2«JI ■ i^CjdJt L-Ll£jlll,9

I_Ll^jll Ij -j tlj> t) ‘

^jjUi jjc t-u£jaH,£ <ju£aJ 1 i_u£^J^

.4i£ dij >i j! .. .jl^x\

r or

*.A~ cAZ& u* -uii ^ Lyt JS ^

._»y^\ : -aJLii^ii k*w\ <iul\ ^ u^

^ ^ t*J! ^ ^

.pAjdi J^- ^ sf^' 4LLi^ V*

.^MSSH --LajjJI il j"ii t fi i OftH ^iliill i> <&

^Vl Jiall Jj- ilfuAij Lp-j-ii ^.lU.^ Jl *liiil Jl>L Jjlyaj

litl^y) UijUt •>

-J«*l ^ Utj>j .jJk^Jl *L yi L^*l' ^SjU' y* 4i *

4 ^ ->t-fl-JOjI jj-3i di* jl <i" pllyfl-11 £-*3

- l-i.H ja.i OA L»J> ^43 i\j jli ^ ' ija ^ " “I*"

d ^jlA iO^^J <3*“ ■> '» ““ * -»* ->** S *^ 1

.Jjo^I jili. II* :^li .liSj 1J£ j* w^-iVl ^LkyaAll ois ‘L*

1 ._. Lit oi J3— 3 tS-il' Ji“>“ f ' i “ La ‘ ^ i * i '** d < "“^ JI

pi*" :Jiii .L La! U^“ ‘^k> y* A>?J <1 0*i (j

OaiUill Uj .CiLiUli Jlii i/jj' L* OiH semiologie liUiWt

■ ■t'-i ... J»1 ili -0*1 J! jA |J ^ «A» -V^ yil'

O* J»ii .j*. A* Will jWI ■> <1 U^lj ‘03^

r#t

jtlf 1 *j^£l+^ .LjU^LjJI p_LiJ pLjdl plxl!

0-° ,>4 tliLg^LaJI p-Lxt ijL5uJt JUlLu ,j] 5 4 i H pJjJ iL&j^Lq

^ ijfltijJl pJLc. lZiLaIj

(ji wjaU {jjj^iil^ Sl&jJI L^jujI yjJI ^A <ijjU|

^J >li.Tfc * <jj i>1 iA» Jau ^ULaj CiLaJJa^dd I^ii0JUU
(_4^V^ Cl) JLupI (Jjj JaK II p^~>i>.tap I■> II a j^ SLajJl

C t l^ a OidL^aJ c^jLui JU (jJLt (-*\A* c) l Lk£lJuj*J

fjjlll '"* ^ll \j\ ^1-J i>4 jlf L-ij , b£j£&i 1*1^1

#■

.L^L dlj

^jLt d -J I nm a t l i^jAaj yi Cibllii ,jl

klil ^h l k i i-i g CLuaj Oj *L*J \ *>a JS ^ iJilj i^>hai

oAji^ U yi ^ 11 a Jli Lid j*J\

^ J lf* Y 4 jnii i l tjI ^T um JI UAi jj|jj Jjl *_ l p4j iL ■AiN'LlI i_iialHj

{jj *Alj j£L$ jUiVl . L«- J jjij .«Li!£ j

d"»l hina Lf^fl yjJI LAj5lu 1 yll\ iIiL^HdAaJl

yj l^^jjlAli ySM d dK d rtJ l ^USJ

■-

bil [Jj^" llfi kiLii^J ^till ullil! ^jJBJ *j| pfjLlAdU

*L*1*J1 <^*ut * j^zk^ll ^4 L|^h hZill] H . L^liijLA^j cIaJL}»i«J1

t>p t airtilj jji pi±J! ^tii Cuh^dl ^ii)1 frlA tjV (jjil&Liil

tjjllVjJI '^ ud (Jj^kiijJl yi ijj^uill ^jJll

iji luijj i^LJI 4iUl pit yi J^di .jjiBj** (^j illLjji !(^i iJjdL (\)

may ^uji jb ^A^yi ,j

-t» ^

,> P+*"* u\i ^ *±*4^

Jl liLsi Ij^i . jLiSiVlj £^±J 1 ^yj, jjSl jiif tj'

i iuJjJtj S^yjlsVl J! Oj*?-A H 1 * Oi^i 55 o'

JlLjlt jjjJI lj] Si? jlj ^ ‘i*** 3 ^' «j'eX>ll

,sjy^ =U*ii Jitfa. -iUiSI J\ J-. 3 S ylll M*" ->

yi jfc 4^i OJ^ V y^ 1 ' J**3

p) ;. 0i«5a i U! .iijAtyA* o^atlill *UU 1 ) <j±j On

3jJ ? -.yi J) ijaJt »lA yi Ulj -jSSi ji *■*#

o-. ul* .<ju jiJ'j J\ hijjjfr ' iUUt *‘ L ^ 1

.^Vl J\ ji Wi. i±±.\j js yi* J*“*'

^jiVl JjjJI yli f^ii t i* J5 j V jj .^1 o' jjt
iiii Ji -Lf-JJ^ <U4—Hj ‘OWy^

jJJj* <*Aj liLaj^jiSdl CiUU-Jl yij> y*UI f'^asl' yi V 5 -^

1 I.,- Ij~.ll ila.jjil 0-“ j' .jii*JI Cy> \sti^a t!>' J! ^>'- =k yi

^Vl ^ . jijSi V 3^-'1-» J VUt ^sljlfifl oli jUIb -kM

yi 1 +iu, f^t *i—ti-J'j -‘“M M< ^

^ .lifjilt oLmLJI yi (JjJl <“^e L* (A x * 3 * 3 “r* 1 *^*

ul jl yi k*>l' *'■**■! U^J «=.Uli n . «» Hj 0 **^'

,Luu .Vji u 1 * j -* 3 * 3 -iu-uji

uka. (jjii o' <'* 4 * yi y* y*^’ ^

,ll.jul fi- o- o>y u>*^-J'i *M ^?J J > g ^ J I
.-- jll ■ i.-l-tt 5K--.-I 1 ylt Jjjll U&-J .-iUj t*J o- o^

(J |j| <c U«-n <lil- yl* —Ii3l1 ^ '-k £ i yi

JLaJI yj J UuJ. 4 4j\ AjIjJ jjlt £-UauMi*]l <^5 jjl ljSj

yi <_£>*J (jjil >4 1^4$ -yua-Vl £lLLuuJ1 J

.<JJj-lJl ^UjlSVl

6* Ljt$J «".>b bJ4 J-=* Jii 04^

Ji liiisJl ililaJiuuJi U'"j ,,r ^ I**!

O! UJJ !■** yj jLbtlj £oLa-aJl iUktU^ *dJj

^ CulijJIji .^Lftlj J l 3jtilN *^11-H J-t.”

OisSI jcLJil! sUvi Ji IjLs .Wju| 4j 3 V* .y^l

<Jj J—UJ Ljji jL bjjlilil {jl£ fliJL liL?.1<l

^rUnnall *JAjj J »t_iic.^l ^ji ^ a

^UJt IjuAmU UUJL yi <i I***, y-JLdl

4-*uan UijkJi .y

H ¥ 1 V

ul AjmiaU Jj j.nl5^ La ^LjVI ^ j^oJLJ! <i >*d
yi ^ i^iiuuJl yi ^iidu <t£jjJa ^bj ^ik^=L*ii

Orf** 1*1*31 <ji (jilj 0-* V UAj

^/■h I t vn a l l *j-n lj*3$ o[ JjSl <]Lu*jJ1 fe £bvajt 3Vj* t

.%dlu^Ul ^iimlTl {ju« Sjj^La <Luj£)1 iZiLilll yfl OtjcJl file yJ l~j L^ ...~t |
yi iij^kii ^j-4 _^i yiiij f%4ia jjiS Jij *idJj tLJjiH ^jj jjj

\J ^

^j 4J La j!Ju 4 4JLa( ij*J ^TiLiU -^1 tl^ ^Lc. ^1 Jjj ^laj^

Uj'fc Ufimal j^jj.VjJiA ^jj'- ^ uu LaJAc Pike <iLjLi 4j]|

Consonant J Vowd .'L*+i j T U tL-tf L,| ^^.if

r^v

Li .Contoid 3 Vocntf iL^i j1.lj.laJl j U'h e e efl Ljj ."c^Lo
Vocalis y*j XtJi UeVjl JIUlS J* AjL «** ■“* .j,*l
ji UU&4J tides

ju u Contoid ^ ^(g .Vocoid ^4

^lajj 'Codfionarc ^J-ujV L**Vjl *Luaji *4dW 4“

ftidos

Cwi r** -JwA-W ^ ‘ ULJt ^

jjU Cy>3 Md>V' ^JJ 11 IH-W

jJUlll Jj yLc. Jiijj .Sj*aLJl ijLaall ^ali JJJjLiaJI

^UAl Jot u- *>« Jt *iiJ ylM W f^' »> W

.^Jjhil yi aj^. jiUpiylt ■W-* 51 uijlpJIj -1J2-J
(I^L \i4j .*#,>*11 C. Hh . n . U Jj jjjS jjj Lu.jlilt UUI yi

J—1 a* .v*>tiii inn C.U1S a* ««£ V- u' m>' «*>•■ «j*

^LUj .^yUlt ^jVb O-J^' o' -yiJ*

4 i* ^JJl j-all ^ ji-3 .5ti-3L.yi iii«Aillj .a#^'

i ,UjlJ| -“■>-' I-» o' «-**£ ^ £*“>! **^> tf* ajLJl

VL l*ji jlS 0!j ‘t^ »> J* 5 ->*“ ^ w 4 r^'-* ^

tUU jl .JLaJI lie yi ^w»- J* L* <>* ^ *****
i i..i. i-i—. Lae .j>*J 1 o* ts-w* 1 ' t l h ' " t l tj

i^abuJt j^Lllj -JjLjJI 6- J a jM j' .1—1*11 ji

yO* ji* 0- b*H *■»**! I* 1 d* ■«*** •>

■dhj .'ujft. *at—^ g#*oli ‘*0"!' *i3#V>— 11 M tjli-Ai

J1 ? . a - aj,>uJli .U5jLie. yi ;U J>

- J-y- 1 "- 1< W—l' «ji -5tt* >-ij—1'j ^

r«A

Jj£j V tJ 4& CljJ& irtjt V[: luijhLaJI -i_Jl.mil

uIaILai ^bAJ i fjLuld ^CajI <jl£ Ldju&,j . La^ld

w

(Ofltrtmj (j\ tlL»iYj .L_JliJl ^d pLmid, Jdi (j^jilij JJU rg. >j.t->,

Ll jj tilJj .^idli^ Lg^j jii u^lj ' g 1 J 1 7^ kijLaJJb&t £uaj

jJkj *£* -y ll ^fca glLirift £*4j (_dYi& ill) ^^uiLijVl JLa

J^SlI 1 >t *l >44 £« j ml Till J[ ^dJjia JLu ^Ihirtn

lM ^ £«^l pjd

i^i^Aual) ^4 AjJ^JI fr»i4 j>i* |j! vdJjj , (ijilusi) ^ ^ K' ^J
^LiJl Jii ^ *(J"0 ^ J*

. (jiL-i)

j-a^JL fjl |ji (jjjj-ajJl jil AiLtiil ^ic. Lilj Lujj

LfAd L4j£jj1 (jilt Cj-fcl kinajl O^J .(^^uaj jE r I, U »P 4

li^j^ <111 (J^i <4j>3 f j /■*»«■ Ju, Ail <jjjj*e*jJl jji Ltju «
/ ^TiiiU ^lc b .liQ'tli J^d tjA (\00 UljfcVl) ■ *

JiiH -r

^j&V| iTjLiJJi 1^4 LS ^EUbull Jau ji 4 j

3iltl i Jio_j ^JJi i Aid <j^j J *j"*j*^ jl <jj,jLajyt£

f^djS uLilui A4ijia]l frJLd jjtfijij ^U I^J) J^iJl

<illl jbLL ^ (JjAx* aIja[ (jijJ jAjjIj Ail ^i| Jljjj} *!)Ldi <L^j4^4

3jLjJm <t£jjim]1 JJj |*i$ *£lLLjaa11 ^Lu AjjUII

. ^LbJjJI ^jaju Jua j^j' 1 ^ CJju

I I r . J 'ijptlAJ illAjll .^iJijVl kii^JJ pj J jljA Jji (T)

■ TfV (j* + UAT ^UjJt jb

r*\

bJjLivVl (jj jjuc. Ati Jli u* *>W

.jUii <L&4 ‘GjA^J liill (Jx U^t *

O^j r4£jj±ll Jj 13U ^jjJI <uLmJJ 1 tlil'i Ihin + N U^*-i fc **Aj .^AAIT

I^| 1r l j . r> JjJXJ tfi *i_>^!

(1*4— flft

cpisememe

awrt

£— altolone

<— aJfoscme

Jj ;r L.<!L

kinesics

«— giossolalia

MlS

glosemc

<— topogram

HSH

t— kinc

(4^

kincmc

jJwjJt -L

<uU^b Ui <> gjL^nU £>i*J ^ t“

AIj J*i 4 JIJ . tfji) Jiij J!

Lo aJij ^jjS pMli 1> (jitA C») tU- a#v -ikl\ -V^b

.IjjLbJt ^Ulk-^JL. *-*ut jib Jaj

4 ±lJx\ ^3ii u* 6tw *** ajL>yu

JLlj> -l*rt Jii yiJI <iiii J\ <^j *4* Vb*

Jjfc ^ 6 ajU bJ a\* 'J^ 5 *> *■** ^ d u^-d ^

Ja jl b^v J1 V^-ifci*4iUj UjL* 3 ^ '-*Lt ^jll j%>Wl cj) -hl Vm *
jii paJU.ii puH-t -4j ’Lp^u 13 ^

jLib^ JukiJJ) b" J iJ ■*** ■ jt^V' libit***

\Jm* JM ."tt-JV r-Vlj JJII «• ^ **j*m ^

biai ^ ^ tf 311 ^W 1 J 1 ^ "J 1 ^ 1 ^ ^ ^

^uibil *13 J« sf' J^ 8 ^ ^

jlS ob -(v^) 6* jl3±j Ah^H o- 'Aj

ft^) ^ jkphiu ,U4>i </ ,llu ^ujw Ja^s Lh-I j o^i

a ^ JLi^jJ (Jf^I u-s tjlS LftniJ

pOJka.IlJ Sjrf AJUm frJ^aj "j (_^jjl j.WvtJl

«ult Id /'i-ujrfll 1 * &\jil\ gjjJl

g+L. fSKl! 6- V^ 1 ^ *1*1*1^ ^jjJ!

**14 Aj^ LaJ ji Utflj-* Cy£- jiaiH [j^ii

C>*- W_>*+ (^L lOl if J(i JaftUI JjS |jl£ l~d ;.l Jii

lJ^ij V Lm jjJ ijjjflj^h ‘jj *<Lu_^jtfl ^LluII IjjijIaII otjjVi

(j|Wi 4_i) 1 Ql J tl-S.1 | llflj .Ljj£ <Lai^ yj lidl^l Lk^ti

.%jjj£ 4a 1£ yi jUdi&j V ^l^JI J iijjj^jJl

jj' V pjaJlj jLuaJl j| i^JjtjXr <L1£ "jl Id^JLt kiUj ^jLc^

•p

yi u“dk3 ■ 1 cIm (tjoiil) *LaJ£i . <-iltj * Luz^l

Jlj L|jfl ■* {j>o >i^j Lj ^jlj LiiUu JIj Ajj^jJI

J*dVl ^gA tlul& ^ ( d ■ kAS ‘Urfj tt-ljAdJl C*+ <CrjM4

■ 4_. >**■-k . .A a 4|_fljJ|j jJl iilL=»kd l*M.t-l |*j . (Sj J-li)

IgA Aj LbJJU a> ^aj 3 ^ ^ lW *11 'Lu— co^a\ L$jI

L&j <ui£ ,J£ c>i i^l * l>^-P ^ La-5 <a1S

i> tf4i J o J j) iluJl Utfill L>* Lfcd ,j-jJ

.Lj^ldJl

rn

j£ill ^ illVij ojLljj ^Itiim n\\ *L\j JjjJU OjL£ 1j)

^kj^^ll jtJ&ill Li^lj^lj tyjLiljj 1 ^ikiaAll JiJ-* 0

jjL-u jf\ liJ 4^Lc ^4 L*x ^CaJ JS

Lf^ii Cil >t La j^JLi £«UaftQriJl *L^ jjrfd u!

™ a * *

Lc,jgj±

^ &j>Jl Ultl :5o>*Ji <aJL£J1 JLjO*J J

,5jiLuJJ| ^JjJI IjlilaA iy*3 iLfl£ ^4 Cj I^,U^»j> » Jl

^J^mi^II ^ad^li ji fejl^A ^vlui i^Ia ffcj^dJl frJbt Jltjdul
l*\SM ajfr ui 1 'I itj -Jrl kirtiH <j-i .lj^ Jji^a 3 -lSjjJI

i ■» *

yj ■ Ij- 1 ^ T J Lkjj|l |jJ I'V^.A J. ^ldliuiall SjjAaJI

rfjljpk IJ& <£tl* ILliOJ 4£jj djt-Lul jjll >4 jjYI CiIaUaiAoJI

,d]j >1 J! ,*j>L ,JjU ( dLt l^Ai ,JiLi l ,^iiA

*^L# jj >» Lm

4 ^l^ikiAf "tl j> «~ ■ V 1 ^itl b JjAail

Ciil^y^kli J1 jj| ablaut
jjjlii ^Lt acute
jjL-JUl j apex
4 "(t?JU l)*aN ^ii>._i.«o aspect

^LJSII ^

La pjLltt

S^u accent

Wlj affix
jh^Lla direct
Cij4d phone

^4 Bjj-uaJl bilk wiJUj Jt^jJ .t

.Jtlj ::LjS1 C.LJL-a*II tfja L*£^tfi<S^ ^UiM

rir

,4 ^L l>* jA Lu dJj j^\

jjiLiu bilabial ^*2*^ Actual

uiAjjII equivocation «iiill bilingual

*

tjA LS i agglutinative ^LaUI ^ LoJi IJLa Jl*

^L£j5»feU!

Lftlil^j jjl ^j35L ^•^AS i(j^aAia«dyB gilurfcft uu . F

A1 j *lU Oaj fjWl

jJ jUl jij sociolinguistics iu4«Jl geopolitics

^udJI CiL^iLiiiJ^ psycholinguistics gkittopolotics

i ^UukAJl tluu (i^wg^ll |*j. ^ 11 i p |

iZlJhill <‘LujaJ 1 ^jJ l~i in n U LS

^jjLifcll JjjJI j jViiifcHj t ^ S j a -fc \ \

rk ^

\1 a Jloj -AjIj <1h» >4 dJj JaiHj

A

ljJj

tiSjj

4^5 Jj Cli£

binary contrast
complex sentence
complex word

JJLb

(JfjAi >Zib

Cardinal vowels
cardinal number
cardinal adjective

i <t iKlU.rt*.!i 1* 1 Ji ii1 I<14 | j)^H j

:iuVl

-U-

4jjlc

high

front

rounded

vowel

•JJJ-

I >ik

high

back

rounded

vowel

vi*i

Mi-

low

front

rounded

vowel

J.li-_

low

back

rounded

vowel

nr

-VII

.o

jjj &*i4j i^L^yt ^Ijl^L«u\

i^jVi jjij *ui J.U^ *ul jVMrl -(ji La^

.liUj J££^£ < Jl^-iYl JtlAjj ,^kiJl JJUUj +I_4«ajjl J-LAJJ

^ fcJulj ijaJl U^ ^-ij^J fVuiVl J.J.J*

■ <JLdj *4j JjJUiuJl iJJj ^I 'h I h < ortH

i^aIaSI k. a< w^ll ^jLc. > ImiT^aII ff-uil

U$ jA 4.. M it > n<

<Lo_ufi jUaijj tHiL^junJl JJjj < imT^) ^jJl («JL±Jl

jjjUj^iiU l*JUJl (Vwwl Jiaj * I -h 1 l r> i rt rt jL^=J ift_^UkJl

.wtynil jI^aII ^jdLuj| i^ildu ^i±i Sibin j j jLji

i l ^ Ul^ jII fr*l£ i^ll>li| ^1 ^iJbdll ■ » t

t^ jjj -d-aJYl Atjj ^LdJU

jju J;n~--t colored future
^jLa, J •??■,■? cotorelcss future

.1

*V

.A

rif

hltLfjyua^aJl Cm* jJaill Ltolc-

l»14 jjt5 LalSj ^jl] ^4 j^JJU £j^j-3 <J tJti t^jLujyi

m- ** * *

(t£}id Jl i^jll dJj tLitlaJ J! VijU cjJljil

.JjliSJl J[ iJjll jSeji\ j\& <*jtia

* 0 ^ Jl -jiyij jlm o* o^i

i*aAiJ1 u* fr jiw. .JjLiU Ejj^ jJ Eaa. aj^A>

lti4j -^jH ^Jll^j.11 (jjLjll ItLft (j£

>^Uj gLu

4jba^l J^Lu^i! :Xji

•M

jut nil ixiLdJI |Ja jjj l+j i^ImiJI ^ji^iil (jd

:ysL L. J| jLitVl >!« u* >4 ^ ‘Li

jjju t^JJl L.^.h pJl±4 .i tj .JL ^I r \

g>* «!*& | <_ujJ £l 1 jll 0 ^ ,jAj i^litJl jJuH >4 I>l4 * Iflji j Ajx.

1 < | 1 ^-" lL&j V] ^LtcuuJl ^1 ^jVl c^LaJI ^ trAj V

J4i La iJAA^ Jl J^bwi Lf i=^

gi5 4 ^ ^dJl Ul lijilll ULUl ^4^

laij Lfcjtjljllj ^7*1 rt ■ 4 jUlJ £*3A»oJf yi a>£j Ui^

^IJ ' **-■*-> i (Sjla|j 'UJ i>* oj )|$\i ■»« JjIjj

:j& 00

ft. A. Hudson. Sociolinguistics- Cajrbridgc University Press, 1986. p. B-9,

rio

hipji <w jsi mT i mrt

(j^Jul /^<Ai»-u»>jJl OA* 1 ^ <j j l> wft J l l j^iiAJ3

^ J_4 ,jj A^l_j JSJ niUJUj ■ j fx* i H \<±A (jit ^tj.l. -s a

[^JbhLiil ojj *>* JdJ Lijilj **J jJia-iui ^u^ffeJ!

jj^VI Uw[ AjjiiuJl tj j^A.Ao 4£a»VjjjYI u^iiiaj

ujAiii

«. ni l ■ ILF, ilj WfljJ l j lj t^fc l ■ ^

3* . ^ l*/i^ tjj^IL ^ l -it 4 J Lu» 1 »l4 0^

c£>“l$ <Jj' (j#* Ap* J J \j y* Ap <1h» i^wil
Cl^Lj k—4taLo <1 Lu \>l4 <jl^ IjJj ' * * J^ O' 4

iflj 4'ir. j i^lM J^llu ^Adll > ^ l >1^ f^|*jlc ^

^ -w-... U Sjuii JjUIS il*i*i*J 6* Jut JL-« J^jdl

^id^J ^lltl t^lli*Jl wflj ^4*Jl

P ^tU^-H <JVjJli U^l
■«■ ■ ™

CiLaAUl (.> jit JiL ^Us-aJ! uA ui
jj jtA-r* fltl £tikA*ll U^ «-fl!iU. <L>lai^ \j

JJ <uLj ^ ^Ih.rutL illLyi uVa J j t uj^e

^ .*M-^lU^jJl jjj tjUjJ j»^j|j

lL*Aj lihj j l V i^l

necessity of strict interpretation

ethnic groups as a source of linguistic data

.Gl-oV* ivt a (0

^USJil 3 jjj± 1I jUI ^>3 ^LiLuill Jl f%J\ 0)

M\j0 -VTA ^ .MAt -

( ^Ai i ^u£l\ ,JU \tjM\ J* *bU^ jiUs^J^ O)

MY ^

rvi

\±a (necessity of) 1 < jLi JjVl *LL.,-^lt Ul

*LjJ^ ui u*Aj ^ La* 1 ! L^“ J ^ rltrrtn ll

Lfi strict interpretation jj Lua ^UxyuJI 1 Jl|J

(_jl Lai i4lu4|j ^iltill jj jjd ~h ^>£ J^jaLii budaJl

«■

tlil yj JjJJ jj£ 4a>jll iU'^inn <l£k IJLa

^LLaJ!

(as a source of 41a * iJ lLitL ^JJa^LaJl Lotj

t^iLtLa^U' 1 ^>fAa Cxj&£ ui o** ^LL*AdJi ^ 7 j^j Linguistic data)
^4 £*- ^LL ia*JL (jj jljail j4 ethnic groups

.^]UL< »11 j-'-rt * ^1 wliUl fl "ji H aJ 4 (ji y^!

wUUiai) Ij t ^^ tiil&LuJl eJ4 uj^ u!

-ujSj ji ^LLiAdiL t>* *.>*■ ^A>*^

a^LU^ i j* Uji iethnic groups

' nUm\\ tiiljji C>* u^*i t-* ^Lh * rt *JL >It»i} ul
jLL ^ J'~ ^LLri^aJI J-liJ ^Ia\^jV| ailft U^

il 4 <i* 5 »

social status and Language

sociology and Language
speech and linguistics

ul ^ * V 4j^i ala^ L>* 4 j,a iii~ij r (JjVL ^ rlti i rtfl ll Lai

j\ fih_ilj£l Ll^lc j^Laj u^ u)j *U^ jLufil (jjiu

- 1 1-^ ^LJjjJIj u- J

w l g-“J iUllL glLi»->ftl i Lalj

J\ jJJaiaaJl 11* 4ft ...j 4a^jj gcJJuuJI J jlj

nv

jUi. Xj <+i>j Speech j Linguistics :L*4 j u j"

.<iL

H

,0

<jaj frJ^pA^oJt £U^LJ1 jjj (JiajLL Vi

^ EjjAJriJl t>»

J jj.-.it L > 1 jia- " ■^ikiot li ^gjl &j4

5^L-UI --. t^tl-I I J* £«-=J)

Olj^aVl

OL> a * 4i i u^L^ah ul

LjjjI lj[ 5 1 *—" .globalized egressives ^jUJl WII

lit , "Jti iLkjt Sj^tlijjr 1 iLfj i Imll ^jjUS

jju ‘globalise 1 ^4j Lwi^ill ^LL-* j-daj <0 ^Iki&JI
Ej^i^ bJ4 ijl tilijj DubOlS

fjAAJij lZiLlUI ,j'"VJ *>AaJl kZiLi] ^ jrtti

^ U yi UV*J1 gtu I^AJ Jl>^

<J*AJ 0j£± Ci\^a^i\ <jl|

3 »■ Jl ^4«aj 0±H>^ ^

-{frj.iiiJl t>a SjjLd L+jj£ (j4^) fci* ^aL^Xl

ji ,» >*! JUVaU ^1^1 ,0*

Ali^UUi .globalized ^ {-ize) ^jjjLsjVI ^S^Vlli
pi - ~ uVjij •globalise* (-ise')

: jlu!

Jean Dubois et aL Dictionnaire de Hriguislique-
Paris. Librairie larousse, 1973. p. 237,

tv)

riA

iklil^oVl jilt ^

yj 0* [*a,Lj jUj i>, £jJ>a *li

( j Hfl j * >j jH ' l I n j Jj ilj^li LajLcr ^1 Li f«aJ

fglotuiic ejective Mil* SjjJvffi ^ ^ik iAa ^ uA ui

uA uU ‘Cjectif glottal! quc Mil* i jji ; Jij

Mil* ^jjjjJl

0jLk»Jl JjLuaJI ^ :UU
£^>^51 Ci'iHiiu jiyij JliJl (j^iu (J>c jv-uj

Id \jJb (>^5

ti^ljJI jh^AoU jA.t" „ ^1

^aUI .~".L^ IU-K (Jjji lj>i£ dAljll i&j U Ij ^

bjlull l j i«~H p ^ ij >LBj .^Lkiail Ljjl ^uaj ^jJl ' J - i^fl~

t>4 JJUU Ld 4_|AdU Oljlj 0^ L ,^ j* III £*ij tile. klutjij ^jjJl
^jjjLi^uajl ^2 m^jjJ 1 Jji tjjj jj (JidJ ji£ jkj Luu J^\jl\ ^IkidJI

t f^JJiVl bjJJiSi hllkdytdlJ jLluJ

vocal cords (chords)

vocal bands

vocal folds

vocal Lips

vocal lodges

vocal ligaments

rn

ijljLil Lf=bjj£l Jjl ije_K$]L Lsi

J[ ^y&\ u£KJ-Jl t> ^ JJJ -Wl^ *1 m, ^ (Antoine)

j\j^I ^ **± fcl w il l t»*i* <U»-i

UiJi ,> L-J La?" JL*ii j>j£a]\ JyL .j^I

j^jJl JjSjj (chords) jl (cords) 3*AULa dJj

>ic JUxLul j* (cord) jlj JUaI^IV ^

"* 1 ^ ™" J- ^ V.

ijjil o>Sj (iijjiajy^ ^ *lH dl* J

^■ij ^H ^JulajJl l_uLaJ 1 ( jLjtVl ojaj [lSjJ> 1 jJ \ 1 h>

klrfll La^iiLtij (*4l UJ jl^SA^b jLJljAjj U*i

jlLu Lfcj Ijjj£ jjixi ^>=* ui

L

.LaJ\ yjLl^ Oj! V^ .<*" Ejui ^ lI^ 6- ‘A* 3 ^ ^

. j _ a. 1 *■ h tlL

K-t-l l AjLIsII JJ V1....1 U* ■£■*** (ji jiitL*, fil*

V -It—* ,> <1 A»+i ^>*4- yi JjLll JAill s* uA 6' *! H^ 1

jj yik jit ^ja.i-li .0jj3>^i' oj4 =JW Utj

JUsJI 6e ulitia- 0<W :LiJ J u* J U utsA*-* 1 ' U**i

■ .°‘ ), wn»

,1AA1 ■ ■■~ < 'l t |Jlt ,lj«llll .Tfe lSJ*U' Gi^uJI Ujj j\Si~t *i^»i (A)

-A1 y»

.At^ift pi*. . C J#JU Jjji wtsa tt«.jS yl dlj uls 4*1*3 (')

.£1 .MAT .^.Uill Li* ‘SjAUll

;jliil 00

O' Connor, Ibib, p. 41.

rv.

<j _m nl lj 1 ^ Lo^

Ji|j ^ u£>*$]i ^ISja.i-i."

(Kaplan) iZiI^aVi ^)1ut ^ij]i i>iA JjU yljj - II

■

‘UajLLq^ !‘i T “Ui CidV JJU i(j^jjj,iaJ! (juuAulVj i" -i~t Lai 3

iS^ sji (O'Connor) jSj *Uj ^

ij ^)J I n fl SiHqj [jaJlJ CtLij jjljljia]) ^jla.^.tl > I * ^.~ ^it

M

[j^-^ ^ikjj ^ j^Lj -i'^ I *" jLbLu 1 ^ja

'i'iij ^aJIj iJ-wJI tjji jjLl idJlS .(P) 3*v>*.0*fril *UI Jkj Ait

■O j^ 1 *^ o^J 'lajljj kliA^J I nt*< oi>L5^^ y*

y ViLM Ia *\*£t\j (jAu^eJi OgjA^ll ^ U u! Jj

OtLH>^ J 6^=** (ji yi CiIjj W JJ J^aj Jililj ijLc. SjJJ

vaaj jjj / J[ V* ^ ^jljlj Jjaaj

<3-^ jJt pjjgjij^aJ) ^jULyuJL ^jJjJjJI ^uuj

0 r >

uir 1

LuJ)

mufetfloJI Jdtoall ^ Jlc *Y

■^*11 lAJjIJJ ^*~^~ (^uLjJJI | _ja 3J jl i^i>

^1 i(4jiJU it *1 ^-"*11 tli jll jj) <3-°

yj ja L*£ jt tfiJkj±L Cas^ i*t*l*It ^jA*j jut ja L*£ yjj£u

:^i 0\)

Harold Kaplan. Anatomy and Physiology of Speech ( 2 /e). McGraw- Hill book

Co., p. 2 IE.

.O’ Connor, ibib, p. 26 :>ii (IT)

-^iUi pit .^IjjuJi tW <^ (jju tiii u^dVi .^i jbpijjj mu (w)

■ 4 0 [ja ££jLllJ %4<li«

rv^

. A\ U4 iJ^ju (jUl (vxi-JU ul* j iS^

.slwv^ jAii ji

V 4 I jjj ji ULJJ 1 —‘ JAJUJ ^jil ^La.l k . rtJ l *>

SjjL <> £-ji p+u*±\ Ui^

2* jU\A \ liiJl

^ ,*i*Li-Jl 5JilK *>b 1> ^ V* <-il*s-Hi

^yU:l , y^LUt 4iU1 .JI—JV1 H*kil ,> SjajS- tt-jn+A

Sjilj (JUfl *> LLu VI sJVaWj

/' £ ^jjLiVt

Lh O* a » W lJ [ ui J1 ■“* < R - BartlMSa) ^Vf

*j U JS J 1 a* ,wljLi)fl iJiil 1 >^ASj bjiSu ^ iiUi oV

La iLau lgjUi| r t (li^ku tjlij tijw iLuLlji ^ ,^1 ^il&dJI

V)

iilJl L/ Ic (Barthes) CjjL _>ki ^ J l rt ^ ^ (4iUl) 4*l£a
(J JI £>\&J=» AIjSj ,i*Ul J- b> <*>N e*^. o^i .4**kU!
jLn ^ ^ J$j u-^ ^

1^1 La ylfij Wd* La 1(^0 ^ <> 4*-^

.Via 0d->^ ^ ^ £>** *>

_Jl 4 i* J^a, ajj (R de Saussure* Ibid T pp. 33 & HX>) : jfcrt {'0

V

M. Arrive ei al. Les dKlionmaires du savoir modemc le langage- Paris. J973* P. 456,

Oswald DucnA & Tzveuui Todorov. Dicdonnaire encyckupcdique das : j£*\ O'0

.sciences du langage- Paris* SeuiL 1972. p. 2S0

rvv

Lfcjj *VjiJ (functionalism) L >1 $

<£*■>* A*aLi ^jIj^ojj Jl l ii. j mLo-UJ! <>

^ Ji '-■>■“ £ljJ 3-wjJLd La!

(Linguistic Sentence \*A

1 fl. .(Firth) |j\£ ^^+11 AokJa^Jl fjjjJ 4-u^jj -4 Lajj .Perspective)

■tin* <Lo>ial* Ji <ji t£j3

k i rt ^ L? < M i1 o 1M1 L^j* ({Substance) kijVl «jL*Ji

^Lu-aJl (v) L|la^il^] kJjVt frjLail 1j 4 (<5j Ui*.1l

*f w

^IkJl (^) fijLJl i^juj ^*1) bj,>uaU yjft ^ ■(from)

(ii)

. '(Situation)

:LilLi

iw

^lk ■04

■ n~« tt floilll jk uj^jqI lj^iII >loLJl {jiki

nnkJlj 4 (!^a!^ 5 (jt\^ilj iyl ^Li ijiaJl hiljdi kU

iZikuljjJl jjUai *U Jlaj «—jiftcLa jjIj ^ ^UJl^

ililiitl ^jAu j<Luj>JtJI ilij^idi 1 i^1 ^sI^LujiVI

^Li Liy Jl jjJ |jkJl AJU ijjjtk

Margaret Berry, Ibid, p, 37 :^i 01)

l‘1‘^*^ jJjiJI )j '■~'t Tiff i((ii) %iUI 4i i **i ! ■ tftj J .^1L4I ^ nrt (W)

.TVAyo.iivr

rvr

lujaJt l*Utj itL^Jlj

. ( ' A) Uiljli ijV' if* J*S*'

uij , ( " > Jblla. tii rlaJtj u-Jli «*“'.>* J! (T 1 ^ '^Aj
/ 1, ' > (jLi*k Up *UJIj Opit L*l» ‘ l< 1 uW^-Aj *Wa S W
,> ul Jaj -Odd** 1 uWi .6i*A*• L A J VI

^Ja.1 ojUii oij .*lillj ujill 6j2kJI ue-a On d*J
y* c.Uj>ai xp- v> iu,ijai

US oJ-Sik uUjSd W&d eti "j ' : ‘ i "‘-» L *^

■ (1T) o*iW ijljjSi

Uiit uyi-t uiUJIj ujiJt ji J ijLil VI i-J OJAJ
u L«i 6ljj$» LaJit Odirt 1 uLtAw uI^sSj

, 3 i iU 4 jL vilVl wi-sj *>

tA** ^ ^ '^-asj ^ c=!“

Uj . W ^ ^1 JIM W ^ Vj JLJ1 ^ V . jLi

y

^jLjlc V 0Li4= La** W 1 i/* JJ**-**'

Kart Broclelmaun. Syrtehe Gramnuitilt. Leipzig, veb verlag :jtil ('A)

.EnzykJopadie, p. 13

^ ,na. .jjUJi jia .tptfi' -z/j-Vi - r uii un A -jAi J 1 ^ <">

^ tHI

.\* i_?=> hjAxJI 0^')

jV^ jjiii ji u**^ lj^ Lf+^i P')

^ * j 1 i -hri h . ti\

Marte Raff; & Ch. Dkhissi. Contribution a letude experimental dec :j4il (TT)
cunsonnes d’amere de I' Arabe dassique, Strasbourg, institute de

phonetique, 19&1. p- 144-

rYt

y UsVl Jl (Ladefbged) .Y

i> *yi ulw j* O^b F**J1 u>L*

LuU ^ Uj 5- * ilirtl iZil^aVl bit £i*a. o!

bj&i Ju (Ladefoged) . J^Sb JL jjJU

lAj*° i 3^ ^ iA ^j ice*kUl OjjjAJI oi ^L-l ^it
Jj*\ oi tfi *ub ftfsN OLiiLJI) ^iajl ij^lj

.Ll^ litoia iiU UU^J Juiijll

o^uuji j-ijLiJi ^1 j^ajj oi li <ji

<> i|V Jj ^-LiiV US bj^s

4jUi *Ui. i *j ^jLaJil <Lm 1 *UftJl 0 LiijVi pj j^Lj 1 -*^

■-

*P^JI Jki Aii Lib .liill ^i-Mi Au#l\ Jjill jLi jLu

jLj tijjj V iUJalt Ojjit ^Jlaj Iflklu (jUuUI * Lilli j

<v iiVI J[ Lf>oiU tfj^*JI C^ J>“ * 14*11 jL: jli .*1^*11

j^aj V ill* (jLej , jijSll Aij ^1 u^J Jj jl Ojj

LlXajj il l M , tlijjyidiVi <LlL£ ,^u ‘LiiiVl klil^b^Vl '

jJJncu f4*id -UAaJ ^jȣ ^ LaU

^lt>idSU 1 jajunl ^jk jil LiJ J^a (Sommers te in) ■~ i _ 1 '^ 1
Lt * uj♦■>w j jjJI iIjLiijJl n j^iiiS CiIjjI jjU - "ciLu^Jl 1 * uu ^jjjj

L^ijS UNi V Cil>«aVl Ja-1j 4*i JjVl jv-ill
^Zil^dVl J n > nj i ^LjJI ji mflN Lol^ . La^jxt j 4—dLSJ 1^ JljJij nbJ!j *LR£

,>iij tpi&\ L liki* ^I^JI jjjkl (jtlli! j*-* LfA.Lu| ^

Peter Ladefoged. A Course in Phonetics. N. Y. Harcourt Brace :>kll (VIT)

Jovanovich, Inc. 1975 P p. &

rvo

3 .;:vi J - - j 1i*j .tub? ji *W* j^ 3 ^“J 3 o*

i ~.»S aj (Sommerstein) jl tiA (ji Ct* uj$i <*AJ

,-.\j.Jll\ pj...S-! ,Ci!U l»S u-ilJ V .3 iiji . r>~ *Uisj iLta.

jLjhaJI Sjj^AlL. iLlSi * yiljM -JjLSl&Sa.Ij -Uij J!

p.-itj ^tj.-i-Vt -\S j!j— 4*l3e ‘y^ 3 *-* 1

jJj .(fricative) UflSja.i ajfe 'W OsM 33 * ui-.i j!

.(sonoiant) Vi 111 111 ta"“=b CkPsi

^l>iaVl tjaaJl J*?- tffjJ' 1 . 1 . 1 " 1 " ijl •'■** J! ciLiJ

‘W 1 ^ ^b 3 b^ |*J |H^ J* ^b—^ S^ V |

J, <Ui J1L5. „iji jl£ LJ Vb Ob-Vl c Lit yi b-Ui

-,..A j *i».ui »i» jb .^b*^ t*b-J ^b*^' jbw- 1

£jJ J) ^ibJ UJ ^“ J vjiUJt 6-^a bJj

J*». yi ilialJI JUijUil J» uli olj* yi iaiiVI

1*L ^ j* yi V isb-1 -b-.^'

.dUS

Alan Sommerstein. Modem Phonology. University Park Frees, 1977, -jliil pt)

p. 103

rYi

uLllf ju [ o ]

lialjj

sr^ l£U Ji LLiA\ JS LJ

^JLjik!l 0^ * ^1 ^yB ^ ^ ■ .XI r IJ^dj!

{jji jijAjLo ljIj£ IfJj V} 4d1 (jMi LJ .^Jjllii yJ bjjJLi
*£ jLudlj ^c.Lt^Vi J_*t*j]| L^jjJJ ji JlLj **liL&lia*ddJl

J <diLj tju*j * L fj|*iVi jQ^Vl £A ^L*l^Ji th_l1j?ayVij

^jlti i_u1jaJ 1 yJ frjib *La *J ji f^y^ituuli -ta l.i/kH

tjj/Sz ui ,ji LfJjilj ^iIt IhifnH .UlijS;

i^jikJtj l ^l*li LLUl J) tjjii V 0'S U .jLi^lflj iULU iU^
(jl t>A)jJ <liiJ i^jLaJJcua*JI & jl 4 i-f4£ ji*i jy^li i^A^LLtJi (j^^l

<U-W (yit jllA^l ,ylfc UjLiiil

^ ■"*1 ^ i U a H 4*14 ^tiiojl tl^jlljLj t^j£

(VdVi ij-§ jjVsi ^fjLoaJi t>* ti ji ^ jJI ^MLbuJij

. 1 ***ljl ij

tiiljjlu lijLitL ij^il - 3i...lali »i^" ja * jj IjJj

.CililAUi t>* jrfjS J^liJ tii ^Ubuii Li^j ^JLi-Jl

U_j> <1 L^*lyD *■ - Ija |j*4 "JbLi iJ-oluJl (jjJJlJ ‘ »1*J yLt <IV.a1I

£s JjjJ-kjJ ^LU*aa 11 jLLtVi .‘LLsIjj ijiij 4 jIh 4l*u3L

, fi LuuJ <*uil

(^ *^3 V'TY u) jJa-uujt Ct\-k I Ifiiot ^ Mi M?

-3jKl1 dj.A flUj Ilfla t jKi .Jl yi

.oUjJIj ■JVji.Vlj ,3el^Jl 5^ASllj .SjS>?Jt

rvv

A.J*H| (JjrfUllj

/ ^jl"h.H-i*nnll ^>a kdJj j±Lj

J±& jAJ *<jLju £ j~*+ l\j 4jLUaJIj y*jVl Jjij

(ji) 1 jl**^ijl j| yill u l ^ I lv^ rt I I

,*1a IIaLI jLiliVlj oh* n jhf iu L$J Jlj L»$ .(^jLLiJt) j
ji ji ^iLUl SllLu ^jju tfJJi . "StSLa-iil" Jj A 4 la

LflU^Jf ^juaUI (ji L >4 j^ IT ji iliLajl^

jj (Jij pi* J! ^iLyya*Ji JSIjI lMj ^

bJAjJlj cSLujLaJI LLajI OLiJIimu l>*J ^ O' **£***

rt*unt .< TA W^ ^

.L^LAjJ J02JI yl* CiUikiHiJi 6 JJI otili

Jl* 4«*ii ^ J* W*"* *±3\j

jjSI Vtjjij LLj tlljlS i LLA£li\ I 4 I 4 hAJ Sl^l ^ m \ \

j Ui< <j|j i^Aj^tl njliiU jil jfluil 0 ^ 'dJj jtatLcliiJiVl

{ 4 ^c. b^djj |iJ La ^llLH t>* **3 <il I> Aj 1 *JL*iJl j L^n ., ,1 *j£*j

I U^.l l jjj .ajLuiiluil jAi 0 I 9

-4jiaj L* viaiu (ji *^iau ^£nixJ1 I flU i rtTi pJiLUJlj

Ijjj .<d * 1 " *H (jt ^ jflhinnJl

ji jtulj LfiJ! U C»i Ljl-i

-V* ^ ,\\*\t 4a+U* { j\a±j J/ah't*H 6^-^i (To)

Ln^ili j-Ij ISjaIjII . *NitrJ l yjjVl i ii h -J5U y*j |f 11 ■' * (^)

.1^ j °A ^ ^LJl £^>*11 (TV)
*YA ,jo -^L-Jl £»j-*Jl (ta)
.A^ j Ai ^ (T^)

rvA

^i\ 4JbAj L» iLl» Jj^uJLjt wJjLl*l I I t-nn»1l o-s^

|utUt lll|j (ji (-*A A * Ui) (JJaI*

(ji <Uj i^ijS *Hj ^^LuiLiuJl ^L*i)N ^Laj^VI ,jLaLti tU »

(jc ^ijlu jyjLuujVl ^LbJL^VI jvL^ ^“»lj 3^i *^1

Jilj\ JjJSUI Ja—j <A* Ob-*^

^1 r p KVt 4j| v±Mj *UjjI fci*i*lj i^J^jJI

^LaiiVi pit jt u£*j L^5 %i^jJi fJ^A*

U^AJ ut ,> ^ X* •^V^ 1 £L“¥l |*K> ^ V jL ^^i

i4jj£i^j u^ll *LiLcr ^tul -"f ^ ,3 ^.iiSj'.U ^ i^J^L=k yll| i ~ i ^ 1h i rt * H
Jjj <jJLOdJl iTiJjj ^ U jl'nkv i ji (*4*1*4 Lfid

*kL-Jl) JdA-A\j y* j±£ jo*

bjjl*. .W*j <_fJD1 ^ rlknuJ l yl iS^J^iAJL ^ l^Aj

JUji Ij UU u^ IjJ ¥| j&M jUjji ^ Jjlj

ill* IL-iJVi . *AWi * IjjSi ji <*j*3Vj

iJVj-Il fjlhHtji i>j 3±>^V^ ^ 1 jj*. l . * . 1 * H ,>“ u^

jj^ pg*- > Lx 4 (jl ^J *1 Lf^*

cJlSi /u±*» UtLi tljLd ^lj ^ .lulJ <V^ ijLaSUialL

tfjSill Ljl+J\ 11* 0^ Mj j^ 11 L»*lj LL*J [fcilit ?1-» , » fl,i. ti

2.^A \ *$*&=> AJU J : tii laJ .o*a1* ^ 0**oH (y*)

.V*jaj Lij tl jTi+\

,L*aij ly ITflT ^ <<3A*J1

.Uaa^ Uj TTfl u* ^JhJ^ (^T)

rv^

lift Jill jjSyeJ [jL*j J£ y4 ,_>*Ajli 4 j41j£ ' iV Kil iirV LiiLSi

■ <jiLj^ <ul ^csIjijVj ftJJ <|J ji ^rl hm fttl

(^jJl jjull (JjJ ^ L, ,.ft f r l K a rt ft h 1j-A (j£j

‘t * jfl-.v *jj&iLJ m } l <db 6^ U-® 4 j - *^" ! j^.1 LftLaJl <1 jia

4aJV> A J£ <Lja> J| ^ ^~...a!I ^klJl bjL |>4 ^rU-mrH

,jjj£ jJ-Kl tilj yjj isL4j? - IjfcJ^laai ft

JU ,4jjjjJ\ J tiLii CjIaJ J

Jj I jKia t i a» a La tf lr. ilViiil sophisticated ^1ji uJoji L

yi 3 UIUaII J^ <JVjJJ sophwtcrci iKil j-iKl 4 l <xiL*iVl

wiilUj JiiJI J* <JVlU sophistication Lcul <Kfll j^Kj

djajUdJl J-c VL sofesteria jUj Ji, JLiL^VI yi .UjUll mi^\j

J&\ (J* 5j^ViU J ^iK . nnti -L_jii]l^
££u* ^it-KjhJl bj£i*w4 > JJI grl KirtftH (ji J* JjJ J 1*14

til Kj La JI £>Ljju> JASU Juu i<Kil J lili JJa u[j

<i^ ^Lt^yi J* f*£^ ^Li V dili SftbJJ

.L^u Lii

^4 La Jt bj&LuttJl »Ud4 < iUi ry ,<KiL £tLU*uJ1 JKj AJj

y— l* , c ^Ai tiilii j W (a*i*) usy jiUi 1MJ

yi i> ^1 r**b#i

V) ujSj V > r ^m tiV i^LjLflijjiVi Jt ^JVj dJj

iWi^^KaaJI j^u ^1 bJi^j »L ajt im<

cLii^u* cbtUA^Ji .~>i^ iu^aIi j^i jx frjASil Jbj

•iLpJt JI tbJjii jV;~»~> ^5 «^iL w n 4 JS o j« ' i n ■ ijUjI*» 1 Ji JjUjUIj

Ja ijjli ~ll-J I Jjl. JJiS >.Vl OjSj lii^J -U 1 ^H* 2 UJSij

LTJf^tf , ~ 1L ^J>^* 'j “->i>^

.SjUJIj .SjU-Jl :UV1 yi. dlit -j-iij .^J^5j

tjljjJlj ■ i 1 ft t lij i ^J_jLnall,J

j&liiuJlj)

.

oi^ <l|l gV t it Vl tjl j i ** I h i rt ft H b>14 ^ i lii

jjJoSlI 0-4 (jitj *oij JS ^ Ll^i r ui ^JLjU L*$iJ LiiLSj

j*** 4 a^1j 1-■* iZlIlj Lad «tLuVl frJU J£j |*Jl (jf jJI

orl ujj jlSj ili <j j*Ji . * ll ^ ■ii'j j jCjL^II

^] f^uLuM l> UJ™ *^iLaJ U i rt * H b>i4 o-° ^tii^Ad

(J ic SjLkM 3 ^ K iZJlj L*i »<£aLu4j <<jij^J o* frjjj-®

"■|j l *...l i 4jJUd U biial (jit UiU

L|lidJ qj ^A^ll pJ ulaliluU ^1 ^flai ^ K i tiftl l ^jJ&J Luj
'^LjjjVl' l ^Ht t^Uj 04 * i |’^i .^-1 jf ^jjjJ '**' iu.^j't lillii V]

^JjJ^lJI ijaJll p. ft . l-J jA*-J oi t>“ L f“'is
pJL- Lf ijwkWjill [bit"

JLirt.J J] <LAj£l\ ojlglu oj-UI *¥**j ^ J, ,(T>

.jipjb "u^uir

^1 Ijt <A*SJ1 J! Ua^ ^1^ 4 ^ ^

jli ^Idll I**il~hl ktrtbaH IjJ Lbl . (jlc

Lai *UjLaJ <J4« ^ J=J (> Lftljd

c\i ^4S JS IjL> 1j| ijJS cf-^ Si U**- L*i^

jtdOAu tZiLjUall Ka^j ol O* ^ Hurm li

j!j j AHi^l T-I jVI jfj-y O^L 0>*rU 0^)

,Y1F MM

.vrAo-^i-J^^ 0*0

rA^

Cj1,i rnwj-t kiUj (,>* <dLd1 * jfl* ill ^ t a Jl

jj 4 J 4 <- 1 -»(j H *jja^H SjJJkldJh JUdj <l*JLcp

j h J3 L.i T\ ,* < T »1 i *1 n fjjJI a>i 4 1 jtMi ii

LtdJLal (jjAL&jI yl ^‘hlKuniH JaLiJill ^ hJ^jJI
dStfM^I Lf^-i *4 U\

^jjj jl^l L " *IiAiA^-iH

yi j qjj *jjtSVl

^lUlLdrfJl r i L^Wj*e y^ k . n n il

y^I) ^i rt . fi^ln H yi r t «(i 1J jjJl

.-■L^ I L^i>il LljLu JLlcYI bJLft yi - ta' i I 4 IjjSSj

■ t-ie^ ^LjLuAII j-J "I * L ~ 1 jjj * I.>.~h Ij (jt Jit > yjll

lyJjaJl yi* jjjSjJJ (^jjaitl AiiJl (lit f>» »J

J* ^4$ ,I ^> 1 I k ,^-t Ji. I I ^ jAa j l.li^ JIj ^1 I f j‘M Jjj jJ I Ijjliltl (Jt ^bu£U

rA^\U.^„ iLjLai jSJu *ui ^jJI yjVl yi ^^j-o

Sjilt .Ll^Io a=Jj J5 4^>t yi

.ai4 l 1^3~j-^VI jjdiA ^1 m> Ol j■*t “Ii-4

rAT

T

Eilll |(i£ |UJU

apocope

(if )

appeLlat

{ivej

assimilation

attribute (c)

code

corpus

dissimilation

faucal

I >4 p ■ +4

jilt

JQILj

3**^+ '- i *^

JLajVI

<Jjii S jLs

s^_

AjJ\ aIjI

r

JLJl <i

LLjI

^ a*i5I

1 *y aI I 3* <11, ^ ,^11 bLjjVI u

.h-ujAlll |3 j ■ ■■ n N ^<3 <*Ul £*Lu

<J ^uuJL Ld iJ JLt La Jj £*[+* i lft **i

r .-,^lU.—11 3 * Jit jJl& ,jLELi¥ ^Lfl <iiij

a ^JJ ibJoiall tAijj i^jjLalSVi £tJluu£

btli£^9 * H bJLa^ i^LLJl JhojJI A*)t\ 5-La.jj ibL&jVl

ylll CjliliuJ! dJj Jji.^ *j}Ul *■ ■> ■ ‘ *1 1

, jdk( ilij^a l*LpJ Lfcl£

fAf

4jU .jijji Ala Cii^x

<UAj i_jj* 1 ^I £4 Ij- L j-Ij^IL (ji Ld **] till! Aj j j JJi JLllaJl lZljIS

dj 0 .^a\ ^JLau LgJaLujO iAJlA 4&La> jjij ^lUJ J}1

jo^l <J-* (JuIaju (jL£ i^JJl ojjJL dJAA **bjAuj

p

^1[ ^l&JLa f L*Aj2ll Ju&Lxmj (jjijj JjjJi *^jI*JJI frJJJtiLd

b-JJJ&Jl 1 >'| M -U ijAlj ^4 Lfrrfj*l |UAAJ JJj .wLiUdVlj lZj(hLA 1 1 al l ..1 Afc
frj^M iZij\ jjl frj^ ,jit. **■* Aa * * lIiJII Lcj^j

dJj (^jls *|JLi Ij .XlabLU vJjjA* ^ JjjJl *|M*

.I<lLS dJj (jAc

* *

jjAc j4Uik4 <j-4 L»jij t jflhn wuLAj)

^jit ■ *■ jA t-ijjAl iji ^£i* djj 0-4 *(JjLiAiJi ^Jjnilll ^CJjU (£Jb4
.jvfikiaj jSd ijAH iJj\i n-> ll

di^lij f^JJ^ jAmijI 3a. ..I dj ikljluf ^ a. ..I a ^J| wULaj^j

- 4_ij£ 1j " '‘'■ji'j i^jl^jll yJa iJJ'j Ji wjiil Jai^

IAj^x* cAi fJ l|J] (jiLdij J! -kl>M

ox. 3 xaAjJI ijLfhbVl l>* dJAS t_J j-fcJ^ J - i£ -

.L|ji 3Ljla tVj^l iwAjLiiJl ^

^J..t t ;Vl iwaLij^ j<Lld^Luf)fl £j\i n~h\) LjJjiAJl jjdlil

^A 4jxMm»VI uJ-*Jl J\ 6±WJJJ^ . ^jl i i^ j

f«ju^ jj \jxij n# .i^uix <j±A (jit (ciiii

^iSjj .|i_^jtij jjJj ^i•^ l *.‘ jji jft*\\ ciAg^i p jio ijAii

yi (-*iTA ili) Ukui tlyV ot ul

fAV

V^J <ji pidti J ^ JjlxiliJI jjj t-kDi

^Ju^]| CAS LJ ^JjSl ^jal\

■LflJ 4ijX« (ji

^jUi ^JJL] ^ <uJ! Cui Uj ^jrlnnH Ejjill CiLma

j,-^" ul j^jjjjwaJI lh (j^

J-aijj tzAiiH * >*£j

JjJaaJl ^le. -_^.l<T! ^L^jj EjLa^ SjjfiiljLfcll S^LukiJl i "l~ i un \

Cali-iLJI LJj .Ajj>jJb

I fl :K. AjajjII ^Latf *btil £u. ^

jLfciVl ArfAjjJ LutM4 jSlJ-fl ! ~1J ■ * llj tdlj yj JJ-ajjJl

^UJ! C.ViJ . .^|jVb

i

(^LuKaJt £n* i>* (^ L* lA*

^*Jjj <jit pill Uao^I

<Al Cj+ *JL-j Lfi Jll jit SjjJsj fdljL4 JeJaJ ^ (wlj jiVlj

1 >.lg L if 1 aI-v ! Vj' -4j- ■' \jUu ^iLuijll biU * ..m ' ^ i Lf^l

J J^| J^\ siu i O-B LjJu Jfli L*1 tfi pi

4,, h jV+. ft 11-1 jfl ji ^5 li Ci^A*Jlj

,.- T ^l<,* A\ dii 1 _ r U. ' ililil <LL&aJI J^VaJlj

jj ^11 ^ JiL-j tiAj .LfJjL** liijjJ!

4_t\jii\ jju1\ l*U Ji-ij i " ii nj" ab t>*

|l'*l ^bilLuVI

ltA..'-.l .Qjjltr ud- 1 ^ JJ ' j j. ' t*"" J*J J 4 *^

5j( a a -.1 1 iljWJI 6- V>*=-J •J 1 /aV

^ t>jj% ujSmj .ifcijiU u-* <ii*j

<itt ■■ Cy*

iiattAJl J! >ii ai 6- J* ^

V'AA

jjj! jiLm <j Lu tjAflj

JJj <CLkkiLuil (JpiJi ^!>ii Ij i * * t l ^jUL

dlu ^jUi (j-o d^Aj ><nij jt4j * tP <lp-i t^a*J

■ Jail ^4 41^ -* *1l bJjW (jl ^1 k~ i n l j fcjl ] * t i

! LlS 0 -JAhMI jj| jjijjt'l'ill (jlc. Aj^WJaJI Ji£k .AJ (jl I—ll^usj! tjji

IaAiIa! ^jJU V j |*Xc ^.rt r> ^]|

ya\

au^kiiivJbwhi

^I ^\ Is jW' Cm* fj&

J yiA W* -c^ u* <> Jm^JJ W-Sj-u ^wVl ^ ^ L*A

tjjiJLi i^j^Jh LajLiIcAj j

-Jj^iklH «|jl jJi ^AJl O* Cm*

\±A ^ J*aJl uU±a f>A <> yj lS 1 ^ Cm* ^

ia^iiJl Ji L(±>* uji* V aSj .lx* Ll*i* ji

^ J-fljJl jl*i jlxt)ft (>» *3** ^ Cj!

-*•*>*'

L|i«JUiJ ^1 fULuil (*a1 C,

ullu 4 jaj2J1 *^

j^La <ji -<jpJ[la ^JT <jjiiH i_iltull 5ji*jiLiiVl w*i n mM C>*

^V!j -^1J J>il Vj- L^Jji jJ-aJ V*4Jii <ijJJii CjIj 6*

^U^Jl *-AJa^H Ol ill* JjSj l-Jj*i ‘ W *4-“ *-*UaaJlj >«/“

Ox l_uVx ^l*LluJL JagUxtjH fj\ tjj ^

-ifc-L3 O^J .UjLjjI <LLc CiLmiLuji

^ ,>V) 4L* U jll^yj Jt*3jV» jLU Ox

^yjiyuj ^Lc. -tUioudJi ?ji»1jmf1 aybfl C>) ■J '?'

v <iV i ^.j juji v^j a**** cJ -J^* 11 i#^'

.*±^11 dl3
#

jLU Owj ul p: u " iLiUax uj^ ***» ^kj

.^jlkiJI S^ilj <*jj di-j tfJJi (Myi^U -J^' *-M ^ J** 11

Alj Jjj , LiLLsJfc ^jt ^lc t>* jJ-aI Cxj$j

^iuajj <4ilji yi i i)Sj £jj^± ^iU 4^Lui

<Jj*~hl ill 1Ait JL3 (j-( <ji^J J^jJI

4*k v Ait L|ii ^ ^ y* ^ji st**^ o!

yjll lilll y-6 LJjjlfl JjjJI fl^iljLdlj pJ^Lf Jj f^j-i

jji ji >* yj ijlij 6!" "j^i JLa# -4^!

yUVi jtfVi oii-yi ya[ (gjm

S X} "<i*\j ^

j jijfli ijl ^JbImj *LLLi ^i^jlll j_^S] ljj|^d] yij

fcj t> ij» **l ivL>yi <i^iiii *ui*ji £ u^\

nUA j h-^jL-v^L? JlJLli ^^*J! ^uIaJI ^L-*N yi i^Ul- ^ jd\ ,U±1I

yi ri ..| J , t U>Uj yjJl jl-fjj\-*J llA ^LfiVl (jj[ '-JUji C>^

yi Ji^H L^I U^AilL A4*J^ L*rif f^Ldi iaL JS J^Lil*

.Cibjaji Jj EjjjS LlLpj L|^i Jj^jj tiiLijjdJl ^jja.

(jj£ j—i' jl *pU*;...* lUal ^dij^ll |jj£J Lj^dj s-j-u=> jjij
jlilVI tjjSj <44^ j 4^ 3-*^! jL-±* jJ*- yi

i_jLLiJI *Ljj yi -jjjS ii Jl- |*£ali yXuJl t-jUuJl Jjllj yj
yi (_£J t-jLl£ Vtl* Alii

(h»jj Hi .coma de linguLstique ge'DcVale <aLJl
t(j jj^J| ^oill ^ tiiiij AaJ V U^i IjSS Culj t^uaJat dilj -^>^1
<Liji ii>i>»iJ 1 (jt S^J*J ii 1 jlj*J •> >y J) ijUSJI (Vijj

LjAtAyi ^ Ai ^tSil itij Vi* yj*. r l«iVl J!

^ ^jiu) Jjidllj ^Jkill -(jfjl-^J j X*aj ■ ji ilj !_>liil 0)

.#uo (u. .j ASIjll ilVl
. 0 ^ iJjLJI p.^1 (T)

r\\

u-alll ^ Jt ^ -W! Xj ‘X-»i

.yjjilW t^jU-jl>J i> (o^J 3 ^' vj* 1 ' liLi J) ■*»** j'-**h

*

pijlJj o\ LjUu iJJ& U-* 1-*“^

Cv. ^\ tjia J LJL, ^ ^

V! Lr*^i ^ ■* lt " 1 *

■Iji* v ^jl*J1 L_ilki L*i£j Jmu5

1 jj£lj ci_AJu Ji oj*> ijlAjl

<ui ikiJl ji piaJ cV llu jij oi 1> l)-i* |H"

tS±i UJJ ^*4j Ul^ jjSl* LLi <il ^ ^

. fIjUI tj*»

pi •*

JJlii j*«ii ui gjhl^o V u> r^ 1

.ujhjiVl I*S>LI V ^ UoJI ^1* ^ oU

\ ^*.J i p |iU>.j „ ilAjljJtj i^irtlllnuH (M £i^ 1 "' 1M1

.Cuj±3\ ^ (J* J ijui

j jjla LLj£ J5j p&ji* tfcii J4j *Uaii ^,£S1 Jt**J tfJJd

,*ij3 U-iii <il <SlL»l 6- -Vh^I J1 31 -t3=! A V*y' 1> hjLmAjH
^ \j\ *^ui)n ^p ^k ^ Jjl .u^l *> -t£» ^ s> u ^**

Clilijt" Mil* ,WM estabishod sitar * spring!LiJji *>. <±*Vl SjLiaII f^jid

*

^tiLlaJL ^ L* spring 4*iS jl tL> Ula /

_^£jj jiji±* kiiLul i+ii :Jj*a J ^

■J l:*h (Jli I^i >I*J t^)

■o^ijjVl W* -SjaW 1

,UW1

r\T

^{carried away with excitement 4jjgiAjyi E^LuJl * ■ -j*+ \1^

<^»lr t-aJjuaJI JulaS J £-* } i—alJ+SVl H ijlaa 4 jjjjJ1

, ( %uyi j*i* jL-ii jl .-Lit ijtsyi

Lf*J - *!LmJI ^jlx* ' Schools of fish SjLu ^il ft_=kj>j£

11a yi schools *<A3kjj]| jjll Lgjuj IfjUl Jj 4_iyal

JjS jkjLi V L_l!JH- mI j4

] II ll jic

l.nl.^J ’UJ&i tjl L>v^2 \jSA jt rjAAOull jL*i <1 m 4^ ft^jllj
ui f-Li-L*Jl (Jfl-iftajll ,jLu=»

-d ■*

L'-T* yj£j ji ^liii AdtAi tull ^La1a!| ^j~ *H

LtLj£ ^jL jl jljl bj iJait tb^iili jjJ fj\jS& 0^ *13j*o L

* ™

tji jiJ 1 j! oAi l>U -<^>^1 J! 3U 11*

+ * *■

yi Lj£ ji <t ^4*. UjaU ojSj (jU -J^““^ lift y* VLiil

IJ^ft^ ih-ilaJl

■p *

L* . fr O pAjZu-kv ^Ul £jad£dJl Jjdtl£ ft-fi J-4-J

U* (j^fU. 4JU yik* .ULin V ^Ui J! tfjJa i! .lUj

j\jA llnkg^ji *M.\\ j^Lu.j| l># <3-*l,jJ yl lAlj^fJ lljftjyb

occupied lijj> Jjjl^i«[ uU mil ijjjrf J*t ^yuj (jflll ViY ^>1 ^ «
^\Ji n :yitf SjLaJ^ -\UV 3i« l^h-J territories

I the occupied territories lJjjJuIL EIjL 4ju*a! 1 |jj£j ul tjlljj

yA**-Ji CiUSil Hjj r 3b * JjVl u«Jl oV i^jaJi y-aijVr

^Udljj -%luJI tlij yfl iyj]| (j^aIj^I *>d i-ila.'MiWj

<AJ_LJ |<jJ £ .LfJLLAA L^jIaI yjil (jvuil^jSU *j l * 1 1» 1~Jr\~h ■ ii'tVI ^-uUll

\j3 (Jjdlj^iil 1 <^JJl Iijihnll lift {jJ[ iHjjjaII Jj^JI (J ^ fl| ) L>4

r^r

Mr/y (t)

Jut ‘LjjiII uOJ W 3 ** ■-W y 3 " iIiLojliJl JS yi <*>**“*3 y*

.Atj

Uii. o# ,Uall3 Lj LyiliSl

.redeployment US CiJjj -lie OV^Hi < jijlm«U H

jUjil SjlnJ ijl*e -ja>»3« Ufai. ySH ii — 111 y» iL W

j-KI l a-ii O' £• -redeployment US! Ua.j3 c^?-")

LLuclJ «**!! UU yi *uat SjU ! y* y^

.i>*JS yi j^Sjj ^ill v-ii Ibill a\ -tjjJL* % KpJ

4JUiu CiUQlfi ^

Ojir V U.j3lt o' u*S ylt wAA

liUl) .1* 5*1 yi USII Os 5«2 5iil* U Oj^j JU, Uj >--a

lit Y| .L~+ll! 5«l*. yin a*S Olj .(V iillO yi Wlttbij -0
.S^m yi -(' ttlil) > Will 0 # o' p»j5*J'

ijt.n i l» 3 j>aj ,(Y 5ii!t) yi iytliJI US1I US I 4 US Siil»)l y*

.(Y 5iUL) oauji'

Jl L> 0 “ yi (al 3 ^) J-^ [•^■>“-'1 jU * j! u»W

tfiaill Sjj-Jl jj&i yin. .Uj*— Oj * 3 * U*>i]l ot* »*jiWn

yi U*-ill Uflkt ‘SOd-MV' y* Sjblinll USU

;(^) iljUJI Ipusjd LA •Ejun.l.j l ■ (jllVjJ O j~i » 1<" Cta U^utl Oj^J

hi iljbull

*= lya + YJ = \>» + Vd *=JS M
YJ =Vd

ajlu*Vt >('yn) J-Aj U-iit i< 1 jWII yip* jLaaib liljj

• book US =iyl3S US OU -(^) J (M) yi dl A A-JI

r«

ttji *« book US (VJ)

ifjjjjdll iL^illl Sj^iotl

M

,\juL bj^us

<= I JLgJ

uJ^AJ \j| ijil <1£ Alj ^d <j

IJLa uld d * 3dJ£It ^\aj ^ i(j_jLi£) < i*A£l

iJJj (Ji*j .book jjJJ (<-jLh£) <Lb-i^ 4 -*a»j 3 ijJjdi ^wajtiL

yi ;(T£ »L-iH) CiOtf' il «jK) :l*ir£l\ ^Vt yi *l» V.

^ic-3 . .ijirill |*^j j-#i 4 jS1j .^ij^oJI l_u£M {j^lS ( _ > llJ ft 1 a

£*»>< (r) 3isu*i\j .book ws, JUiSH .i* ^j® ol jw v -a;

:^J j

(r) <JoLuJi

/= r ^ + Yd * v>« +yj

book * l*jSII ^Vl yi (.Jtf)

■ Cfl yfJid V : ^ >jil 1 i* 4 >*iJ 0

UJ=» (jjSj Lu) .(^jjjiajyij 0 j~"'^ jU»i • '

ordainmem 4^13 u&J (.Jj£) 4®dj *j>o ^ic. (Wt) J-i3

;y3Vl jaJI J* =UjbuJI ujSs dii^j . V'"

<= ^ +rj -v^ +\j

r j = u

:UjUJ1 yi jL jLm>L jliij

n»

.ordainmerd

j<Jjf l n^ jjl uli (^vL^I t-u£j 2 Jl fji Jjd *iJ

-JVj ( 0 -i.j (j ^J>35l J ^ <±* >!^

J*jl\ J*if aAs^u *SjJ Alj C^* *Aj*

J*i *$& aUI ljI >* ^“A>^ *{V i*ill) ^^bl*-

JlS UJU^fcj jl l#lft Ljgi 4±*^ frJ+aj 0*J^\

J j | - ■ ~ Jii 1^* (jlS uU LS^ ^ Wj ^

4 ^Jbd JU 444 II kilj aU *LajLa-c-!

^ -iiu ^ I Jut .^biHj uljjaJ^j C^y\ i^y*^ SL^JJ
.IjjjIj ^ifco Aj*£ £j ■u A ' mJ I *> J—

*i 4 f ^ *lJ Jl* ^ ot>« ^ <=^ ^

_j "jIij" ti^j5 J! Artery ^ji JLj£j*i¥\ J\ U^jj ^
J ^ ^*1 L***^ .bed ^ Sale J*- 4 —-jSj .(cratfle)

.spreading :.* Pickthall JL& .wide expanse

jj^.ji'iHj Jjj A~i\\ Jtaj *j4® AaJSI ^ ■■*! j* J^Ul J ^ t

^u*h Uj .jusji tJut ,> j±*n >*

^JU=» -■—- I Ai ^Vl u*S >»i iO U^lai Oli

A**pI 1 ujfc J cfji ^4* *1 jLa 4W

Have we not paved the Earth for life?

* H jl+a" J* (/■ih ^44iLu.Vi 6 # £*^*

^ oi J! *4^js m j^r us j>- ^L-ii ujl- t*u? ^

ru

.bed jLlil <J>o jjj£u ^>at lj-4j i|x&.j ^lt <11 j

jjjli j!j .spreading, wide expanse o- iSj^j .cradle

■Sl^lJ biifdj j^sjVl jjS jj i^ul^hCklt jLijjaVl

^Lii La loculi ^jlj fb-atjIdJl i ijirtj jJIai (jlj V 1>14 tjil

^w>>i CiLaJ^J! biU [jl 4ijjij *4. " JW "J~^ J*uLi£ ^9
SjSaJI b JL4 , ^jliaVk 4iilj CjL* 1S i^llUu L ^ilj

1 ^ ■ j^j] dLJ| *jj *■ Mr uljLlCr j» 'i k

Jljjfij AjLSfcj EkI*n \ \ jV^jJ (J^xll ^ \tl \. W. 4 II Xit LgXoAjJ

.{*)

• J±*

■<*

Wherefore should 1

stand in the plague of custom, and permit
The curiosity of nations to deprive me

jLfaJ *^AaJ IjLJ 1 ’ I^jV! ^IsLduaJl 1 Qn.'yjl Xfl^p

jiaill UajuI lj| . ^ £yo iJ Lajs^jk ^jiall £^uJ ^a^ujjj .SjLlII

!jl Lgio jbXjXc ^1 KA.1 Lixij> 5 jLaVI <IiJ ^ ^ckjJl ^

custom (LaJ^lU l^ijjd! 1 jx. l±jXaxi .EjIaII dii^Ii V Jrj. 1 -■ -

Ijj jbjUllj gjj jLL^j ibjLJl Y ^^ill Ijui ^1

q * . LuLj 1x4 bj^Lidv ^Lid4 ^iij V plague 1 a1£j . Vji

<jli 1 kill j jjLtj* .15113 1 x4 ^jju V curiosity

jPu^urlj} ^jJlJI EjLmJ JT1 - J ~ - “1 IxLtJ »^A bJ^l * t rt |^j >< n*> i

LjAJU IjXAjJ {JjjJl JLU. ,U^V| 4X4 iJJLj XU£

IjJA ‘UAp l^iil *kjA-i jLS t >4 JJhn^i* JLbfl

.The Complete Works of Shakespeare, Vol- 3, p, 1030 (e)

+ T^ ^jo h _>lj .^ h l n .a .j .1 %AArj3 -jA ^1 *11 ■ 0)

r^Y

\AA oj s-tflL Jj; -<^-1 Hamlet Ijja fh^l

Jjil ^ **+* * ■ "N ^ JA J'" -

/ ^jj^jLtJi ■ ii * \ \ i>“

Though yet of Hamlet our dear
brother's death

The memory be green; and that it us befitted
To bear our heaits La grief

: <A ^sVl >*ili yl* Ij#* (v)*'^l

I~ll a \ A L_UiaJl 0^

Ui Jtij AJLI

Vi u^l»^ W>^ ijl

^ .Vji \lA “W’ i-iS JJi. UtjuJ <am 4#' o*^

AuU >* la Jjj l*iV i*l>Hj oJaJl j'i*-* V <* 1 £

."^LaU" j±.Vl ^ jliaJl u> o' J3*=*i O' |»^J3JJ ulS l*J

.U1U II* .Jjij

a- ; - - jtL jaJ' li» ^ iSjii 'jff- l^-J 3 Aj

. "^- 1 -uVl Lij>i-* J "**’ 1 (jt • Jli* to bear our hearts in grief ^i ** 3

^.LiJI *jjjj a -ill -<A ol ^

jaaai ui tfi !^Vl JL-£»J ^ ok»i o' tA»' 0 =M*

4 ] Uj^li J-a±ai ot” SjVf* L.I -JM' * L “ 11 J- 33 ^

Jj.I- jji iijaau y* l*al=ji ■“* yi JaU*

.Shakesprar, Ibid. p. 1129 :jl»il (V)
.yij^t liUSlt Ijljj .1*=. p*»W 'jft- (AJ

.T 0 tJd» n(^ - j)

YAA

4jjj jj-a tjj-i JIjj! p^jixJV u-A.i ot ujLc jlU

J ml i^l u* ^ujJ L# jjJI dJLj JV&Ia .p^lSJl

l* ■ 0 \}^ 1 Cij-a t5jSj u£j ua!) wjjJLmiI

(^Vl JUs^L dUI Eji *la» c<_j|^sJ| (jj£j ^ji Aii Jjli

* 1*1^4 4l^jl t Vi i Ki *pi pJ pMSJl oi ^JaA iand d-IJu

Oj^j iji gJSk*aJ|j « "Lj Villi O^d ■ ■ V^il u^4 t/jSj tl4j CmJ '

-Lf^l ^-*1! ,,^-t ^Aa-^l
uLal4 jjjpJI I i^~fc l u^4 ^j5J tZulS u5j

^ Qi* - Jjj (J
u—5fl jL*3il ^lt UmiAjI 0^ Jjl 6^
*jiV LL>-i Oj^d ul V (i>k^ oi Jjl 6=^) ^

bjdw) *0

Vj JkL, ^ JLjL* jaL ^V l^-i- l lil JS ^

.LjVidJtlivVi aJ4 J^ic t-UJ ul p ^ j~Jt U . jl-^ Jill <J|_ur Jjj-t

«A 4 (JjlIj ul £J , J “« {jfill j 4 uOdLaijldJl (jj j^uiJi L

U$J pJ Vj^J . jjj^JI jjdldJL iajJLi ui U^J n^jiVl i*-UV ^jl[ ClVLaJlludVl

fr

.lZiIjLjjiJI bJ^A io^jj yj *LLil tZiAd_£ Liu^djiLAjj uddxJJL ijj t ia p 4 jIdJ)

■■ I

£JJj ul djit ILaLjuj you have to pay every other month SjLlc dJ j ^

t£*Ul ^AjJV u* '-AA^juj ul (^i UJJ V>fr-i

( ^4j ijil JS £0Xi ui d jlf 1 11^ 4 p j.At t Ijn^ijJ JJj *l*i^4j <UL

.iujftll lij-1 (^i*J V Ejl^ft

dji pJ ,T !^i L*£ lU^li olj iHiVLuiujl V a rtj i iu^jdl

I haven't seen you sine* the first I^Vl j^uIV ,jlfi Citajj pit it

jLv« djl pJ t IA^4 ^cjLktui j^IiaIV jjJLj L^jV ^Uai itAjdJl

r^

.year

,^-iUI ,J#i j»UJt ii. Jji |J -j* o' ,i " J '

J haven* seen you for two years

y$ki *1

jjS: ul (^^AJ jfci Ijii .l*i£ 3 SjLJ^ (JkJI Sj^i |U±a 1\ \j*

£jJbj jl jjii ijjli 6^ oi

Jij ob l*4l^ Jiljall J“ ob *6^1 0" .i^b^

ujSy ol ^ ^ *V- o*j^ ^

IjjLs CijSi ub -*^Aj Lfx* J^LijUj P^i ^ SjJJ ^

^ JaIjlSIIj ^iLuAt 6" tiLilS! ^

,*±;L~Jb

V tfiL. ^ **U pjk pAi Jli yAs

\ J2: < U ; . ^ ; .^t \ j l V |i J <_$! .(jaili O* phrt ob

^Jj*]| jjUi>d! u±*i y* bJ ^ LjAJl Jjfc U^J -^b 51 ' ^

^ ^ jkJ *jJI ob .^.^b -^>i *>

w«£ ^j]l 3±U1 y3 ^Iii=Jl «-iij <J 0^ ob=^

!*U 0* Ol -U* (m 4* ^b ‘t/Al'

. * 4-JJlc f JL* 0-“ ijk (J^j

i«-

L-JII&4 4l| J] LijJu Ijj IjjjS JjLull jLlj jjb

^UjlliTmaH jaL* IflilflliiiJJ t tjjlf i ilj La^ £]L#>)I ^yJLc, ikiL iji
U£ I Lilian <jj^ ^ t 3jjLj iil ^ SjL# Lja^J "2, L*jl**a

i Li^ L44I j\ bSl\ *lJ

■ ^“4ill ^Ljjf ^jlu <j1ajJ

t-iis (*a,jl*Jl Jli ^ ^|4AjXo Jjfc jilj J a iled

IfQugdll IJL 4 J^JL-LljJ^ {j^AiAd L_j|jLLLutl JLlt f^ill 4 j1a£.

(Jjj4 f-LZj\ ^plt JrfJU <J^J < Jifl~i»nt | (jLa. ij*$

*

¥ ijj! X® -iJ-“*_H» u-a J>=^j tjl ‘L*

ljj ^jjt<• n_tLij^ I <j£Ij jj SjL* 1 ^JLc <.a* j

L " 4^1 jJ ^J'J'^j e J ~^- J j^ <grijaVl * ,iUV~h J J J-l

Sj^.ih .“l^Litl jJla 0 Li4j>

jJ (j;JLll J_q V\ J^l JicJL X- 1

EjLa Jjllaj Jsj-ljjJ Jj Jj^Ijup ^4=* <1m j4j -^IL-uji^

Lflji Jjajj * UuK j jj iiHj tjj ► ‘tAJjia 5-TU-wjJ\

CjLJ£iL -La 1 IijIj ^4^ o-a jAj

^jlu 4 jV < j j fl ' i ri * (JLl-sjV IajLu i^ill

jLuaVI jjlc jij jl2 ~Ejj£S <j^Ix jjJ - <—»ij iAaj L*4jj .^itLuij

aUjlUi] yi -US1I U4-LA- ii&n Vi

>■ ljiSIjj]! ta^da jLlalj ■ Lll i 4 JL 4 jll di]j

^ Uj^ii Li HL-j]! U1 ^i CiLJSlI iilji 4*-W2J jLiilj -6^'

■H ™

,Sji5S EtljiJI ^

Vt L|X4 -^^tl ^jkt. j j ¥ wAjACr a*l4 inj>~> j)i ^J^Ai ijU
j*l£jJl ^ ^jSI u-* IjijS b^

p

<1£ dJj u-* tWU ’i_^j-=^ f 4 * 4=1 1>W* jtM -hF h^s

yi -di JJj J-flij -oJLiiUl 5 ja^ JS <iliJj 5iiii ^jjx*

. JIjj 4J1 6jW V^U iiUi«Jl

<J Lc. b J ^ j?“^ J^llol 0]

^ jt v*-UJi ^LJSJl jcllu^ ^Lull J»bb^ u—^ 3ft

L^jl* jlui IjJ >^Si iru^iit U 44 0 -V 1 ^

^ *ilft <> UjUiJ fcjsut Cltj>nj fjS=-i ^Li V JA l^J-lLS

.^iilli ^ d *Lili US l*^j^

ji 5 jlUI biLft j* |*a»>u 3^1 u* ^ iIm

JjU% ^jjll C»b_>i*Jl .<LiiJLa J^iAi VlhA !i* Jla&j *1^!

,<TrL jLu[ tJ^Uft 1 JL$j jibj . n il J* Sj^itlfl

*

l^juJ yi iiiU aj^i £k—ft

f.^u jUaJI £^jj t( jjaV| yi d ^Xj^A4

LjjU,_j jLaVI jUj Laii JluJI ^ ijIj nJ \ j \

H

P

j every *tlic J jJjjil dJj ,^J

-oj~l Jij ,^j UjtLh 1 j) each

every student makes a presentation

each student makes a presentation

ȣj^9jjaJL f^JU *3t {jilil JJt3

^ Jxi V , olij ^tai) wilLi -J^in ^ -vJUJU

4 j-a" lUJjj UUj ► £jJj*=JLk i^iJ j Jtfljnp Hj'il JL=Jj J£

J J-C -Ejj^AJLx- ^l±N *L^t * "j*JLj V ^UL

each KaII jLd dl>dj . ^lm...l ikiilj Jiij ji *■ * 1 ^^ p

<-a-i»Jp (j-i 1 *LflJ <jJ «jj\ .pJLJ ^jJi It jjit J*ij

Lh^xw^i ^LLj ^ (J^) J! Ojlta-yti

J* L*i teach tj*■ oll j every

:<\) Jiill

JJ (JS) Ljj ylll 3L~i\ U*.ji Aic ^Li <1£JLJ1 (jS
^JaI jUmI ylc ^li njj ijLutli ji Ja ^ lt4

^2 ^jj JS :V*I tilj uW -i^Ms .l+».t ojij tCe^l

jjSit L|] fetch jLaI jiuAj biU

+%

^ L, Jiij *U 3 &ml a^jj V AiV teach slate protects itself

^ ^ JS UJ& J ^ :\-&* M' U|

^ ju V Jj ^ d~"^J~ (jr* each jLadl^vi j^>aj ili it J a lifl ll |^*Vl

♦ L»|j ,^-J AjJjjJI UaiJI Jt Jj^ fUiil tjV tevery JUl*J

1 t I T-i Sjl ^ i Qj I ^l^uoll

* il; ji j AjUS A-jjiUl CiVl fl'i"u . i yi yi

Ju. 5jL*J 1 W - ^ 11 ! ul? ‘W^ ^S\ JiAjiti yi*

j^i _^Jai IjJ AjfjA-ll (jj JliaJ dJJj fAa**JV1

^±11 L|J j^\- J) £jLuj JJU * difficult US ^ o^***>U^

— tjj^d ^ J*IU1 11* jU*1 .” n * rt ” US <v&^ ,<iiLlJl

F f r *

Ujjt UV Uj % . ^ uj^i L“" ^

ji U aJLm4 ^1 > j *\ (^ifc ^Jlj -Lfilw AjJSII

This is a ' U Jli- 0* f^jSS, .JaJl 5iS« 111- .-O^lj- j\ *U ^

i"^ WLiji.\ jAjHaLm 1 n«rt * > *K j i jlA 1 [jj Sj ■ a .difficult question

++ ■/ ^ ^ ^ ^

fUu>*

JLllu ^ C^Jjj ifl fO^U-i SjjSUl USU tJjtS \j!j

^ 11 .-i*- 1 ' US jL3il J^l ^ J*-

jl Jl*^b ,r> £* <(3i>- jii bb 1 ^ - V Lft > >

aL** yi USJl 6^ dijj? V^ "U1

‘tJ^S

It was a critical and difficult situation

iiijlajyi CJSI —£ tjl Li ."l*,—j W» i* 3 *- o* ■“!"

V .L 511— yi <>y±JI ui ^ JL“ ^ ^JJJ -J 4-*^
jUij ji j&cL* JI.VU 1 *5L»i 5aj33 Jj JJJ (J ji 5a-i3iJl Jj

I^IaaJI b*ub Jis ^*l^li

^IiI ■ wl |*J Indeed, I CfKiid not Cope with such vainly difficult problem

* bd^ 4idJ^£ ^ JjLsjll

J! LT*^ LZiLaJill <j£J jJ-t AAjlJI ujSj U^it

H ™ ^

ljy£ <jL5k Ij^J Uyd L^laa £iLi oV®

*Loajj)I hZu\£ f^jlilu jji JaIj ju d L *' *uj1tlii ^7jAll!

o-° wiL*i£Jl jaUIj ^ ajvji ,> (U^U .<ij ji£]

jsl! ^ic ( ^ uAj

:^V1 Uiat Jj jiJt\ 6* ^ ^

rj jd! *JVj

^yS\ i*£l\

O^JJt l>* ^t->i"n

to glimmer

ijLldJ

to gleam

jLtuL

£* ijVuJ

to glow

^tkui jl tL» 4ai4 jit ijliLflJ

to glisten

VSLl

pjld Lfl*

to glint

_

jLliLi Jj jJjLLjJ\ jLSiL ^.ta^l* .~i i njl i^jj 4 ^JLiSaH 4uj2Hj

CiLfclSU (J c4*i ot JJfi <1>*J U-n J^dVl

sj^yi **i£ii *Ljk luUSit 5^1

La jloi^ .6jL3i1 SjjL gliiaJt ^ l#i! -ftjtjjil ^ b *j jU^

ijlt £jjko ^jjJaill C*** ■</^ J 4 J J '« * » W

■ (LijdJ^) gd n—■. J

0 “ Jl ijiij iii±*-j

Ji V" J!

JLKii ^ ^| sj^l ciUKli j\ J^A?
JLsl^ioM ui *|**j3*W J** 3 iS*x*.^i

^lJu Jll Jaj* jjtj P4I *J~, yi AJ LiIj*!

English SjUaJ qjj ir >)*nW i-il3£ll Aai 3_aijj ^ jf^ VaLIjj

a^-a t t^Jxs kj^yi :jft\ J* U-*j3 jl standard literary

jj£ ^- * yI £ut£ L*Jj -standard 3-*J5J Ia^jj H 3 ijn-> a t 1 J*?-

J J-t Atj Jj J! W“^ tA 6-

Luyj .U 1 Jl lujift ul ^ ^

3 a 1 <N o-° standard Q^aaoa <JV»Jl ^a ^jt UljJI 4*1S £A\£.

<jjj=h yA* -iia. yjj iiiJi ^ oV .U-fc

"■i - .. I 4 K bj^j ,<4 jJjjfa'l IjLa^j ^Vlla ^>Aij i^jjjl&iyL

J! <_ujaJ! ijiUl yVj

lUlSil 6JU4 -jtS JLi tjL- ^ V Ua? ^ ^>i ^
**1 £U JJ*- J* <> - ul j3^'

3.1C1 I ^ jJili ui ^ ufj^i

u v* u-ijj *pMP *> - W

(*4j+*) ^

J ^U^ij ,,^.^1 U*.j3ll OJU* ^ .comedy

^itl ji£i ^farce tdS ^i*-Lw ^ Cm ^

^^3-* i n * ^i±t>« J! 1(5 IVj

jjjS J>il^ . L^J\ jdii J! Wj i3j

-t 5 jj Ui o*j

tlMJ jilSsIl yi fijd Lo^J

j^AaUI yj LdjJtj Ciljjftj y^ i_i^L=ki jft&jIuJl yajllj

CiLurilll ^ L^jid yi Sjjj£ ±~ii1 ■ (jj' ■fij-'j \>4"

CiUJ jl Ja (ji *jaJI iiilj <_l^.aa>JI

.(^l) j-®Y\ JjJ kUJjJ Yl£* JL^, 1 ptt ^ K yj jju£ ,^j (j^njL* £j 11* cZitj
*(v) iM' ^ y»mi <> jjiin ui dLi dii Vj
IdJ >*j JitiH jtei .4SiJ1 <> JUL#il1 uV *l£JJt yi* VIj

oZijJu Ijjj ftl.i jVj yi 434 LjJ ^JiaJL wj yl 4i* ■■ I ^ jjYI JjlAj

J* 3 =^ CiJ^j jpay attention J*i!l IJ^J yj : l r --yt JjUJI ^

liaA. yt |Wk^L*Ji ■ -j . W JuJUwSfl j\ £djJl yii YIj pay 4 **

jjJull y—-j V LiJU£, <4 xm»jj ^A jbUafl y]J

.pay a compliment j jpay n visit o -*a j^7 UJJJ.'*"^ dU*i£ ii

£jj SjLj £*J L-± 6dy±*^ ud*^* Jd*2l U»Ji 3*

(_j jL«JI ^AJaJl ,3 LaJ} tjl yj^SjJu £±hJI yV l4ai yjsl Yj i^j>5mp£

»LL3 J^jill bjjtj yfi

&JLa yj 4Jja3 yjfiu y^ y\ yLw ^*4-11 L*i

^ * «-

l Jj^II ^jj^Uuri y] I >a 7 J dygAiLuJl yjjȣdj]l LjjJu t jJ ^Yj^La Yj*aJ

(jt iL yo aAz JJ ^ J-Vl ^ u'S Lm! •'-Hi* p»y

jlS JiUll oi «ilj ^ JJjJij -pay ^jUI J*i)V uili*]! ijliu,l

* ** f P »

Yjj complaioed JjjL yl .paid a visit v-v vi$itod J^3 j yi

yl i>« yl£ ^ 13| .paid a compliment C>*

I :^3Y\ 1++JI ^ J^Sai t ^\ ^\ JU35Y1

yl£ ^jll (j-ftl) ijlli? i Cijj Jl5] n paid my friend a visit

iLuJl .paid t^jLJI JaijL \ billd V^la

-~n >a Jh^' t I paid a compliment I4 jjY\

pLtl\ yJLc OJ^J ui (*90^*^ V jj la+all aA4 i " i*i nt

j kZiLyu^J yj> L|j 4 «L|jYYj (Jjj^i.5 iCiLhi£U

f ^ ub ji ijjL* H jr lt V> 1

»bjj3& tUa^l |^i flAjjyfelt hX 4 ,JjLk*uJl

J-Jlj^l^JI^ .T

yk \^j-£>j$. ^“b *T^b^ aj& ol

iiilj JuJl Qj&j ol ULa jj*al*}\j .(jLfis^l ^aIII

jt A JJ , jui* lilt j t jj£j jl J] tf JJd ul **y * i ‘v***

a*^ V 0- U»j3 yk »jli citji 1 j| i^[ j*-ii ^JJI J! J-i
ijjiu Jii ^1 sli^Iaj IjU -tji*- j 3 LlaJL

^_itS o-* *<>^1 ^ >W***ii J *£>iii1

.LLi JJA iujjJ! JJ ^iJl (| JU*J1 (Ut Lfjlf* Jj^i

: j jmJI ,> S ^ ^ r ^ Jiil LfSU ydl SjSill *i* ewb

plxi *JJj O* ,_>tf&jJl yl* i^jjil JlaJl ^ jLu 4lLt >4j

Ch* jji ^ ■ A *-‘ T^‘“ ^ iAf*^b ‘JiWi

Ojlj Lii 1>JJ n^Uajj -uS'^' Ai^! U* *AMJ rA^Ai

.^Lil 4ji ^Lit Sjj-^J Lfei JJUiJ ylU il\*J\ u* 0^

\.j_±k.L)

O^Sj oi L>aJ jiiVl ^Liill CiLijU

/'yiLajii tr^l ul ^1 -1- '>ft" J

Leu Jjiaj JU* Jt-uSljSll IjLJ ^aJl J>-*^l u!

I^_->j~j 0^ 0^ ^1 u^ bj * Lr*^* s-^ J >3*

* 1 ** >*UiU ^ L*ii j*p Ojto ^ .SAi Ji 3 U 1 S ji
|J ^joju J! l^JO o* ti\*

JLoiVl ji LajU lmj Jk "

^ililill^ jjLm* (> J!

L*j-

I 4 L 4 Ld £• ^l>Li Uu JS jJJd ijsw *4 JuSIj 3H ^jilul j L >-ajll

> 4 * 111 ^ 1 jl Jj 3 <±ii>4S CutS ^^aJI iaj (jj ^euj Vj *La*jju L*j

iji Vj iLaj u*d . li.iAtl # 4 Jjiaj ^L*aJ <1

w

^.i . aj ff-ij^iikH ui ¥j

JS J LT*J <£yL\ Zjjm <j£j

j- 5 j? (Sja\j jjtii" V jtZiLoASlf jpt-w ^4 JS-..t m* <a!S

IgA dJj <Jia Ci^A JJj -SjllJl ji 3 La 4J1 (jn* jljrfJl '^jjLtJl Ciiikilj
"Lilfi (*jA£ ulj |*^\)d cjI (^4j ij**z n <*jj£N ^dXl
fjLujXl uH ijjLc 1 j| |«4jlf Jjlljritfl tgiu ■ *UI4jXIj (AI^Ij^uYO

lljSjb CutS oSJj '4j\&J*UUn4ill 4j^A&

It may be that your Lord will have mercy on you. but if you return to (Obedience),
We shall return {to forgiveness).

j4 l*i4j -forgiveness IgiidJ ^4 LfjJLt Obedience i&LLJl

jit 3A tjjSs <jl jjiijijiiiJl ijlS viliJilj -L*L+J \j-^- s "H ijt£^

-jadt I is*

It may be that your Lord will have mercy on you. but if you repeat your crimes* We
shall repeat our punishment

UUSJl CiLjSdl ^ .Y

*p

^Vl CiUlii CulS .L+Sii yk U JSI y^SSli ujlaJI jfe

^=4 J o* <i-Obi¥^ od^l 6*

Lhfi <jl u^»»^ jjiL <i| il|mii Cilnitl fji

" *

j£^aJ 1 -Lfj {jgflialjll 3d\!ilt Cil^j&dl jJkL ^j*a j— ^

Ufj. Jj .oililii o^J C>\ gjhlM i j

*\£* tja ^L- £*>• -^jSH Jd*j : 6* ¥U O l )

ji.1 6> iptf

jj/tiLL ¥j .IfcJl ^Sl\ *iU1 I *#!a i^U <*“>)'

Ijj tiUj <1 (jjllj L*J|j -l^ia ^iliUlj jlSaVl

dlj tjA Ifjljiluil^ dJjj ^UjjLuu J! <^2±ll JjJ ui ^Ualrnl

* ■

Ljljii, |*A.^iaJl (Jit ^uaI jjSJj dJj k!iJ& IjJj -Lab Jj 1 m n tl

Vuii ^u< j[ ^n jsl ot i« . linguistic cultural ■Lflliu

:Alj (T) JSill .«x.

(V)JiAII

Jit illlj^-ll Oi?^*

VjiUI itjaiJt u* -tii Jiil' ^ £ jSi U~^°

/lijj isLy ^ 0- J~d ui re-j^ 1 6^ *

3 ^ ^ill >bJ) UUU 1 jib-lt ui J*- £ jSi ^

ije W 1

i\.

a.'P&j ‘ pjuJULij fjuLkll iZitjLc jjJ UISjII jjI ^Jqj

Aid ^_>aAj 6il4j iLjiiLu^^j bldaJl ^ulLwii ^i*Aj «b\d&Jl

ijjLdjJl jtdjfcldaJI *1

4dic lu * tU-LI \ i, l if. pi. -1 jjt J tjj^juiil <3-°

i\#J\ w^UJ U3 VI JUUB ^ jUjll ,^33 ulS Uj -uO^ -liliill
l^ji rill; ^lili <iuJI ^lf <a1£ uj 5I ^ djiJI Alj ^ .l^ii
Jij pj yltl UJI ^lc 31L JJjJ Luj (UJ 1 ) US ujSSj ^

lliii, J\ Aij >*l Ui* (*4j ( Jla jJ Lfd*

■-

J^d V |*'4>»LJ-£ ^mIU ■ ^Jj-S (jJi ( 3 -* AiiJjJl

Ju£ ui - A-l3£ ^ -r ^J"j) ' J Lj Jl^i >Jji j ( 3 ^J Lfdi

■Jliij La *!*!£ p-^Zd-ll <ldj_p*]l ^jJ[ Year <ai£

Alt* Lgjl ^Lc Jj Ij] Vj Ej^lddil iI i Vinl1..iVt 4_)lc

jVjua i^Uj ^jju ^jJLoVl (jduii ■■i-frl iQi olj *JL jj jd) Lg^a >ia

.(^Lc) .iSteiL..

^j 3 Ll*J 1 ^jjbH j»>**J i\**j uiil UlAd

*Jj J[ 3djjall (>• cS>?n#H ££>^1 -(JUll

jLuaHij .(A.H) jjjJl 1 *L|j -0 j ^l-% * JL&alxJ

3 V S‘i.-H Jrf»aVlj * After Hijra ^loifiki

^tjjLlll (*^ii V {jJjJl ^jd^^VW uj^kl ill lUu iujlill

jjc tji if**-* ^ 0^3

(jaltl \j\k CiJ* |*J W 1 iU^i liii ^idu \-*jij ^a

.^j 3 LaJ 1 L* ^ i t i n j jSj i ^t4il***j

Lfji 0 >*> 3 *J ^*jd\ 3 IS y>^

iJLt tj) 1 tj* ^3 -JtSill

J A^* V tuj *(VT^j3Jl) 'Wjl W**

13] '^" J " r »V JiiJ ^ V holy 5*IS

J b+“ J pU*JI 44\ ^ * O 1 rt

jj -. ^y ,»h <jjtdj ^JJ| Ua *Tht Holy Land jl The HoJy Month IJU^
K^Ialla ‘LAS p ili^d jl (J-i5 S^jjl mi* 11 JLaJl &J-A

(jS LAi .^jjjjJI ^ Lg^JVj L>t Aluj ji <JLt »4jjAu)Tl U£ll

IjLa *r** jJjII LAj <JU£ll 4ji p aj

d *1 r j , jj . i a * ^iLJI *UI|i LaaI <jj jlUlj

1

The HolyUnti-war)Month \ n^ia *>_i ^ Jl <I>>

I - Jji 6J-4 .The Holy (anti-war) Land j

^Lh=J^ jjaill 4 j14j! J! fjAl U>» 1 » * J V,J*^

jiii i> P^jJl L M&

li*Jl j15j V ^iAt i Ot* tg* *-*JL> i- *A*

qIItM 1 * <jLlA£ . rtti j 4 ^jjj1^jYLj <_jjfiln\ ill

V aj JUju^V! U* C&j WjdJ forenoon ^*AS JL&jlLlA u!*jj

Sjl* lM" (>" SoiMy*

Jj jin -'i <ji jJju All (^j -fc *nl i) J ^ <bJAa*o j*L

.<* U*SjV Jijrii >*j , <n) UAX! ua *L^Ji pj

forenoon ^ ' <nll £^L>*> .^ 1 * 0^1 p^_A* J i> llrt ii ^

. prayer of DohaJlSj <ji pmyer

0 - ■j-a-B ^WjJI ^uJH UjOp -4—j3!t yi tkiJI £jLj L. j3Sl
ji ,L> US ui "A>*i ^ Ujjr- |W.>1I l%i .4i)l=-JI
,41ji=Jl ^ V .ijUOfl jl .jLUl J! ui v»i

Jjli* 4±;LuJI US11 oA VI ^iii±j -l«l^ Jl

.(U^a) ^J*)l ijU <JL>^* lH

O')

h-iUl Cy* LfilSj iZiUli J IjjiaS j^*Vl <AjJ>jjj

^jL^ 4 (J-*£>i Cilj k^pl t 3 fljfl-^ 1 jjLajJJ JpjkJLaJl

^i ^LilXd ^^iVl liUl L^J iaj ^Li ^*+~ ■ vVl J I;_j

" +

AiVi \ ili\ n m ^lt ,J JlJ fSjjj£ i^lLoAS Jj-tiH \±& .LjL^4

IJL^ ■ ^ilVlj ittiVlj *p n 1 * J \j j*LA^.imJI 4juij ^JfLal^l

ci^jjaJuLaJlj j^gjdCuJl I t Ji* fUj^o^ <AaJ_L CiLLa LuzmI Jj-Sll

yi wjL*A£il bJLgj jjLIaj jUkji i i1*m jj UjI (j_a jvjcjJI 1J Jutji .iJ^I^LiJlj

'Aij y-i LfJ 44jLi&d JjUu JJ n->~i fil l J^f- (_jnfl ij£J + (_£j^Vl CiUtJJ)

^UUl

1 jii <r»i jjj

j\ jjUJ u* V U tilii jl r * f al£ j ^

(jl jljl i^juS ijl Ifii biilljii jiiioJl 1*14 jji .^Liki

{jL*aJl i>d Ifej <-Aiaj ^JLuj jiIaaII Oj gldlitl [jJl ■*** * J 4Ujlt| j41ai
i J^ij 4 aLc jji « 1 g7~jJ~J SIjaI 4 J jLldkj ^j!

JijL La IfAlij jjIaII jjmj kjLujlill jiL^llk ujJ kiildJ) iaj Lai ! k g *p

.yjL Li^ jtLZkk^lLaJ I ^ jLaIjII ‘■ i t k^' *L=k Idift

^^VIaj ^aIj ^ jLLbJI L^jjjj £jjL CiLbdijtm uLlJJI yi ^^u-Jl

(^ji ljj) o-< (jJ| J-jb < _i i At a

liuijll US "jjji *■ j3J1 jlld yAj - jjtAll (jl kmte

6A4 |*+ii-S <jj iZitLkj I (2>V f|*Jaxi UjiaJl tlul£

yi dAlj {j^jladj i-jjaJV? J SjjLJLj j V “

J-d( L^J (jujl yj]l tlilflAiil

<LVaJLj Ijl <* ^Vkj jtuJl * L*a^ a <Lp}\ |jd ^ 1

IjA^U jLuJl dJJLt {JJJLj (A) V]

LAd J -"*« kiUL (jl ijlS <i\JI yj

J Vj ^LjJL* AjLaI^ ■ ALfi t^ai^Li 4j L f ft-fAH ijl

(^) Lui

A il*, j\ 4 ^\ju 4jL ^ini"i iLijjiil SjUj*J

fSjjjS tfjit ijUJ ^ j^iiH 11* Ji»

*i*JJLJ J jL> t^jj^yi jcL^JI

^Jlai Oj^ju Wonis worth

Fair as a star* when only
One is shining in the shy

^rl.“^VI 4dAj3i1

H

tiiVUju^Vi *Lj ^SUJI d^L-iJ ui uW' <> ^

jjJr* a djl mil o*+ -U^

jjjjQli jidlj Ait dJ jJj ^UdV

Liiij_iixj ^ 4 ^ .<LujjJl AiUaUl j»u 1

!>□ j>iVl ij.rtHi * LfljLB Jlj L* oaj iliij

3 ^ - <j v ii ^j[ -k^Jij Li *yv jji ^ ojj

<> l> U3jS

^ Id <<ii£* ^ fV-

UJj li A**.j2 Jjt ‘V^ J *lI»SaJl

^ uuii jjf :^ rJ sii ^ Tivoli yj

yiiai ^liJl 6* ?J Sii ^ ^ iJl >i -V*^'

j j Ail# jl *jaJ 1 4 jL pjj&ll pl i!. 1 *^ iljjll ^

i*i *i» .iL-j-Jt {Hjii <Li* *4 j' U <* j4 j* *-4

<J*A> frj 1<T N^hj ifcjjJUl CujjJl 3±5iill JjVLlAIuiVI yi j3L-y 4jaj

j\ oS- Lo .a^L^VI a^I UrtVj Jii, - fci ^ ^ 4^.H
ftfJ ±Vt lilU fcufrt ej* ^ {**

^ ^~Aj Ui yijaJi ^1 V !

^IJJ 1 ? ~X^ ^ - LLt uL? L* jL-ij .iiUiSU Aijl^li

^JUt Uxii ljJJLI V -JiJI ^Aj ^ sf^

J 1 LjeLajyi ^ 6 ^ ul lU^I?

.<UjjJa bJU (j!

^jlcr IjjU <jj5u till i^ALaJl Jj lJjjaj! lj| <j£lj

iS^iii jtidiji fjj jpjki^ T ^ix« \j uSj |«j t^jJi ji

V*," rJ ai j* nui UiLJi o« -^-b ifjiiii ^jl

.^j£]| Jjj blS CuiS <jb jjyull ^a* ojc 1 ilia a «‘bj | )jdl ^1

4l± j>j.‘*”^jr *(jiij Ala 1 JuJl jAaj jib <jfc jjJbJLfl

SH -^J .*LL*Hj JiJl SjJi < 1 * < 1*011 iJI Jjkj

£j_>JL 4j u > *1 j .^JolL j^UI <jj£ ?Jll*, 4la l i nSj >u!L£

C&J f ^\ 3tii Jj ^IbJt a.U Jii gjk^M

^■**1'; * , ;.“"1l; V fJaldJ^U ^ J Li*ii11 CiWjJI Jlc. JiAfl

jull ,_^it CtLutjjJl ijjSj ji ikiUj jjitj r ai^

People respect the highly Jtanded in his generosity. l^UJI ij ,>1*11 ^

I appreciate your long handed generosity Jj^ *U jtil

The Caliph was as widely generous as the sea <*j£ jU

The Prophet was as speedily generous as the wind

gLi kllLai^ll L>l iji*' tl* (jj

4 iL SjjjLajJfl Ujj** ill {Jj >l l u Jl

tjjab JUaW^j jhjfb O^LS « widely generous as the sea I jajKS

L» <jj iHe looks like the sea Lila L*j1 jJ j|AiqVl 111 0^ Laj

H

,4jUjJa3 (jjj Kjl ^iSnlL l Ml 1 t*l Lui jt h*T >~hjl tjiS

jjiin iuL&ji iiiuVij

.■LtLiil laL^ji |J>* J fuV^s iZiijlfi < i\^*T

oA^i >&* .O&iYI U 4 J Vll« fUU Ai* c-iiiij

tHiLiYJ! 1^4 rhlilfa^

<jj^i\ (jl oi*j Lj ‘jLL*y\ ^4 tu jl a j i n .

. dinner Lf ^i pAJ-ii 3i*.LJl ifajl l*\j -

^JLtl ^LiJI V (^ 1 * 41YaU high tea SjLc a jl ■«‘i»»j LuLLjj*

oi JLa-*Jl iJkA jdl t-iil^^Lll l>*j ^ ^ <jjJjUjj

jjluyi L-Lit iJ^Vl £j[fl a Ai u Mml jfltl

Yi ^jJJ joj Y *Ll 1 iaH tjjijmijjt^ <j-Iafl t high tea EjLa

. r %S-*U h3>u Ijiii .yrLill

lilifin CitlAj j^WL l*jJa^rt CijAuii m*

initial JiBJ JjIaj JaLilVl aJl^I <jJ£j C>* Yjl^j ilj j l r

U^ (J^! (^iJl j*Vl i^WjVl ^4

.^LiU %iujt Ji 4-t jjj ^Ul jajll J* lalilVt aj ^ 1 ' * 1 ^ AJ

<uLj Jj M L*-» *p\zz*> sieak. Just dog ,-v^j tlirtrt *1* u-uj

Jl tf4 jj ^aJI j^Vl cAiLB Cxi JL« ^

'(£Lb±Jl) i£*LiJb =LU*iii .iiUlVl jYYj UiLiit

i> (t^jliUj J l|l

J_t <UJ Aa&JL !a* 3 <*.L,UJ Lii^S

Lfi tj-J (^jUJ ^jL*j ,p^3lil3S J o**^ ^

.Off kAJld

+ TAt ^ Oe^^s ^ *—m* 1 ' * 1 “

YAt (j* ijjLuJl jhhijrfJI or)

m

3u**tiuu^[r]

> JLJl JJiS r ^i±li 6- |Je JSI O' l-S

*^dj (jl ^ilaJu^ t<lJji!uli LlLultl ^ l J^| lAj liie l i
* Pragmatic translation Ju LgjL LlIjJI 4J43II

^ tn i nl l - 1 lj | I i^xUl i>* j^j!LtAJ b [-1

t \ t (jjiljj .V^jUUui uh t_u£ljjJl 4*ajiu JJi ^JVjJI

bkZjijLiiVl^ CiLaUUJl ^Ud^aj <^jJI

| J < ii flVl lIj! Jb^j ^ fL*l& ^^aAj

4L*t JL^ tji <jpj ^5J>3 ^lU CilbjUh^Ji

*tAalf jlutYlj 31jfc±JL£j -1L«JI ^jh.hwYI

iii\ yi 4 j -ta l fo-fc Yl i^Lt L_jliUl L*-* J±*-£ d4jJaj-kiilj

u*t ulS fCiUJJl ,ji *jLL CiIj tZaljLajJl &JL& wjjtS L*Jj) »*UntnnJl

*■ H ™

1 H J*JJ <JJ^ u* J"" 1 ** W* f^- 0 ^

OJ^]LU l^\j frjbA Jjbikj (jj L-IjiSli iZlUJJI (jl ^dj

.1.rti b^M jjbiaLi-* V fiAbj^aJl LijidJ <jL5i Lift {Juqj ■

it is Like talking td a stonewall 3 jjj*]I C** * j L*]\ bJLd Ua^

.ot i _jo 4^>tJI {j&

00

V (4> ji t« (JS33 dlili :J! V^j3 jjS«

.jtjlA £< |ai£u Alls jl

^ I

l j > * IjJJl* '■■ (jl iaiJl UA£

jj .JJUI .iiUJl ^ lijij l*S .^>11 yi <i*-3 ylll

Cj*«» .fcaj 3li <tfjiVl <*111 y* Wljlia *»*» <tji»*Jl OljU*)l Aaj

Jl. Jiaj afejJ^-ll iljall J yi*i V U* o' Ji* -Wi 1 ! t* 3 *^

.^>.^1 <*1J1 yi «**Jl dll3

i_uLull ^Ijl^II .Y

a* *4* “

■ Lo &J jl jLjl ijj*

,1* Vj .dJj Jl U* iUflb Sjlil«.V|j V*j uA*

J j ^ ^UJ! J ^Uj -SjiJajll Uj^

*\a ICujjJI J OljLaJl u-nj m" ' ^_iJLu(1 ^7

underestimated. L^^LjJ J _>“d* (dignity J MjUi5

LjLUjj jji , to sin l^LLLj 1 underrated jt

l^ljl>)ll.^j jLit f*o bully LfJjtij? 1 .affection

. HI attend to your wishes

U±=j\ .r

■ .j l^ lj JIIaVIj |^aJl liva klilfclajll .1* mjl 1 ji *J

6- Wji dti <> yi 0J>* Ub .i^iUlll yi SjiSS

yi <li»u <<a-J JU» ««■

; L^J He whose argument is short his tongue is long

?vu ^uii UJ ^

£»***AJ ,<li^x* Cuu-j| ;> :Jli

:^Vl jljia**Jl

Who is the worst or men as to a position?

He said; he whose knowledge is wide, his power narrow, and his
ambition far- reaching

^ j-Jiniyi CiIjlajJI A

^UUi ^ uAj .3j^b Ci^VLi! ^ 3J1JI ^

J*i <iiVSL jjjS Hli J\ Ljl jjj Cj|jLa.j]l tala ji d*i Vjj <iaUj ^uL^yi

‘IOIaJI Jail 4JtjJ *^ L>i jjtiTmi dJJuj *j*+j1jLc .j j*4JLj]!jjj 4jJJI
La !Cu1 4lJ Lf^oj pjk*"JI Ciljb^sJ y4 L-iujii ^L-l

< jr I jh' iVi Oaj '*^-1 !4iJt ^Li

My Godt Gome now! What i pity!

y* ^ in«t l iijh) cA Exc [ Jftiui

'tjTl*»j Cx3 cJi T *^1 ClLfclill

p*** i^Lt
4*oJ 0*

aboriginal

laboriously

intentionally

^ £iU" :^Ii3 ^1 to re treat S^Lt ^Uj lli-t Cmu -Jd^ *±>*4^

JjSj U-iic SjLaJ) J ^ ■ 'lA* ^

fJ ^^\ tJ A 4 ij 1*3^ to retreat ^Vl j=aU Jx 4^

i> Jlie ^i*3 ^ to re-create Sjli* ^ JUj JJj JVf .pb 3
.(1^! yr^ 44* to recreate jiitl ^ 4^

^jVtlUUIuljl^uLaSI

(jjViauiuijtftuUaft

C.UU 1 [Uju ^ Sj^iS ^U 1 0 ^ ^ w^JLul

Jj CjijlpJI ^jjJaj iIllu^I *Ljiu V 4 JJJ 0-4 oi |Uj

«^A Jjij] Lt^ij L|l^ 4^piUl kjLjJaill

^iLjiaill £ja.^ J5 t^Lalx^V!^ .3* A ■*. ^ tlj

■ uiIjI^aII b>i4 04 £>14^ ^jjJj J 44 VI ^Aj;till p 1-15t

u^-*! ^±® p£ul1 (jiot !jj ^(j44J *L1 j 4^*111 Cj^jL^JJ

■ * t *

* LuJLajj LaIij h^jJlUI iii^jL^aJLj

li ft£u!l *,jA A^iAJ 4jjiDl CaljLgytJl ^33

4jj 4.U1 jLi^Vl a Jut Jjt JfjUJl tSjJpuf »^-ijjaJI aLHVlj

■ CjljLjniJl p ^ *“ ^A <LkiilJl CkLlLajJl jJ Jj 3 j^Lj]|

iudJkj ^Lc. Sj^iill ^4 ^jaJJI * jj^u^LaJI^

A MjiiajJI SjLo_l| b ifl j (jl (ju> ^ L> ~i n N JjLi$-n_i JjjjJJl

*

kUljiL^aJl (jl ^jLt kjjLs J>VS iSj 4 =g* 4 , j) U^iff I 4 J ui ^Uajj-wl

j^ill ^JJl frLliVt ui 1 ^ um^s^

kbl^J ^r .1 j- <<*ijuj La 43jjjh wAjJj ol JL*

♦frL^Vl

|w-L*lik SjL Jjt jjiJl ^>aj^*JI ptLfiHVk Ulj

<jl C$j+1\ Jjjilk ItLfj ^jL". ,lA^ji Lfj V b*ij-ki iLaIj^ Laj.

. L^iitfjj L ^ a«& JSj S^aUsJI U i. i^j

J >6 4f>IU -jLltVI UjU Uj-ii \j| i-ljAlIl Cl\jL^\ >Uki
M^>j <4j^*iJl ^aLuJI ,jJjj ljI ^jijjjj fr j uti ll l JfjLwJl

Ch iJini i4 ujj ^ ^*itl

b JLa

irr

uOI^IvUju^^UIaiJIuLUaIU^]

*

lAjltldidl JJLi VI yltflj KjLfdJl ^im* V

CiLLi VI lijUi J ill »J Vj *<LilI±]l ^l ji * lt l Cm fr>g£

L^Kj — jjVl j^Ua b^*a^ -U*Uj iadaJ ^4^

c^ullillL 4j£ldl l-Laj Cm Vj jJ

J (jiiJ Jj ^jlj[ jJt bjj-a^ iJjj £j 4*JI C»l lt^ X

^1 ^ jJ yi -yiUb _pl 4il^j ^ tAs^

*41l *««»■" r»j»j;S <L£j**u bj^JUa Lu j ^UVil l CiL^jJ

Wlu ulj -fcA JJ- 1 —» 05^*

*jjjS ^4=^1 yi

^ Ki^JJI C^L+JI ,*4i UjLi^W - S^^jiU (Uxi yi
ij *L51 ^ r N5JI ^ JVU J*3 .Sj*S

i^LLijJI bJm o-jI*j ol r4flO*ll ^ {jhi ... j (jAti j\jULj **i*u

Uji V yjVl u! Jj '%£ J J J J ■* i ri^ tfjLi 4ii ^A+ojj

(Uju Jjjirt l4 ‘Mjl Xj -W^ 1 ^ jt *£ilji**11 Cjl-U“ ^1

^II; ^il\ JLiljitl a! 1 J*Ai yj WjSN

jjjJI 0A4 Cm ^JaI Ej*« ^ ^

,UiAjd &*\jA Lfr <jj

Ale

UUil 1*%^ *-*1511 l>^ uA ul r ltl *^ ^>*

kii^JLA J4t Cm Cu&J Uj ■ J " Ji CjLmSVI u .,^1*

J .dL.11 l | tt^ (jjjii*ij <jJ£Jt C)1 IL4** *Uiic £il jl > f

*ht **-i

^ r

'|l**t... ^rj» j "t ^jkl^ll CA
j 1 -1~> JjXli iL«Lu gll^-ii*

Lfj&j 4 j)Lj Jj JJAJ <UiUJ|j

f^jjtdJLj L-ljT^flllj fji^^jyaii 3 x1a£ Jj-o

^ jl * r 4>4 a 4 ffJ Ij^d *^Ju1j 4JLA LdLiJLp p-jij J_Lt

^JU |jj jL[ !UUju ^ Vj ^J£I1 l^ij ^Ju ,444 U !^VI
bj£l»iil JLa-tl ^yJl .,1 nrLw Ii^JUuj *4jjJU j«J LaLaJu* ^>t pJjLLaJl
^Lc jGmiVI bJ4 AlijlL^S Lp L^ii e-.it..^ (_£jjji!

'‘Ll^jLl^ &J4 -iiLcr.iliifYI ^Jr 4xLh£

<jjiJI <nd^Lkij YJ <u^id 3»Kll |tAjtidJ^

r^JLllu ^44 ,

djlic .~.Lil j. r_ > j.t*i p.* > 4 i A* d--it j. f- lj.il i 1 ^|j jl 1 3 t l *f

lj JS yg. ll .i. j ,3-*j I Ljjljiij iniSJl OJJ <iiUll J&J ,Sj£jj

.^iijiit *b5u *ik*in s ji-j tfUU^i j* .i*i.

AjJk

*LkHcp iZiLJl f^Lo^Cp lLlcj (<i£ dlj *ljl *

cjxLaxllj jjJjAjHIj it^Xd 4 jJu£

L* tlii^i tiAjLtkjJl a 44 IJi^i i Max lj^J \ jSIjLuJIj

444 ,Li ^ iAij j~Jl&\ jl .Lflnl p-jdll J3*. b Yl^ 4xt*«j

.iLlidL CAJV1

■n- w

oaJJI jjAiiJJ ilAl L* >$i jjAiU LI

- ijli* - ^1 S^tjiL Lixii Ldjj ,-cU-j

2a* ^jjj Ljj—*j AloJ £4 j 3 j4i4j fjJl jjj L J^l (jlj

ijx \lLIAJ UijJLfl yu 444 ^4^1 QJ*S ~* u ClL^ldd^ i-Uljx

^JJl j^jJl 4^ad ij£j 0=MJ Ljj_p (^4-11 ULi «^JjLbU Oi^kAp

_y^Laxll ^‘UxwLwVl < 1 yj

^1 cLLaj J"-*l ■'-■^ bj^i-aj Lj1j£ U^i Ul tj-k

^>d>! pUl Ld o^J ^Jjii AlJJ Vlxd pJuti J u-“^ >

0 pLp| 1 Luid^j jjjljVl jLuitl <4jl^i£

Lui \Sa . jLuill Iaa ^jl^-4 ^EjLyi jL-AII »uL*l&

^Dl 3j^Yt jIjla* ,_JL UIjj llftj ^J-yO>*Jl Uj^^-aJ

Lfl J4jUdj Art' ll W *. JjJaj Ol>^ Ui 4

J^AJ ^ji L JI*J (*-m!J ji ij>«9 f>0 1J, i J

Lf lfi OJl> j ^ Ej^>naJl 6JL^A ,ij^=Jt Ah <lh!AJJ i-ijSLe

Ji J*I L* 6^J ijljii (ji y ljmfi Jj -fL Ji—*

.|^_LjujklJ 4 aJLiji uiA) ^j* 3 y 3 !'

Oli ,J1^VI JS j .jtili Jli J^l il-i*.) yi JJj =t±~*l

<3i^Ul yS tLa->*

CiLujjJi ^moj ji*ji ui sjj. nin yts *i»>* j+a Li

tj -‘t ; C»L\>aJl fakLft AjJ) ijlj.nlli f JJirtlll yj \Jj ^ Jj^

Ajj »Af£ 31^^ ijSi L.^kti ijjli*JL ^L_>il

jiij ^JLH Jj-Lj f <AL^s <iLjj ^AaJl kJjJj "^LJI

oL^i jj? *'■& pU* ^ ^

JjAJ jAj <SjAj V 1 ':JL3 LaIc Li*. Lm»jJ 1 *A* |*Jjill

£j] Xj jI—jSu ^j-jii (lt ^LjVi) n j&=A\ ■ * jh i i t jLa*Vi

.<f ^ J L T|< >* tj 4 ^ -JLj <U\ JjAj

> Lfiljjjj Lj>waJ 3^“ iA* *-aL*&\ o|

<Li£jaJ1 -Tl\J* Itl*J Lji LjaIj j^JaJ 1 A4kJ *U J n 1 tl aJi ijLj'l yi

/ill* SjL-M 5jljj3 ^ LaIjVJI Jjaj t^jiL ^

>g. j?h . rt Jii 4 Ld J Jd C^

Jjudo^j (U*j]| Ji^j- 6* liAiu th>*j+ J4 4 Li

^ -EaL La^ -iij v JSJ1 LliaJI ^

*jLjJt£ £^La 1 ^ Oi-a^ L Jit yi J-jO-a yjll

U5JI wLLjJ! yii4 j *\ j &\ *A4 J ^ ^ ^SjLi^VL

^iUI f^Lu Iajlj ui > ii ^

in

jit {3^^ ^ AJLt OSHj *ii|jjL*Jt_9 jJjVL jliidil

j if*/l jit S_>*iiU jtfrTlIk jj o|-i i<JLI^V) ClUlH U^alVTj JjJJI

jit jjuii 1^Ki ikijj.uJl jit EjaUI jjiijlfLi Iuj^j

^^5 jW^I ^ £J-“U <jk

h .lA *A\jS, A* «■ i<l3f 4 tlj^r j.^4 j i tAtt j 1 j[

jjjft" jit Lij^i jji ^ 3 j1*jJI

^^lll <j-fl £lid t>* ^ l *~ 11 t l 'l | lj^ J | * | H

jJJ jjf IlnN jm-^j l jjj ,

uli !jAJU 0- 4^ ^Vt JL ijjjH ^ Ijm-^. 1 Ui*J!

wjlj>i*_*Jl iaLxLwJ jit tjjijjij Iji** 0 ijmIjLuJI

i Uj ^j*Jl .(Jjjil

^4^JaJL 31 >[ i:Li"Vl A^IJ jit bjikli Lii

«|«AjuJI CjU-jkj-4 £-Ljh ip jit J-*tJ *Liiit EjL|j yij -4^

I <aHI tZlkjaO^ 4ddluUJ

EjV 'kpj 4 %a1IA2aJ1 *LluV| jbU njinflll 1*4

^kiV! Jmh jit |» 1 tlati jli 1 * 1 ^ <ii >iUJ ^ 4J-A j ij t i ll

>

■"^ t'j 4 M l"h 1 all ^.**11 juU I^jIj jlS i l^b j * * + '

Sjjj^b j 4* f jjL-tajJij i^dj £jJ» jit SjkJi j^j> bijkoJi Lulj

SjJJl tdiA^ e(jLuJ 1 j ^ -ATTj k kks frj^l Jf\ Jdlj JLuji jit

*4^b^U J_jUj ji oi>^1 3^ f^-kl*i^

S jltl i>f 4? (vkjtJl «^L*'iViS'i< 3jlit EjAtJ 4 aaIj-*J! ktj
JjU j* Uj CiaJ jib >1 L* JSj fjjLJl ,^i jJaaJ^

^l*JjilU '"*4^^ jit ^_>aJ 1 jJuli Ejit] JaaJ^ ^ I lilt

£TV

Ulc. Gjlfd

|«iaIdJI Jjlu L^JJl >* 441*^

r i *~ ^ dJj <jl£l ik-jlj^cJl o-a Uaii\ j JJftl 6-°

jhJLC. ^LoJjU .^jit

t^ld^Lbtt ^JLCp J>] 4yd^L*U ! _ r Lfcj}

i ^jji *■' * *H ^jj |j| ■**>!jl 4>l4 fLicj (JjaJ
kZiLL«jJ\ ^jLcr IjIlo <du Ifl /rt ^4j4j

(jLlj] bJUb 1 ,r* > n1

*ija*ijLL»Jl

^jOj u-* ijLn ^*>* Cx& ul £b* ^ Xj

J1 ijti j^Lj ot ^ C> (jV fUUI CiUL^J\

rjj'jj * f^AjUJl G^luJL u-* V* Uj ^ rt V

GjJuJ^ jUiii^v

,^1* JhB-BJ wiLdjj£l\ ^Liirj AjjaIH ClljlfmJl b L i l

»<JL£Lluj tj&uJl jA {,£ till

JL$jj CiLkJjAj *Lj uj^3

ill* «LjiJJ^ tj\ q«Lt Ej jilnt l Ci)f\ « *i-h Vtj

^GjL|rfJl JaI UjLlcU 4 a^IiJ( p jUlf CiLjj*ij *\i*

5 rjJJ .lt CjLuj^Juj i*bVl %cj*u £# K^ H i '^±>•^3

GjiIj^H j^JLoLuaJl

tYA

[ Y ]

aXa frjAjij EjxtXa ^jVju» L

I ^i\\ hj yj L|jjjjjLikJi fjluj Alt »"ilj.i all

OwS ^ 'JlJalj Li^sll I.U - liL**il g~»U I

<^jl^> U**J1 SUJ1 ^ 4~jU*U tLLi 443*111 iljjill
Jj o^f 51 jIj ‘L^illl kiiljAUI JS «jl ilxsji

, *.t »-*. aj^jaj ^ 1 *1.11 ^il*j ij^ V[ *11 1 ^ l*iLt Qjld Vj •ajl^ 4

^i\i VJj h>*1jY 1 ^La^L* ^>* ijSmII £* j*f Y ji Y 4 Ia^

1 j| 3^LoaJ 1 ShsJl jjk nljYl <aj 3 Lai »<iaiLj <jj£j bJLA <^AjJajr

^|-IJJ*J| LM yii- ^j-h ■ *-> SjJ*cU Y

2<H1 (jj 4 K’Liii < i.M jil |_f43L« ‘Uj^iUt Cj|j \ jftt l

OjS: JyS JjIjj J 0^*4 *L*1£ cUaLiil ^jLiiaJI jk>*JI y4

(Lfci ^if (_>«VilJ pJ ^! E^pJ'

ijJijj u#ii Ji c4h fc V il fi^l i H l (jUl p-fill IJLa

*' T *

tlijl^ lj| <jjLu widll^p CjIj 4j*l)l (ji * tjijl-h Lb-lajj ^J^iill

^( .d^ -i *..^ hZul^i f-\^**i *l|j Jjjll CiVaVaJI jlaiioj

jt AjLkJ tZjLzhL^Jl bJjl tji. 3iJJl kli_yl£. "‘UaLma! j^i |4jl5f jk.1
Y Alj Lf lt Aj La J$j *l-hj-hni LLJa^l <aJojj lIu

^jUI j\j ? j * i4i^5J|+ULia^ Su>»il ^*Ltl ft^U: jjIj

^ .UVt

0 )

tjj Ijaj ji+i "KLiJl < nwJ a jj Vj <UUl t-ijUaj C>* UJ^j

^3 V 1*1, Sjili Vj t*3aj Jilt Y ^ill iilLYU, **iL!t Jll^>>

pjlil l 3jUdlt| »LuLia LijJajH 4ilJt i fljKj- 4 ^jJj

'l giikL_JAiJJl <CrLdl tjye Uijrid

J[ f acj £jk 6* Jjli*ik$

.ELuJi <iill ^.Lo| iImj t_j>4 j^i^k

Sj AUal) |jl — I ^ j-^ Lua 1-^ii V yjJl tjt 'iUj

kZijVSI <iJit£ iji V LfiLi 'AjjAlJl

^ji J-JL 4-ji yJl ^U.jLJI j^jVl (jij ‘ klP^M 1 yi

4*Ul SjjIj ^..^Ti L*^j^ jjsj ^JLjaJy^ j£ill

3±U1 blU yin

JluiS LJSj t \r>2~" IjJJAJ j£a 11 ilf£ ^ c- bjjUl 4iUI lIijIS I al&fl

fr^jli *<_w*.jJ1 (JUJI 1JL* yl JLaJl £■ l*A"J 1 Bjjli

^"*7 r ^ijj SLaJl Kjjli *lul$j <Lj «Ull sLt=k yi k 1 wB 1 4 kK fr 4

jlSii yi jA Lprf. uj^j ^ Jl

IJua yJ*j 6* UjUjI yi ^>^>4 ja Lii jjjajJLj Jj l *±>^1

jX j~H L.'ir V} rtrju n ft <til!aj ^llj AlUl uj ^‘fc l y V

• ■ + * — * i
>u.j t * 15 j t i ^ji ■ ., ijjijLi kj& iki£ k-' k’^ ^ ^

\1* Ju, ^ ajL ol d^y\ oil Ub ^ 4JS1\ ujii

a^m\ oiji^j ^Ai 6ii U& <&&> y*^ s

IflAiai ioL*jyi 5Lji yi tAilfl JJ ^J*AJ >i *-iiJi>sUj

ijliLSSli jjLa yiL^! ^uu *Uj (ji ^4— ¥\ 0*

^JL&j JbJl bJL* Jl» yi_9 'Ua-a ^ikj^ OJ^ 1

jja jjbj^ * La / ■ ■■ jilli .*> j:\jj yit a 1 r I ■ iil j < 1 aJJ1

lii Lfljl L~ii^it

*

J_ *

. 11

jJi <i~Mi..i tliWjJi j±c. ^ji.1 <UVj iiiit
* ™ * «■

Sj^ioj Luljlfc V^**7j J ■■ Lu>* 3lu)^9 SLaJI ^jLujyi

*LaJI ■**—lUjbnijj {jLutjXl jJJ JUU

■ VI idJj Ldj jluJL EjiXfd IJL 4

j_jx- ^LadjVI tilij ((jLidVIj SLi^l!^ ^Lua&jVi

I^IaH ^ (J J Jd fcjl O-nj (jL«i)fl u^f

.45j1-^1^j ^LaAjV^ IJlA JuSb» ^1 j

tjLjrtl; ol Ch* (j#£ L>J^ 0^ sjl

.igJi ^ dj^ jojSHj ju^t\ on C M-!

Oj JLL J l&+£ ‘iUif ^>c jLultV^

«^j l...'i ^lj SLaJI ^LaJ JrtS Lfjjj 1 3 1 nil 3 p.l 4klajd ikUl

^,Ij4JIj ^Ijjjll ^Jd ^ r UuYl L>4 jJjS jjJ v-ij-aJ (j!

^J-|Jf \AA Jaiaj JaI i!m> 4j>aU!

fLu j£jJ» 6 1 l*AA ^ kZjgijjJI J) i - i *ij

4_u£]l LfjJUfc ^Lc. ^jic. £ua}j Jji -U».

klflS 3_>*l*lHj CuuiiijJl CiUaLlaHj?

^Jmu^u! La L^jljL^a £ 4jl!LH <, fljk jl * Ur^ yStl i^il^ j^nt l CH*

(Jjll y-i Ujiaj 3_iiik^]l CiLaiiil .function words
^ <ilii iji orifLj yjll ^JjLaJl iJ&Ua^Jl 41^3 ij\ o*

iijJl *>* ijSj (J Lijiij yi jAj “|H^

0* JiiUll C.U1S11 vf yi Jli ui

Jj i u\ \ i>* jpj ikjU!iUi\

^ j}^ ^1 CiLilil > iJjilS CjUil tZkwJ SjiJajH CiUilU
LgjLaAa'j Ct) i j i~n * (Ji O* j^*- 1 lt*^ ,n ^ |*-}AlA*Jl

•JLJl Jjt; ut <>Ai lj£* J* j-i ul ^i*a

yfefcy j*i JU f dii-| 6l ^ ^ -WS jiSi j! 4JJS

,^ii UitfJL cUtiUll ^ ^ yjK ^ *ei*M

(( jliJVj^Ljj *uLaj>ll jj-sij j£ jj-aLLs tiiL5'iL.

Jdj ^jjll CiLtim JJU (ji jj-sVl grjtiuM i>«J AiJj • ijL-J^l bUi uj"^^

Lj .3 j<U1j J*ill 6*jj ,y£*]b j>LJ^

* 2 l3*Ulj 1I .^j l/t 1*\t l L^jtj "Lyull (jj \ ■ »

^1 JL^ilL USiVs 0* J±>ttH 6!

4*A±j CjIj ^uilSt ojSj jii *La4Li J£

^ jl *> i JJuJb ^JjJVj sj^Ls

LiLi La ^ Xjl Jl SjiLa j! AjAm Jj + S^J> 4^

*> t_^ l*i j^\ ^ -bM pW ^lh u

Ciillj *6^ -r*j^b A»n.H Jib *i>ki o±) vj** :L * i -J
^j^Ul lELaJ) > AJ o-J Lm ^iUj J&£ Uj <4«ij Ail-Ji
t>* tjJ <jV HiAxLfl (j-a Jj l>* uiJL^d i—tbLLJ^ ti** 1

^ ^litui jLuiL L*

(0

Nelson Brooks,Language and Language Learning (2)eL HanoouiL Brace &

World, Inc,. 1960,pS4 ,

trr

Ol-“ JjLJjxI! ^ Jjlfllll ^ i _ # ic

■*- > ' ^

V 1 1 ol ^ Li±j4J <J ^cAj j^Jj *4la (*J CiiuiljjJI 6X4 jjSJ

. tryA ^ V IajLj i <ji JiXj

jaA ( ^ix ^j^aU! oLLL£AJI jjtl j4 Lx <A^ij J*aL£iJ!

* _

ul^LIj bJLjJLt ijjid JaAL bjlul £j 1x4 >lAli <bi

■LT^i L" ^ L>^I *>££

'"<1 ^ ■*■ *11 JJJ^ Jl£ Sh

p

I j l jA dljliij ^lld b^IjiJI jl 1 fl ^

\jl\ ^4^1

. iHiliaLuAl | 4A4 J4£

ibjlfJi AM jjlc. JaJL} {j^xll j4 illLtaLiAll 6X4 jj[j (j(

■ UjIajI yij jjjjj jj| ij^aj V l*~>I U.1 l*.‘>U *X4 jjij ^i£ {jl **j Ix4j
|»4jJ£ uaJiaaJI ^lc “ 4xijjJl 4±JJl ^aIjUj

i^iljl.aitl 6X4 ^-c-xiujj lx4j ^CjLLuJI 6 x 4 d* SlxljufluJ
^axll ylfc 4j^Ual ijjl.i Hitl ot U+ |JxaJ1 o^*J L(J

■oAj u! 1 ,*^1 ^ ^

l "'IJplu UakII ^jLlL^JI jjtl ui L*jj

^4 ClUljxJI jjb ^^4 .6 jLmJ! 6jLj jjlil AjJaIII

1x4 (_,i Jl* * IjnfcLo IjjLw ^jLujyi t^iJI >4 ij^Vl 6 x 4

^ USJI cLLuJI Jjb ^ JU> Mi Jiu J! tfjJi xJ jjLJt

.^jjxUI EjL^xJl ■ .*- ji ^ ¥ jjUll ^xx tjli ili\j \ grtl l j*1*j

irr

(_£JJl gj kliljL^jJI J-a^i uj *Luli

(-jLfljj JjjLjj JS d . Ciijl^aJt bJul o mi ~* J ^ *J A >

>Sjj <LL* J LiUJ UIjlaI jijiJ Lj .1#*

Vl^J »4 jIj£ 1I frjtfl-aJ <£k-ilj ^ ^ <jl ^Jjj (j*

IjJL ji Ja.1 i> VI lli-i ^Ui wJSj Lj jjc ljj-i tjij ti fl fo

ji s JJ-=^

*m\jj jj jilj ^A Hf.\j*\\

^jn.Mii V[ l*\jA l>ij jAi fcjLjj

.*' *-i^.t l 4y yaJj ^fj *■ ^j£j V jud JljiVl

r r j|j J*U jJUu liljSJlj jAjLSJI J.\ t rta fA <jt l£^ + *#

jju ^Jul bit UIa jX tf, i ^4 jijjioJtj

♦ bJJLJLU <j IjjjS ijjii UaV-iij <iji=J! <ji

*

1 ^ il*" 3 ■ ^ it |l«~tl .^>1 LI A .11 J ^h w -LJLt

£“ (ji I^Aj CjIjL^JI

<iill ^<ili ujifcJ. n ^ l, - >ft > uj^AA; r ^

■4f J U LiuLtl^jjj tfljljL^j h-j^Uall piij ijh \i f vj l-JUu
^ p ja jl^-fcJl u j. 1 ^* IjitS uL? UJ>^^

£ jl .<xUL fJi-Jt 1*JJjj uijJI JJ u>^

* J_4 <j-o AjAaj Vj i<AjLji 43ii olJ^J -**H f*^ Kt

JiL-iLjJlj LaljiiJIj
1 _ ia jj ,3*11 ( j^x!l> tjj[ WIV?

,> Vj v^t ^ ^ u?* r*^ ojS 3 oi

.jUll.n.n-^l jl>. lj-JjJj 0*ilS» ■/“->*' ^ ^

oi ^ Oj-j-e *lillAjJI w*b JUUBI J*f o!

jl ^

oi .**11 uU> 4iii=Jl ^ L*a iH- gtjjUJ!

trt

yi vh^LUI bjdli (j^\ iLiJl Cj* <xtll jU 1 ?
^ ^ dJj *> jiSi J* r^l**il

I ^lldJI <J h ititii ^jjnUJl 4 j l_JLUj Lf^ill |a4

La^gj lijjilJl kllljVj LjHd k 6J^J jl (jJLIJj ilfl . t jj j

(JiJjj jt^» J£J ^*jly ■Jfl JU»_4

iLkiVl (Jrf I rt ililjL^JU *t*J ^Ic, ^L*jlJ

EjLJI JU^Lu Lr Lc jjjiaJt j^Jl Jjju -3iji..kllj L.tX tj-llj

^ ft 0^ rtr kiLlijj ♦4*JJ1 %4 ^Lh ^plc ^jjiJ! JjjjLoJI J^_*jj

L^uitlaJI <Lkjj L Ji jjj lj (uLq

.|7j^0jVj1jSk

(jj ^ jr laaJjj J*1 £j ^ Aj Y *Uijj

^j *jl ^n lI frjH^Vlfl i|tid-ill i^ j»»~w ^Jtks J^al) [jt li£i .li^iUl *""iljIJ ^ 'I
<£uLu/Y| <LuUjAjaJl jJj vil) J ijjLj ^ jl »~H ,^uu d A \ L ^

UiS L^iLLLli ujis J ^ yStt ^ .Liil L^U ^1

^a tll l i—ilj l grtl j (j4aLi1iJ 1 |ji£ J_#ju r 3*Lj.^j )]) d-ii^jJVj

o\ <bJ lc-*iiUj tgA *Zlmll Vj 3 _ujj*1jJ! tjjLgJJ ^jl jjikJ Yj .*Uubd 6 j^uoj

.Aj^iUl iiiljLgjJl Jj iki IJLft

■-

Lfcffl 0^1*1*^ jjLaH |jlf ^CwjJLdJh t-JUaJ L5t tjjj

L^aUu i iK'j uL uiUji L§_JLkj ^Aiu J^i ^

-Ajii Lu jiSi ^JLiiioJi^ 3 m alii I iZZiUaULjJl

*1*111 O J> ft ^ f ~J tjlfljJl jjJ) yj-hjinjr^ jl jij^lj

bjLo Lgj \j£h yj - l^jLicL i L^j < juaJjlL ^lll

J! yj %lij}J\ fr^U Ijl ^Ljll fill

uA> 1^ Q J n 1 1 . 1 a J | ULSij ^jJ! « jL*J1

- NiU

iro

aim

jAjjjlU jfA ( jjjhlt i

« ^*11 4^11 J! qrjxb ^ 6*

*Uj ^jj (Vf4 ^LJ (J^lajll ul V L“

lij^ll JJ 3d>^ J* lA|

,^Jl j :; ^1 l* JLLuJt iwjL^Jl ^ ^ .ill

£jjj-u 3 Jl ojj ift"*H w*j*Jt (APj^**^Ls *LfcL»Jl Ajj5 j^]

^jji jIjJL* Vi ^i\ <> jUSVi r A*j

jilju -JjJ^ 0*V P^l yi ^ ali ^

jl^L “ UJ*^^ 11 J L* lidLJl £ilA L^ ' * \ \ * vl \

«<1jL-j i> ljjW.il Vj f-ua Vi - (U*l)

^TjJI f uyt J>L jjjj . <r) <i. o±J*\ £*

Li ^3 ,-j ^ * .jiii ^ J« V-^ 1

JlUaJI aJjt u>«iij V ojUI ylc - (1) "* i * J H *'~ ' "~ J

.^juaii fijWI Jiut ^Uaiilj |vji*“jj
ojl>ll o-U ^ Bjilll -IjV 1 ' ^ Sj^»

.jua-Jlj Jjitt C.U.U ij^B ujljiH liA-yl-Jb tfjkill ud*M' 0 *

.y»-H ^L» «j JjiiJ uLUt ^l^| ^ <1LJ1 (jLJ* 'jjj^ «jf* 0”)

. nr y, t £ . \iva . uijih o^aib ^ibm v'Jj ^b*-^

. nr ^ . t c . j^uii p.>Ji (t)
. nr ^ , t e .alji pjJi (®)

iri

felll iuiljj Aka. u^L.YI (jaJLft . j >11 .lia. A±,il]l

\$.l£ jju t^ulfg L^l-^l ijljj^ia 411^4 jLufiL J^lluiJ
ji^jiVjLa jJlL ‘Lkf \J*~J^ {_£*Ul jAilLl .pW~^ti

1 i Jl 1 j^Ls jr& j>*d

ijl Jj^ksli 1 *■ VI j jjJ! iSjL^aJl

yj ^u!jVl Ajljl+dj (_£jjlUl 4 $^Luj> ylt l jl^aJl pllZdJl Ji^lLj

,<C*JjU AJ tjli Lu ijLbu^JMiiA ^.'^""ll Jjj] pJjLL*Jl ^ lj* . <ilfl

i>- ojSsi jje. frj^aii Ulj

kp* 3 ^ -r* 1 ( jjjli'il i JJ i_J^Uali |Jd>^

uxuiLij i£jJl JlfllaVl ujl£ (p^jljLa h_mAj3j p4>u pj^iLi ^lill

iL^liai jjAlO^ JLii, Aj^Lu Lu ^UllwiVl ^AjAli kylbUo

Z"^ 1 Sj^kili 3 j 2L» j±L

^4Lka ^JLuilj A_JLilj Lujj ijjiLjJLj JjjaIaXlII i^JUai i-l5 Ijtj

ijjJaJi IjjLJaj olj ^jxwijJL«J i^ 3 jjj>aJI ‘Lilli

p^auil J fjA tjjV fOjilll hllljL^dJl g^MJjJui yj %3j.l-hil l-uILlvVIiJ

Lf ^j j^Ul Lai .^JjJjLuJi ^£jJ iHiljl^dJl pji tl yj

.^n\ CiljL^Jl pj.lt.lJ ^Lo7 Lu ji£i tjjSl'ill ^Ldj A ilrVi piVl

Jala* u-* 1“ 0^ k-fljAj fj\ j j iU'J )

Lul .3j^l iitVl 31 tw^J 1 JUJUl l>a*j Alt tjLiikJl

3jflj-U~ <Lti £jjj*» <J^ lUj yi i^tl j i nT fl rt u*4 j-A

a <Ujj*U! Lfjjxll 3illl <jj>L . Ailijj ji^Li. ^Jjij -i j*^ < (1)

^ + ^AT

.\o*\ ^ i ^At i jrtA« jiji a tjhll lj^fc <v>

irv

ill! | * C l Jj (Ih ^ u jftUnH Jfi dJi|j -IjJ

dJi^j ,<j£j l-jjIJj Jklij filjl 3^* J! JlAb^ *X>*

3_^ J ,„V1 ^IajaII ^wrjj^i\ ±-U$l\ Oj£* J

dJjj ijLaJlj gi(Jl (jJJ £>*Jl ^LljI J*

J* J dJj fJLtlaVl tfjj l i nj >fcj Jj^» Ji?"?

j\jJ o* jUkVl J\ JUjikil <-K>- J

ji — A1A$ 4A&jh&11 *04 J — j*oJl Cil j i n^s * C>*3 -4^« *U-i^

|jyxfti jLilaVl ^1 *ja! U1 J^if ^U! -Wj JLp^

* oju Jl V41 (M>b^0

jUlaVl fiL*. ^ J[ J>^ J 1^4 <> jj. fi a ft ll

jUiUj £*ljl Joj ,4j^LuV 1 <dA_^dl J

^jJl 3_JU=J! ijLL*Jt lo4 («^>u J .5oufjJ«bJl <*j ~fi \\ tLij

.(jjLjjj) (ox* J f^Uil^ ^-*oi jl i u ft„A xi jj*'* * J!

JUL1 ,jo] L*4 JW^' ^ £>Jl u!

ylll JLjiill JLiLVl *Vj4 <4 J* i-L-iifl L-j^1

^iljJl Jl jJ JViiaVl pl*j ^oJl *l*y |*4*'—*^1 J!

JlxJl A,Lii r Ub - jlo^JI <y! ^ 4 lM jA

J! <_jJ.it tjAJl ,>Al tjJaSM £j*A>** Jl—ijVl I)**J

.^jjiih -L-j£1 ^ ^ (H^ ‘jiM'

■ i ■ f . 3 .15«1 l ijjjijA_«Jl ^1 4 jjjO*JI LiOii

iitj ( Jjjliiali 4jjli-a yij Ciljlfd) 4*jii ^

jSJ^L-J oi -^=J! Jl wljlfrJl fri* Jiij LWf^'

^^-Al ^ O^LoJl Jialj 6=^^ <W'

"tl^i l^»_i JU^ilaJ) iLLatjj J ^jLmjXI f^V£oil (0

Jiij jS J- JiLJl oi-J ^ J* ^,JLlSi]|

irA

,4*LJI

AiJ S*1 >aJI 6jL|J Ljlaj i^aiJI (^)

tl^ CjjLflli <jp» jAJ ‘4_l&_ijJu jd^iaiJ!

^ J| J*k

p_aLLJL ^Ujyi 0^ JiUl UajjJj ^Jaj Qr)

j^oiuJI ^ua! IjL tAlj .‘Lilli i~>Kj > A 1|j)

*JLjLkV| *■ Vjjft 0 uh& EjJLaJI Ai14 **~ ■ ■■!

oi JUUVl (jku «LuVI J-Lfl lillj yu (j)

.jji Jlij .iljyyVl iiLy^ir
^ gjjjl JtiJaVl lf44U4^j I^ull Sj£lhl]| ^A4My

jA\ Jlj*!l fcLyi„,l Ji .jU^dl -J .pyliill yi

£*WVj JLiJl Ojj ^ £*A«Jl >“ (j)

LAjjS <Liiifc <jl nr ^4^ yj& JlAkVl <_ftli jjjj (j)

^ * I **■ N

JJ£ y4 i l UJljU (jdJU jjJJ jt-uji JyS O&Lj ^Lla^us^ ^jJ| Ijyft
>=^ fiiijVKj ^u*ii >*jii djj jii Ojuj J

»^bLa^4j ^JJl

J, Piaget . “Piaget's Theory," Manual of Psychology . New York, : jiiil (A)

1970. Volume 1 , P. 73..

tn

vaUi.tt djjij [ o ]

^lr 1I ^wiuU si^Jl ij\ <Ajii V L*j

(jjlj U^iAc^ .EjjLi J&j ^Liij <_f JLi! Ojjiii-JI o-a <L1J »

* *

-d J *(4*1*11 Uii j3£i oA* ^Ls

.a->~ Jiaj jjj ^UMriJl tt j jnUTft h Ej5& Ll^lj *41kii

t> <*>fcW oS-jJi U-" < - H * ^J- 4 ^ ^

<dLu J£ <4^ <^>—0^ *J^Ls

4 ^i < 5 ^ <i*> J^i! ^ j ^ 1
.^LLJl 41 j *_iJ>5 ^ L* J *<iJU JLil^ <J[ 4+j* tfill 1*4^

3jjL5iJ1 ^ jlVili It&jjJaJI &J-* uj^>4!

vJ oj^j ufJJl (jujiiLlU «Jt3>4l ^ 1*1*14^ y4 *i±4^ *■**
itw \LJl Ejj^j jj^d (4*l4l ‘Ud £jL Sj^-ilw 3 -jL3j

.dllj Jii u-» hlvij Jj <(4*41 <tij I ■ o < M jU-j odlLJl

yi *LaJl d^u jj^jJLs i5A4 JJ 3 ^'

sjU tjJ *>* J»*Ji \JA f d* 4±>^

( ^om JJ aifj ^LoLtkj l|i «>n yi
pl.-> .J^jui, Li4\P JlS-iij *|4*l4i

/^<iljjjaj <AiUJ \Zkj *iJ 1 jjUj

O^J AusAjjM jI^JI </ 1*^ ^ 015 ^

^ .(4*41 S^-iUJ! ^.UJ! ^jsw ujJil4l **>«- -M ^

,ro jfl £*>JI 0)

ll*

julju Jla, jiSl <_>* Ja*j)l I JLa

jfl-lvi lZjIjL^aJI &*L 4 (jV t 'l ■ ■■! ■ “ | Cuji^ i h Jlf Ij

Jl V- JLwrl Lgjl ^di (jjdliii JjL J l ijjlj i|>hd uljl^lil trJUb

<j*uiLa] 1 <_£ JjiJl ‘Lfca^lll

^jLIaJI ^J[ <4^1^ ij-3i >“ 1 * 0 ^ LjjIj ( * 1 *~>j <ji Jl jjiik <UkL^"P

p I ,JJj Jjltj , frjl^ui'CLl 4ijj 3jn Jllll

ol Jj -^ik^AjLiikj pjli*ill ud# jSjjj

^J>i3 o! ■***! j* l* J!

pI*~!i JJ*VI jiiLl Ldklifi 4ddL&^5 tjL4j ^ JJi pJLuil Jjic. j5uj»J

l£± (*J U! £fidJ ot 6 li

.^ULil (UiliJ kiU pJLaJL

^pJUiJ J *4 ^ JJk pJjuJl jJJ ^ j a -hT i

"■ ■* »

L*ji (jJijM t-Uj tZlljl^Jl ftllJ ^J niUj jji L &44 Ijjj

yiL OjSlill JH iluilit -IjVJ' -l~3 «> yr-^j 5f «jrfil3ft 6* ^

jj| Ijjfcjj .juS *i'i (j Lll IjjJ ^iaJj iplt*Atl 4ldbju

yj Ju^ltJla .^ill| kZjljL^oJi ^4 ^i^lLlI u< ^** ^>i£ LJ jni i i (jiill
uJi l^Uwlj j^tll &>i4 |ji juJjJ-Jl

uil^Vl j^iaj jiCi jdi dJj (jfi ■ .^jiuiiJl ^jil il l AijjJi

jjTtt.'xLfcJl JjLyujJ CiLwIjjJlj

CiljLgriJl pi*j tjAij pialJJ (S^ Oj^f

^AjjJo 1 *~yj -fJjLLiJl ^jJ jjl lJj V {Ltjjj;j)

fr\j\ tin j*£ kuiJ <^H3 *0** ^ * H ^

1 kL 4 j ^i^dluaJI ^Lajul EjlVt ..A ^Jl -^JSjjJaJl 6 JLA jjjlnl pAioJi

^ , °i> ai 00

fI juJ Cm Cm C*j&* ot

■jV-talt J^ihJ J^ljtaJlj) wlljjltJl

Ajjdj ^ J*\ ^jj-iiaiJl <^u <_3JjdJl <j>*-o 0!

au4 ^>4 jmIuJ .tijilli pjl ** ^ d ^ ^ pjl «~1I

|*ix*Jl 4djJLd ^ft Ajjdd ^d plxhil ^dj**Jl

Cm 0i“ Lu u^ uj&i ji <j J^jdil

aJLa Ol Jj al^Vll |»iu lLL^j j ^ iliVljLjj

tfcjd j5j ^ill ^jJjdJL jUxJl (Uj (ji — Jji ^*Vf o-*J

SjLf4 |gAju Cm L« EjLf^ j*Jju jajiI ijj^j *iii H mi! pluaJi

-tSj±\

kZjljL^fcH |»^L>j ^ ^jJu L»jUd> Aj^ij aAi

(jya .Lgjljl Ci 1 ^* 11 frAd 0^! ^ <_£4 jj Add

<L5i ■ <j) iJj ^jaj^nlll ■—il ' *i*i^il

Ldjjj *1jjlA tJ-ajJI yi i u\j}

Jj : cA+± - T ±» (*^ j ^ As*JI

*j J * ^do* l5Ah *■* O')

. rl^ , Y**Y , jSJ!

jwiUiM Jw&l

a_MdiiuuiuU3S(

'd-Lflj. k"H gA ^ili\ ^tlhtrtn ^iAhuJ

1 fl ^ 1 *~J ^-itj ,jii ‘UVtUJ | J,a tl^kj ^A ,£j JJLLo [»JJhLflrt c jJix A^Vklli

Aiill jJLa^ CjbNjj A* ll ftl lj igA

Jlij < 6 J j^ J^» jUaiVl u a*j g* ^jjjUiV!

l_ijAjJI Jjjj t£>^t jUaji gf

jLa^ i L. aIj gk luLS 3JJ <UVa 1I «AIJL^ ^IhuntH J
^}A^iy\ JUj «Iju£ ^ ^jLUJt yi

^Lt iJJa^ 11* -Lij] 1 aj£ gA ojB M i ll

g* ^1 Jji iCiiJI (ji <j-AJl Ij NllMM tSj^ ^

j^LJI ^ t_kk ^ j' iI < »j M i h J 1 a£ j 3 _A *11

IgA J^U*4 bj1j4j <3jj|j]l liUl *n j ll 11*

II* J-fcAJ ^jJI i^AAjJI 4*Ul s-*1 ■ hT^ I ^

^L-3SV\

■k

M-*a ,^U]| Ulll V L«SI Cm urjUl 6^ yl!l ^LU&tl .V

.aNJUi >. ijjta <U~ W~*

ijJLu ,*i ■•‘■y-t—II kit ■“•!J* 2j . 3-ijLill 4&111 |>iu n ,T

a^j-illj ■-■M<»-H J .Ukltl Ci^mJI U4 C*m'

.iJVJlj

uttiaiuiuLusih]

liUI | »\tirtl l 4 -jI^uSI <LjL£ ^bjjuixd oLuiijj iZijj^ki

lu jlt * flij fCiLbuljjJl bii4 oj 1 jjj£ <jt *>* p-*jJ!

^_ *\jj I^J! c^\ ^Liil\ a\* O* a LI a

Uiluilj^ill <> ^^j]| 1ii4 J '^>4 ^_ t l *~ j i .K.ijj| Jlaj caw study

■ jjjrt I l~i all o* ,J-J-lJl JJuZ. <UjA*J «ij±*j^Ul 1 Q? yJdjJt ^Adlytl

^jLhi\ uU tjjJujji jj j! v-j^i ^uijjJi j-*l ^aj

Jt,^j Lu <Ulil Jj cj^JJl (VjA J^aiS \j&

l ‘ jJ() J '■"* f Lflo 4jauLtiJl ■~‘ 1 N^'*-- k ^ ?jjJLo jjJJ l_Ijj1

<_uj ^U1 J*a 3 *JLJ1 of ^1 Li-it i^U

<JAJJ iZlLufljdJl yj L4 JA£t ^LjJ V *4aIjAi JS Ait

.ULJ1 LJjj Li]

O-* jJJ IJilaJi 1—*ijj u! (J^d of JLij Mj

I^pyid Ia4 *^«A&a1JJ ■ ■' jaL {_£jJl o^^^daJl

AjLc LkJ *■ frlaJSl ^d V iSjJAdJl i^iVLaH £^]Laj (jl La Jl
ijk 1I1u V) oj£j V L|j[ Jf <UjJ\ CiVIaII ajLaj

*>* JiiA jl JAXU JJJAJ Ctl u Udlj rSijAUsJl j>j-pac oj£ U* ji itliti

dj frjAUall i£ja1 j^aLc Iff jiu V iZiljjJAdJl

Q4 J JjLi j^dJ ^J] (jt J^mJI l>* 0& <^)LJ1 tllLvljJ

tdJj.j ( <^d t-iiL&Jl of ^jtd^LuiVl ■.. >

IftAdJ ofL |«A<y^t (jf i>* J J4 La ^ o^ 41

JLi

j] ^1 ,jjjj {jtLallldJt

.bj^ niJj |Jio Q j/ij Yj irth ^ V^iLa-liugl

.\

i^iL-yIjJ ^ <uaU, llulSit (‘Luj^Jt ClLwJjjJl LL-o^Aiuul |jj

.jampuYi l ^ j ^* i*~ |«iu i^uUJi 4 jlUi (jl ijjy

ijj—oXuoJl (ji j-ljtj \aa S ijLtjl

^jju I jjlj LgAj^aJ jIaIaJ <LjLj] 1 4*JJl u^i Kl*itj

vjjjj ^ J! i * 6- ujks^ *XJ* ui

Y Jli (fUbJLAl ipjL cjLi Ui buljai

<j^iJ CjI^Jlu JaJlu Luij .JjjAJLj

^Lull jjIj f.tiSJLlij ijl^ilui^lj JjIaS

^ uJjaJj <j-* <A1 j jji. ^11 lEj^Vl

4xuaJ1j jJ (jjj dilljjj ti4 (3^? "4^jU£Lt

|JjJ — l^iU! <iJtij ^JukA^aJl fJ&A*

(j.jSj jlaj ■. ■ ^j~H ^j_Cr^ ((jjjii JJ ^xluiUj

tjl dL)j .(vUuJI ^jJ 1ji»ii *3iAj 3ii Jj

i (_£jJ jjjl < <ULji 4 *W* iliialfl <\ \ mia II

jl (Jj-w ^jh"mi ^3 j 'bjAi jJx frj^kuj

jJ 1 fr jiX 3 _uVj 1L 4iil1 p iNtI j l n m iLlA

Lji^ QjnlViaH Ij j) 111 J» Ui^ lj jJl iJjSj ^ J-**d

J

4l JU»Vl 0^ (lavid(j pilldJl bJlu La

: (0

Evelyn Hatch . Second Language Acqui&tion . Newbury House Publishers
t 1974, p. 194,

JiZ .ijjilJl Sj4lMl jAi\ p U-t.H JZ US" ,T

I M ^

lam J 3jj i h'i <ltm a.JkAj . V^aJbtj Jk

V^l kIj^ ' ^J f^JJjJl t ^4 ■ _^ yl >~j

£jjftLiiJ| jjiiii* 4jir j L* *c^ojf\ frljOMtdj

-j pJ I *j ■* j ■ ■■*« j) 1 I jj ,J^jj

(tAalj (jl Ju V Li4j *4 j 4jL*iJ f^Llu *jl (ji ^LaJ j *-j J

* *

bljjj tJLilj ^cj * LLlii LdLull fajALtJl <Aill

iiill u\ tAJj u*±4j ,£j4UsJ| <j£. ijjjjJLi!! 6jj±cJl ^4 4*JJl ut
ja S juju (pJLxXaJi <^aJI £-3tjJ\ {jfr uj& u^

ifJLll ,L^jJ1 L>S- Ijjniilll JjLtM JJX Ajjilll

ol ^ l**A» .jjSijUj JutlH i> j#£ Jii J! f7^*u

JJ»VI . | jliid \nj| ^^I'L JJ [jj ^ I - 1l ^Ldl !j jiljill

(jLmJ 4aDI '■ (jl jj*a& 4-M (jiij .tdJaf*

.<Ifi jjdii!\5 Adj jj L jj i n i~ £jjli

■p

Lk^j Ld frjiftUa fjjjHkuXi Ylilal Aaj JL4

A l4ji ft i Ai (J[^jj£j V L*4jlJ U-* Lijxo-u *ii

tbjjlUail fxfA «-* f bLJj <AIj (j\S AU^i iZiljjdllll bA4 CulS

CjIjjjJuJI frJL4 C±*& l|J ojj^u ifljjlaJi [*+i jfcnJ-tj

4411>* jji l#j| tjt U JLlx 4a*y ^Ij

* ttjJiSU (*4jL>iaj Lfj OlwW ^“±>^

uJf <1* <_jjji (jlsl jj£l £j^ 1 jJ\j JjojI L«

luj£|j 4ijiiU La ij^UJU 4j«rt£a11 |vLxJl

,kliL^lx«ii ajjk uj^ J! I^aju Aa-li V ‘£j££* ^Lajl*d

<JaJij (ji tilia h_iLL l Ail ^jl jjml (_ r^J

. ^U 4Ja . ^|LJ! £*>^1 : >1^ (T)

. ^ V> * < r )

U».« jl Ojj yy ><v ^ ij j

pj^ cA-=^ xS dii dij .rxV v> Aj Vj

^ 4jj£hJj 4 jtiVl <jLl jji |Udj ^Lii. j V\

u(jS<5 bijddj pj <X jiJAjJl Lfcid Ill

A i j i rtl j il2 *Zu£ (_^aJ| Y jJLiJI ^£iHLiJij <^£

«jUV 1 3 J>- <OijlU (jOJI jjuJi ,*3 At pi^lt J\

* 1 pj 3 >/u JI jajJI ^11

bliilj *iJli < 4 jjdd £jl&J ^jjlLj U ^* -» jj »Lgl£ ^yiJl >Lf

SjSUJf <LLJ1 <jjU=JI U*jJI ^
LuL^ fjk Lfurjlu <LjxUl Ctljintti L«Lm \Sa j;^“

EjLblAll ^1 Jjt±J dJj <jL^t (Jiki 04J P^jUjdl
'-Jjji (jVS f<iili o-^ &jJji 3 jiit Ej£lJLlL JdJl Ld fl U&J
<Udyuij La pljil*Jl Uu L* J^l jj Ij^ili

Uj£» 01 tL ^J lM tlKJ 6jji 0* (5l*J

frj£lJJl <jj JJ pijtfll CiLiIaj ^d Q

9 Lgl* EJjIoII Lhd JLol 5jJ[ nZlLajljLiJI V Aj^yaill

0^ u\j iZiVL&Al^ifY! EjjS o!

SjSUJI J\ JiSiL* &j£1U! ja J*Vl L|l£a >4

* ^

jjQajil <j-* Uja ^aLi 1^1 1 JLdjj »JLaVt iLjjlitl

Alt 4 A±i^}ll (y^ja V JLiJtluit ul >**

ijj£L (jT^^ ijJ ijldj .pJjLuil bJuld t jSj pJ Ij)

d jlu bjSIJJI Jilii Ej^U! s^UJI ^d

EjjL&II ji ^uLua) ul|^! ^ < Lo u- bJjLI Jii JLd

j ..j —.y t^jLuu ^a.IaJL 4 ^wLua| jli^ . ^0-‘7 j

J 1 (ji Lil d

11 ^

frUlur *14 ijj&i La Jubuj <A1 jj

JL^ll 11 a ^ Lui Uiii >ii «AJd*

^jju IXljfr ,<2k.jAjJ bj^AJ SxAjjl <ltlil (qill ^ ^aLAI «*M~hJ -t

d Jr ^lu U {^4 4*dLlj£\ - * 11 ^J^fl JbJij liii H I t

tf

±*3 <j! (jlfcj JjVl fr^luJl (ji <Ajj La ^AjUj

■ »ljl . „t) L^lLaL^ iZil^IuJl tjjSfrWh <j-=fcju i3^-bu

m ojjLuXI I^Jjj Oj-ill JlilAl ,> ^ Alt ^^llli

^Ijil 1 p >iis.4dMijji)lj (jAiLIi '^Li

jjy< T Loj i^LuVl SjLiJI Ljjilt l>u |^j .get out of here^Vl
SjLt LgA* Iji* I»j Jet’s get out of here :J*3 ^ JJ

you should get out of here I ailml u-*

jLUi ^ frUfij Ji L^jji

SjLt JLutiJ fuJLj IjjLi 0^ j! <c*A—^

Jji <ui CiL^jlLJ ^3l>* ^ get out of here

Jj! pJjilJl g l ii M . j ^.. s >°

«***) SjLil J -*.t.^»j ui

^JJLI ui J <JI ot £><*M

Jjij ^ frjU Lf^aj Jii J£ t> J±^1 ol

Jiihj (is „ am , are) 3__S>ij£li J—»i t> ^

:\j£jk [ing] ^la^UL LjTi *

we are coming, I am coming T he is coming

. Wo ^jo (i)

tliLij-JI jjlc Li-Lg tjj&i frijftllll J

Juii Lji ilia dlj Cv* A., aK J_£J ^ semantic features 3JVjdl
L* ^ i jj*i L*S (u^Xs {>*) Cm j }^^ ^TVaH CiLhtaull

^jLfciuJ

r jU

Jjia +

jji*+

j£i.+

^CjUlSI! Hh j

i y^AJ yJJMuoJ I y>Ji-LjJ ^jU^J! ‘Liu^Laj

tJ* ■ ,>* ■ l^l n j^JLd JjJLfl (jLubij JS 4jt

JlldJl \1a 0*aj . ^jV " [5^jLt] riill a iiu^4 j^iu jjL-yjJ JS

tiifr Iji%jlhi Jjj Jj^UuYI j^j^"J jji JuamJI

tjj * I ilj <^maJ 1 J jjjjtj V Ija A ±i W 4aJJI +■ \ ^ JJl

u^** SjaUI yjl j±L .aL^ ojm |t^i hihJJj {jjJjl^j V

' tl 11 \ yj a i * 1J 1 1 i r . 1 f J ^*~* ^jl ■

V j I j‘ uLuIi^Ij 3ill| yj*N*. ,0

ui *(j>* j*.*‘ ,j> j y>£r p^ii j--* *»w 1*14 <^yi *i.<

^ Uj^i ^ <Jx\ UjL> sum

Irtfl'h plalhll <ljjj oi

^ ot ^A ^WSII

Richard Schiefelbusch, el al, Language Perspectives, Acquisition . : jhj\ ( 0 )

Retardation , and Intervention . University Park Press, 1974, p r 317

Charles Ferguson, Dan Slobm (eds), Studies of Child Language : ^Iw! (1)
Development, NY^Holt, Rinehart and Winston . Inc,, 1973, p.BB

J\ -uu ^ W r*i' 4f

. L^kii ^ IjjjS ia-^ Jajj j\ ujj ka^j

<U311 =UUI oi-ij*ij o-JW J ^ ^

kjjj ^jjll lijij jiAi I II.Mj 4Ajxa ^ (Jfc»>kft |*4* J-"

.<i!iLsJl *J-A u—t > fl *>Sj ul ^ jjU> jdSj^U 6 tH

^ jjJjlJI SjU OiH J> ^t>k jA>j 11 o L> a. Ulrtl l

SjLJb ^Lala 5jtji JjU>be t>« fa jUI fai* ^ ‘b 1 —

<LjiJJl kllljLjjJl J*aj t^Lu J. t ikui poJ bjjfi jjSjjIIj * U IiC i

.;l-jUJ 1 iib

u j1\ .liljl yi E > flu * H jAtjklt £ _A+*^b

4_j.Xj ~^ ^jl*^Jlj SjU 3£j£a. >-ali jl L>J |JjI*1\

tiiiVS LoJj -4iUI JUS ^Lkj <>

<^>1A fLkiN l_j!jsh^V 3ULuJ 1 «^>i]t ^a EjVJI

Cl^J liiW (j! r ^ -L-ib^Vi \±A

oi t> >JU ^stt L^iUI li^li ^3 V jJ iJjLJb i> £ j>>-

,Ui /uilj L$*L^ *L»SjL* \m\s UUaJ

iW“J f>“A* ” uJ^

L^ fUjO-il p-J dJj (O L^i -L|J S^UiJI ^ (U*iJ!

j3£V\ ^ SjkjJl bJJkj .<*ji V>kia yi *jIj frjAUaJl

OijJ^ i-ub ti^Jjt JLA4 V jj .5 jL|hbJ 1 bdU^I \i$a-u=
V*» (JiiJI fal* i-j -(fa-jS J!

J[ *LjVI fijkiil **iA Oij \jli *<%fa <> UU3l

. V,_jrt - (v)

j ^ ^ (34^ - £ jV

jj>

Ji^ii jJl jLiM^oJl (ji ,J^'.HlI ^jJJJ (Jjfrrt I [^JkiJil j LwJ l tj\

fr^Jull UVjjSj ^jll Cj^Ua.11 ^aajj ^ic. u-o 4 ^H

A1S1 111* ^UkW S>*Ui]! O&U “ S^LM Vj> pH^

iljji 4>a t* ^Lc. Ij-tflj Jdi ji jnit'ii ^j^JLau |«J

L^Lwu LlLaJl tjLj' l >j ‘ 4iDl

,Lu|jJi iptUkH jIj£j fr| U>j (H^P^ <>°

.Aiill * J H~ jiLjI 0^ 3^ (jr® J-*^

t*r

y^ii UjuJi" i+il iutai uui ^ u&i\ j^u

3Jj^ l^Vt^"-lj ittlJI |i^i ^ **‘
UUill g.U.jVl ^

LajVI^ 4jlU1 j* 1 - 1 j tZAjli£ yJjn »\-4 L^jij

<_£ jJ <illL <ijJLail 6 j»lkj |ji 5 jj*UI 3jntn^tl^

.performance *ljVl ^ 3 jU(£I1 j»j ,4 ^LaV) Lf HAxJl

^ i <* «

mjijj tilt II 4 J U^Uu 4Jwc SjLiSJI UU^d

UaJmI ^i)l 4 mJj KiOftll JajImiIj

. competence

i

<jj JyJj-oLb <j]j i-i^j L* jit ^Lid Cm* Aj Vj

j i Jj£si JJ ^*tii Ltjjj lit bliLLdi£]l

<jl 3* tULoll tdljjj <Ai£ biLfi

CiLiLaS 4 I 4 jiiii JpioVl 3-j^lLll ^jii^II JP j4JlUI uLil£l

™ *

*tZiLld!!iH jjLh^ Ltjd 6 ti 4 ■**■ 1 --j|j

f^jLi^ g j *-'■ LujI <jjUJI AaliSJl jp jiH ^jJI wjil^USilij

isJJj ^Lu Iaa j tj£j L* t>*

^ 4^11^ ^UDl ^Jj ^ ^Uiiil L^kiTl .^U J^4 (A)

. VV-Yo^ - M\q ^ILJ! .^Au^J! j^\j <j

iAtfiil (!)

ft H- ' '

J<u^\ Jik 0- ol* ^ C^^JI -U133 5^ 2tii JS ^15 u

(jjfcj . o* ilud U^js

+ ,, t '

- j*j p] \j* Ijaj 3*Ul

1 4^dLijl| J^idVI ( jLcr |UijaJ1

i^paII lluJi ^pic ijjLaJl jcLL^Vl tj>d tjt£ .3illl i±Lij

1 j* |* ^ Ac -JjjjaVl kiLLj p^A ji^uj ^jx. AiJJl {ji^aJjLu

<*ill UUI lIm tjj$j iZiLa^jlII [ji LiLi I*i4 «^Ldl

T Vl

jL^Yt ijliS ( v )

OJj iL^Jjjii fIawV| 0-9 <j^ {J-° L>£*J LT^

^jic 4 ajIj 3£L» 1 jj—if JalilYl o4j * ^jLlaJI

^H> »^jjl L^P 11* h i t jIa*I*J

Jj H <j]^in (_aYJ&A-L aJl JLfl (jli i4jLa 5U! kJ-4 iJa®

i> 5 jU&JI t>l* j4^

<> J -6^ ^ J* *JYa1J cUSJ! ^ <0**2^

**U1 Jul ULkit jiSt Aili T Vl *iiJI (jlt t^iLl! IsU o^ ^L* V 1 ** 11

^_Lt Sj_uJl cA ^Iwil ju5j t <jjiii t j*Jl j»j

^ji otjJl l-U o& *iiJ! ^ *a1£ 6* ^ j**

j! ^ tjJb ^1* SjajL j! t>“

Ui LtaiiliJ <JJJ < nl^tl kJ4 \j[ iL^aJI ^ . i < | J > ^

Jji J±*j LJSll ^ tkiil U . 41 U»n.l yi jl <4^il UiSIl yj Uai.

el^Jl <Ih ^£>*4 15 I <Lu" flat tin {>• Yoj airless wheel

1 J ^ k Lu lJJ j ^j£jj a tueater 1 ,ii*l

OL>o yi shut up |V—4J-a.i JL_4ji*J Ji*i JL*±lu*¥l Ltai L*lj
Ot 0-* 4jjAL=kj^l * 1 ■" * JaI siij , listen ^

' V * * Is ,

cpVd ^Loi£^ a I want to drink cold water Ijlii IjjL *Li t-ijHilf 01 <j* *1 1

oi uL$J Mhe weather is caldlJlL ^ . *—*■ V U yj J—n *1 1 nl

*1 want 10 drink cool water :JiA

VLmlwiij 5il LlaJJl V

.jA-jVl OL-iill ^iSL ol J 1 * b^ 4ia.L& L#iJ’ Jj *Jaii

^h*iV| CiLJ^n latfStl KU <LjaJ £«HJ . p U-Jlj £>***11

a^ull yi JaAU; V i^jlaJl ^uJLaJl 4tLari*J j^^aj Ui tiuUi
ufy f lp >aJ u >l\ ^J_t. EtV.i U J *+*t -refuse <LJ£a a^j*lull ^JLmijJIj ^JJl

U EjSi u-aij (jt ijaiaJl ftla ^1 ‘yj-Ul * A n*\ \ J * * *■■■ ’ > ^

,defeat jl refute 4*1£ ^baBYll J^jjJL.

0-a LLaJI EjhXi pt oTi jLilOfl 4jIj£ <j^ u jAi I

joxu £jjJ|j .3*K11 jfcjSkleaJI (OKjJl JdJ^ Lf^ 1 EjJkS

tJu pU"nH ^jJ 4 jU&H hid OjSj V ah-J-yyL*Jl lM L_u«iVl

■Uaill^i

SjjLJI AjUS (g)

4jlU 1 gjtVmij

4J 3Lali ol^lu oU ■ * ^ <^ J bi *' -ui 4?

otj ■ i Uic. 4>iLo.t clidal Jl |*£L^ ub ^ Vj£U* 0*

*

J ijl V L* fJS <>t 1 LaJllJ J^LwIb

ian

l jlu\ yJ_j ^ SjjLloJI tZul£ Ijlj

jj^I iuliil iiiJl f*L£ yi Lp^i ^SLpJi (ji (J^P*

<aDI urd J <jjJ V (j^uwj -LkiJl (j-o pJji2*J! JLLj 5jjL+J1 cM

i (jl £uUl ^jh*i.<M LlA ij-uj - * I L^j^lt <id^C uJl£j Ejjiio

j^lj .tjjLrfil *LU£ £±l. [jmi— i ^illl y-mjtj *LL^f

pAjjjj Ailtl yaixu (^jJ ^SjjLl&JI <jli& ijaAj

3j& pi* o* JJjSll ulS lj|j .tL±Jt ^ £ >ij]l d>j±

JJjlll IJLa (JThJJu frjjLJ! fijjLuJi <jjjJL jqllldJl

<3hoA& 1 Lf^ JJ >* C>* <Sj 2 L* """ ui 0* -*4±jdJ

3jl ^f bLt^j $\Jlj i_up LaJlAj yjl! Cm3 J dKi

JjJU |*,K"irt1| JiiJ JJpll IJhA u! Jj .liUl |*J»i t>* (jA

. 4jlbtl J ii Kf j U> 1 atU d ,.d'i >1 fiZlijJ b>i£ 1 jl ^ a l*\l I

iiLLiVl i^Ao-a jjVl ^jJLj |0 JJpH I'Ia <Jio 0^

■<uim 4aUl jjjijIj L^d ££-i yiJl

^*Llil (j)

TV

fv-Lull jjUII .yaJl <L jUtf! U jigi V

U-J ^frjpk. <Pt S>ii yiju ui ul* l)J^ ‘JJjJ ^LlLJI

.LmLaj V pSlplI u!^ *L*ic. o^d JyrtSlp (»i»j

4jUS JUttl! Uil! J—^ UaIc ,dJiS u^ <1^5 Ob

jpSi upuJUj up^Ji ^-*JLi ui I

JJ ujSj 4^1 (_fi CiIjaH urf jl 1

±a o^J (jp j:Ui! yi J!

.4AJil JL*Ai> ui jA l^iAj -JjA i>fr Lfl* o .i y

ji ^jU“ L ..^ V j*LuIj 4aJ (jV ^ nlil* Jlu L«J-ic- iOJ j

p<^* (jl 6-J fjp 1> Jj 0^ b JtP * 5j d^ 'r 4 J SI >*

^Lli( jwiiJ JL 3 jV* Ci^iJ iiJJl yi 4jpdJl ul#

to V

JjlIjl j *04 Jl* V AiL Ault lin^-fc VjLj^j

r injU Ij^uU ffcixLiJi Aud £lL La jjjlf* J ^it J hHj Ajjiill tUuVl

^jJ ^aluJI jo2ki ^ Jslfll 5y.KU ^iD| 3jn \~\ (jl <_£ji

p^Lunaii loA

■ ■*! u^c. 4 a»jJu jh^jLj flapjJJLa iJJ&± C>l yfLilJl ^ J—aVl

Ah* 1 a 3 jIj JlS fiiuJI (jl (j! >iU jli jU ftUjU^Vl

jitj .JridVl jA 1>1 a .(jA^ fJrf Lf^ AjIa 0* L* ,jit <^uUU iiiil

ijULLaJjlJ (juajja, tji iOir^Jl ^ yi iiaJ JJ (j-aLilll

Oaj yi t#J ijA c^LuQll liUI <ju ^lxUJJ La^ •J*a ji

fljjj ^aLiHlj J*4uJl £iJluA fSil.jil^ lZiIjjLS. Sj I »l 1 rt Ifljlf y > ij a j| »l*1n fl
AailU jiialdil ^JjJLo yi U^l 1 oil o3 ^LaIo^ * L*.L* j 3 -*j (jj i^l

.JLutiH

yi dk AiL ^ Ua jSSi JUtAl J^t U£

wj-> ^.ll bjJut jj£| Aaill t>a SJj -it^ o JjLuij

^ ‘UftLLJl jjjLij ^yls bjjii jSSl pAj .AijliJl <1*111 ^iil^aV
3^j"h.rt Sj>aj *>=- ^ *4“^' 6*

ojSj ^

jjjSj J lii* j\ jiu iJ U, 5j£>i

ji jjLjuoH Jut Ault Lu Jjd jLSJl Jut lajjil AijJ - J^sJI

*> ui

Jjl^bJl ^J*iH Jut i ji 1 t ri ll

u& U)

j j-i.1|i*t) Ui.A ^ lj|"t"l .(j^juj <*UUj ajili ^i^aaVl

«

JS - jIjIeVj a--- .W-“» 'K‘U

^hJ| iilj fet!4 bl^l

loA

L<iJ_l£ 4^3 'Jla ^JyildJl J^iil CiLj *LlxiM

JuHsXi IL^aJi p^jL <jl 6 ^ AjAUa p-Lxi*Jl

l%j jbJAj (V pjJj L 4 I* cS^tUalt i|^jSu j^tl Stic,

V^J J*Uil 4LuhJl |*Aj *<J! f +1 <Jjai*J\ e^x*

^■>U 444 J LUi JLJ {+1x1*11 (jjSj 3 jL 1$ ^«*aTa+jj J k £diixil

* iaL&l JLJ <i[ ilu+ jj

*Uj£j lu j|+ 1 xl *11 <uJ| L« J jA^ n *_>*( pj&a f*J

<U^iu <lLuJl b JLA d tLfl* jj£] Kmi Lfri/i"0 3*jli

.S4> V 4 JI ^ tfili k+il\ ^iLu

i? 1 imijJI 4jlja>l pix p*ill ^1 liiftl *Ijj »1 ^L* 4 j

♦(H ** 3 ^ 4 e* 6 * ^ * 1 a j a lT p-Jj -pj-*-"^ JiUl ^ 4 * p*

■j^n ji ^uVi t> jimi ^>1 4* ^

£ tiiyi i.ut G)

panVil -^J>iJ CtljJJ t>« jjlH 45 LL*j Lt pd pa *jL£J1 +44
« ^ *

1j 4£ pi ^c. Ijjli (iAaXoJI {Jjij L*JLi^ jj*p*uLj&

■J

IjjLi pjfLi LaJlifij lEjtix* &I-Lx1 j Ejjdo <J Lx» i^xaJI pa ji£

pjSj jlfUt La5 luUll lilli JjjaJlli ^LA*c ^jsj pi J-t

Ij^alj .^4^(1 p-J$ ilftj+id lllll i±LLj ||l*“ ii

*

tilalj |+Lkl*l\ jJjlu i-jjil EjjJ “*“ tdJj Jt puAlj <j^j

. r Vi -uij ujji 0 S 3 jj d* J lUUl !> c& fJ cfo -wii 41*

‘LLi&ll frJLi y *j/L.lU 2 LhU 1 jolt ^| pjliAJl Jjtilj d

,hm uui jux

LLull ijUilt (j)

fcjllil jj...'- tJ U. ijjlS ^,| US (JaIj ,> ^

^lt. ^ killlj i±u*laJl 3 jjjjLi_o JLiCr V^JlUjj £

^Loa JjS J 1 ^"' frj ^0 (jJLt ^jliiVl j ijhn

U *|jj L^JLd 3l.-.~i*fj} jllui ^ijIaJj 4iil ulL^I

-t l t-tK ni l Jj <LdJJ ^j\ fvliluJl dJjJ

Uu ^J^ *LiUl file ^ <jlfi lj|j

^Jia CSj jl jh ‘is*^** J ^ * yt n

dljVl &JJ-L* IjAAj iji (j-yjJlj <,*i-hj[j i_lLk jAiVVl

(LuLkAaJl ^JtUl ljujU <J yini'll

.uyz l#ifi J*i-U

JjuaiJIj Jju^I id .afi (^)

.3LUS dij j; <iL#L ‘Uilj ,Lii *U Juilb J—

J - waii j ulj i,ji ri*ji <Uili jfiiJ J*oj ^1 Ji Ijjtii UJ^J

- *iut <> jlji ,** us - uni urn |a*3 ^ -o" <>

i>oJ .Jdd^ll ui l ^P* J+tij ol aIjVI U liit o-a Ci>^

klilj-* &Jyt j. ftUil ) <jA±j JJj>j < 1 hJV) jAUm l^wl

<_iiajJ\ LiLjsJ^ j '* -i ** ij j j j ^LiiSll

bjLt <Juju]1 jjin UUiij .1 i M ' Li IJtiLi nJ—iAll Ul&ej
^A ^ r j~-KU iLkj Lilujj *J J*'* J J *** J1

Lji lZjVLJ! bJyft .^l^jia 4 ^mi ji <7m*nfc Hi*)!!

UjlU u^Sj ui IjjLi 4lxaJ d \ n * V ^ 1^1*11

jjj£J fi\d kjji£ Liu ijlio JjAill {jLS

liu tJjiijJk [jL^a oLj iJjiSjil isdJ3». j V p li'inT L

£lt

J .OliS <juU £jlf* 4j|j yj J jj

5 jL9t>*= J-fijll u! JjJU Aji Jt JJj ^i3>u ui

.JljiVl J£ SjilJ ^Lp.t S*J¥j

— <iiii *iji *LLiVt u* 05 ^“

j^i ji >1 ^jjjl ^Lk iW jia (jl Jj.^*1l |hl jk^fl 4 jlLH Cul^i

J <i^LL fJrfjJl td^liai ^jj <d^Ua ^ |%l ?~nl l J jS^I La jl J-id

JLajVI Lli^ (Ja)

^U£ll 4 *La J^iilul Cl'S t-ili^l (fljfci ij*e JliajVI jli Lai

ui .pJUidJI JiM tjLSsyi LmLj

^ iJj ijit Jl j—^ -■ |j-» i ihAI ) jiftihl j <jlj

«

j jaKi-; Ui! ^Li-iVlj u^UJ i*-*iJU jit JJ L-Wjw

Ail djj . JJj3 UJJ i&ijaj J j j . 'frl l Jt bjtiSJl *Ua

p j^A* i jilj ijjj a-x. 11 4a^a^u jjjjju j ^ t ili'iftl t jAli J a . 1

- JJjlMj Ul9 j

JJ Sjiill oi J-t uj;jU ue»**

j*L Cj±A I ^ JL^l LUS > Joj L- ,^LUJ1

UJ^ojj ul UJ^iJd Sjiiil ob ■iA t

— iiiil ^.Wn 9 (jjJ *LLiVl (j* us^e U“°J -^!

„Vi* ^ jJ u&}\ *±* 6* ^jS=^i J ^ V5H r i r Vs i*U! ^i

JiiLiJl <4^ (*)

£o jiUii J ji ijjii u^i ol 6Ai

JL> j^LLaJl J-t ijjtf CiJ^i J jA Uu -o^JaL^JI

jLd jjjj jiaJ ^4^3 ulj iAiVl ^jic. 4jjjj

.fLia V*S JLj*j i.aUVa^fcli Jjjj ,jij> (jjjfij <jl ^iin

<*lll £j ,J-t Lilb {jt iJ ifi IjjLd j£j»*Jl (jj 5 u |jl

jjlt IjjU i^jLUi ^\ jiVl 4xLll wuLSi ^3** 'I j*^ jJI

yJJ l^itaajj (J Jjj,j iJj1\ jl^iVl £-a J-tLilH

<±>*n tiiuSu p i^ jjj ^j * ^ ^aUI *i.oir, jjajj j\

^3^3 0* 4>jUI *lLiifl J) -iUUJl Siilt jJii. Lt^

.jjaIdiji (^<ii <<uui ttj joiah^Vi ^4

iAiin <4

^lij i a lnt l bjiXi dlj uIa1£ 3jlU1 '~‘ 1

(j'jJ! hAIj iLflj L|iLiji jjjiij ^yoliu lua^all ^LuJt

bj^iou aJj£1\ tliuuij -liill 41 aaJ1 ^Lj J^lj^d

CiliiUJ! <*\I\ C* =L*a! Jjfc V JiaJi 0a IftWI *-Li^ *^h

i 4^Ad j_ii <lLu4 ^judl V|j <La^=Jl tjji

^jjJt *LLu»Vl (J|_JjjjijiJLi u^JJij ljUAd ijL£

ij! V tfUj&Jl bJLt (j£ (jL tij^dldLlaJl L^j ^uL

,^uli i^JUj n_ijriAJl ^ ^ Ua^ (jf > * i - > i t L

i^^uLl^u ii*^5 ljIj ,^jjLijJ1 3jLa£11j 4jli£ll jjj

■ SI «l*dJ! iaJ^J ui (_p- t IjjLi fti^LaJl (JjLU %j j l *j*1 1 (jl

pl^tni l ^j 9 j - j *^l 4 jLb£1I L|j I * | *j b V

.*L^J yfJJI J^i ,> 6jlSii **3,3 ,> ijjli

tlll^k j <4jjLuJt j^ J. na llj fjydjll 4dLti£ CjAf

■ d. > kali I JuljjXl di (J-L-oJllI jjlj i^ll Ljj jl idl>i£ j j ll n t ^Jn

a^LaS o! .IjjijtftJI IsjIjijJI 3j^Lu]I ijLiiil ^ji ^

4jL££JI Uj ^tpJi US U^ . i^ V ulj UliS J» rt flHj

*>j .iJa.^1 U«JI ^ .LJS ji.1 J\ US J,1 0* iJLalj sSUt
3*lS)t O- <jU&ll liJ dJJJj ..laJjll oaill > *laa. jit J,\ 4Ua Jji

ji-jjn (j)

4^jJlUI <ULmjJl jUljJ ^1 I g^l*^ ‘LU&Jl ^n f pjb\

b±& X^ »p jilnKj ijjiJI V £“*i l*i (^ 1 *

.‘LiLt, Vj j-^1 X? L* ijLiiJ!

^ILumjJl J*u3jJ (ji (jrf (j-4J (jJ-C. tjluuu 4 Jh 4 Uj£j (jl

^ 0dJj jitj jil J1 VflJJ dm 4JaaJ Jji O* ( ^j^iill

-Ui L^uu (jrjil o-°_>H ^ ^U£J! 4 JL 4 I 01 tji J d‘“^

UJJjJ-' 1 t£*^l LAjJ_Hfr^d sj-* Uj ^~ " ft Ji X .aJLlvjJ!

iLgMjj ,£^>1* ^LLbd Ejuililrt ^£LhijJ1 {£ J_>J p (jl L*tAVj4

>jti5 -u4^! ijjt J! Xi ‘Uii Ui^ v> X* -sjlSil J"»A! ^4^ •-Art! ^

jjj .ijliSlI tJL* ^<1.-; V o* fc-Jl ,A Ai=W*' *lji ^ tjjSS
'- ^J .lilLSIl <ill! ^ r ilS!l *> j.Wa.yi J\ uittSSJI jUj ^

t^JLSl 1 h )j |4J i^Ua Jjlj iilJJ 1 ^ l) |jl

jUtfl JLUS oX Afja J! (OSiall ^ ui 6- ^IjI.

.jLu! j i.Tm 11 >1 b tile.

W* ■ F ■+

nr

2x>fri:&sUivduuAi[r]

Sjjybcu LflijjjLu Lilt 4 JlU1 |«JUj JflK.t.- j >gK~

r^jil iZilJj£}^ <iU| flil! jlu IJU J |J^ ^jjLd btU '

r

\j±i 0 ^ j^iaj 5»U) fr.i qi fjgjjaU]! jJlL £ya (JjjjJjLuJI (jJojj

.tij^L ijf fcltlfcll q Xi111 *Ljj1 AjJjj 4luJl

>

i_Uj <Iil yJljLaJ uAu^mjI (jjJ Jftj jJl j|hj

. l^JLl£i^J|J iZlLai£ Jj ^ * \ l*ij j L^tt

,¥Lu^|j ^ls !UL-j <*KH =L^L- i> ^ts£]l 4IA£

*1^24 ^L-v ^l£ jl Uia I j|

^ ■* jj Lj ^n i ftt l biA J ^jli t i ii i *i±iJj

Jjfrl iJjVi IL&jLlT} J LoAu <.1*111 J*dl*z)l wVIm
lill! liflj^LtsJI^ d j"j J jvtull f »l *1 jjni—ulfinlij

lZjLaLojJI \jA jS*j±ut Viij (jit +\~i\ 1 1 \*nVlij *j

L^uVLij L$jb1 jux.j rij^'it^ Hill fiJjLj flu! ^jjll

Lbj Jl Jjl* jjlt *«Ua)h nm¥Vj

idij (jLu -Lfji P^jjfljJl oU=Jj * I i jl r ■ >lwl! ^ jfcftJ

^LtkJI O^Ull

VT

(jj j^jSI JJ*C ^>JjLij luCll 4 jJJ 1 Citj-uaVl ^ix» W^ fcS .i m 4 JjJ

Jl Ij^Lus pljLuil LaJ^fl <<jUl JdflLc Lf^ull 0-*

j\ fijlJl ui «J -*ilit ^ W^i tf-iJl Jti

«|j^ uli .^U-^,YI Jjji jLSlt u#a *^Uj u±i& >*Vl ujSj
>u li*j .JULVI hImJV Utjk* .<^1311 UUI ^-l>=i Jkl Jxu

juai ^amJI jt — * ■*» > (_i —

ul J^ 5 f *s ,14-uLni -uLj U ,<iUl £,

t“ -SlSU*!^ ajUill 0! Jl>ii i^LLjJl yi ^j 1 4J 1 -jLuI^VI

.y-aVi L*iiJ ^ 4*514, ^ Jkj ^jL**l ILIi ^

*—^yajL rt.-fc (j-a jliirttj Q^»j ^JJI ^4

liLLti frLA^Vl of Ij-* j—Hj ■yUjl..rYI <LJLt j* jL£JI

04 W WjJkw .Jjlii (jV iLli jUuaJI o 4 j

yLll) CiLLldYl £>L pjij <y*ji <ii4 Cj^-=Ji jLj UJj J^L

jiU -^ 4 ^i *iuui ttf> U ^uj ^

oUJJt ^i^jj <> (Xfk* o4)Ji 0^ yuil <iLh jk; jit ^j<~

AjIjI *jjL 5 CuV£ U < jkill *Laxi jiLuuj

yii« 3 UU 4 r Vi liUi 0- <i!Wi *iin *1-1^ ^ ji^

<J-^ (j^fj (4* £4j '-*J a fLi^gjjHtflj A^=k 0-* Qjl ^ •**- OjKjj^«>

jj i<is j-^Vi ^i_> ^ yKti i y*jJi oi j^i (4* (5^ Ljk j^

ljut r ob*" - ' > 4^5 J—^1 y^ oLu u jkJ! VjJ

0) Jfiin

0 ) JliJI

yiAJi JUui ^ u ^

(f) j (ij) *(3^1 iA** J* (o) u\ ' i “

jyi aa1ja1 \ ^ ^UtH u-* L#^** u^ JjLo-ISH jJ

1^14 ^j&u Jjb>Jl O^j Ai^UJ\ (jjJI iuLaJi L*iV

M

(U»3 Sjl-i* J! >}*ij L^JU-U u,J uik»>*J' ^

,(T) (Jliil yi j* US ulU.'Al UAitj ,4 j 515 iil

Autf I fclit yi f-Vl <iUI jti jAi

(V) JiUI

jJalJl Alt yJjUt JiUa

,|^J ^jjikliJl £-a Jibuti 0= Jj**i .Ijilill 5iUI (*Uj o!

.-.Ij.-Vl p ILsLi ilCi—tl c JA i~i.„jj -* j - l & 4lSA* 43U yi >*

UU1 yj -itjaJt ^-3 y** .jA dJj <> jJSi L^!

JLki HL-d U L*j J»j^ t>

,Lut l ^Sli iljU- * 6— *4SW jj* i> iilll

pluj ^iLJj^w* 4 J-t pHJ iats 0^1 14 * .*A\jR Ailil

iH *iU 5 CjS^j * 1 * Cx^^t y •< 3 $m

^ 0* ^L> * ^

uiil OjSd J 6^4 J**

V (^JJI *U£L*V1 JjjS !> (1+u, IfcJJ ^>1

S^jl 2 A *UUI J^* ^

^AV^jo .jS^i J-i'j *J

m

**** 4 p-jiljy^jl <ijj CiilS Ijjj

[t^j^lL *u* (_}kJi jljajl jjjUL) (jj J^i i^Lli jjjliftj ^Ljl*J!

* ^ oj£ * ^£4 SjJS aill Ulj 5 V 4 L 1 Jii Aj<v-

IfJjUli ot ^ija> ^M<^. T ^

J[ Jji 6 * -■Ui £jL-j](j ysSX\ CiUjj LJ )j_}jluj
iCil^Vl ^Jki >*jJI jljii> Jls. -I^Li Iji

r<^\ iill ^jJuft I i^LoJI <J| Jf L >1 ^

^ 5iU1 WJI ^ ^JUuJl ^ J ju V

2 tiilL 6 ^^ 6 - Ob ^ u! 'iUj y.-H j * 1 ^ 1 ^

,<UJ Hji ^jUj <^111 hrm l t iLju tjjli o' *Uii V t\uW

.^Jjj J^s^lJl CiljL^a rm\\r . L^OJ Ji fij^LJ Lfl^4

P^*-* ^ iipjJl 4i a ,iui J U^d U *ULJJ>J! JLflJ

^-^Li ^ <_r“d^ j It~j AjLlil ^Lmi^Lu (J^aIkIaJI 4 ^^ <<*111

i>* £jjj£ ^jIcLm jjk Jj jLtii ^jjJ!

<iUI £.1>J ^ J* ( A£ UJJ r Vl UU1 Cl^i

5jJjS uLujIjJ wU^aI >1^ 1 ‘>“1 1 1 Ijjj^ A Utl I ■ Li A j d tihl j

' 0 J IjikiJl jliVl ^AjAaI **LujjjVlj iHituLiil ■■ al~^ *.

0-* ^iJj ,<jjliil <3^ yj <Ui!l L jlij

Lgoic lIj , t ^j ^iJl £ijjj l)am3 ijIjVI 4 X 4 yi jlViU

fricatives -stop sounds tU 4*3,11 <a ^ ^.Ui

*jU j IJlaj . sondrants ij< t ut 4^dA lj^lt

CjLii^Jl (ji jjjiill (l)

H

Jjtj y I J > ( 3^1 1 jl ^JJJllll j L»-jjj ^jl! |jj" i »~j

£1V

t j—y * ji! £jjj£ dlj iliab ^LSII OJ^^t pAs

I kill i _jA Lf

Wb^ *ub^b oUj^ ^hj*^ J^b *-^

^ iiiVil ^ ^ 'J^

jjj*]! ^jj (S^aA *LjJ 1 Jjjrf (3Hi iliVa^lU ilaji

^ tlj <i£] T hit j but ^ La5 JJjj 4 CjLl 1SJ1 (jiij i> je^Xl

^■■Kii ' j\jutk Ji%9 -matter j better :^A La£ i£j±\ £>b*

jGjj 6^-Ul *L-i d tfl SjjjaJl ^ iLii t> rctmfle *

,4jil| jatuJl Li^laU 14 * ■ 11 (tiLiJl Jj

bj«» lo^^t u* uj^i* *tjiijj- ^ [ d ] l^*b

."oLi^dos uis yi US dl^ ^ VaS ,Liij

Lc^luj SSjau lij*— ch 6^ M

l&do Ui£ ^ US JJju .<h^1 Jtu^ <4i '<-** ^

.j jV *a 1£11 *i4 jLa j!

^ 1^-1 1 a^ ^iLd! *bVl 6* *Sa

^ jtJI ,>±j As* M ojiLUt

jl*3 JjLUI jij **j}*U#! sr< <315 Ll^

^ JUJ1 q j iu '“ **b^ ^

cJi iL {,jti*\jl\ -6^S^ Otw oA L.-^ ^J* 11

ajJ^yij ^Uj^aJI ^ JUJb ojS -k'n '^J^l

.alveolar rcutiflex

JljJlj *LaJ1 Jjl^j i^-UjjJ^ ijLiSialjll (>a IiAaI AiJ V iJj\a*J1 ij 3
jl cAl Xj SjjjaJl <j-i *jU 1 UJ-^e ^U JJ"^ 1 ' ^

jj jjt viiu ' j.imt La^b *(3^^

yi jju5 Ji-a J*

HA

^jJ^JIj Ijj-vjUILi o>ftJaUJlj ,

m

.<Lajhiu Llij jLaII ^j^Iilu

(j* u* 5_il^ijJi 'Oj .jMfl jtLLJl Utj

* * “

yJ-t . tiU <ui£Jl &JL 4 Jjj jji [tj iiijdJl [j^i *but 5a15

i *■

+ *L3 <LjjaJ 1 *LUl <jjikli <<j jjl y l YU p.jjial.'Jl oj ^jli 1x4

■r

J-icjj i^LL Lgjj ^±ij£. Li^ltl llie. ftVj4 LiLc txA ^ iSJy---^

j.liJlj (^aUb) (ilaJl u jlkij oj n 1 *~J

♦ mljJl V itUaJL Tom {ilaJl ijijJJuj l_ijJl11 1 jAju (jjj JALai! .Taher

o-jAkUl [jj ^ ^joli (_f jJ bj*u£ 4 K ^ tjLSJl^j

\jJt Ij HjJjjY^j *j■ .ij \fltk ,j^iiaLjJlj *lAj^du

< r

- L fll i-^ uIjA (jj jl-CrjJl ^jh. k'VO^ UiL lll^iaJl

ul ^1 .^ii 3^^ iiit Jj iiU <j*ikij V Jj^jjVI oli -*^jU!J

^Ukli ^xJl j ^ j }I jjit (jajjjj jj^j La^J (jkAll dlA£j ) ^flLiJl

yi Ll^Li JS 1 i-fl^ J»J Uu» fflutjJl ^

^luijLili i jk i-flLttli ^iiu u-Li Jj_j (^bUI |fjj^il! 1 j_Jj) * < t_Lu^jLkJ!

Ah jluaJl Jp. 4JJu ^jLc Jjj ^jJl p-ujjllj

<Lxil! ^^jaAklAJl ji ^>d jjlS iLj i^j (jljJl ji 4 jlUI

ijk La^l jTj^Ski Jia Lji ijj-jj^iU LoAic

-M ^jjA^yi ji

^1 aspirated k —*'■ kllJJdJi IJLa Jjjj yj wdlSJi (^jjl -s *tVI

^Jjjjj Lajjtj . tee cream yj *A,jA ju ^jjj-4 ol?^ ^-al^JI ,j!
b^lA jU^liJ J " %J (jA4 i^LlJjjJi .Ljj (j-u

«nonaspirated ^ j±c- V^ii n-ilifl yjJUuj ^aL^II

3i, i-jj j (JjI ol jaLJbII o-*j U\j

M

ij^ dJj £* j u^J ,ijjLli1 <klS\ [j >»J j u j od^

uU>j IJ^Jj *jj ^7 j& *y**$ jLi ^

t *\jJ> 4tlij <jjLia. jA ijLaAjL LtjfLa JjJ 4ji L|id l5 J_j4^j»

‘UiliJ 1 Ol>al ‘'AjJUu liUJJ^ -<^Mj ajjiii jL&i#l i^it ^jLj
<iuji U^ (3kJ^ jA \i4 *(j £ h-j Jft (j)

ijjflildJl ijgjJjS tjSU^J ~|OJjSJl tSj* £>* *La«y&i]l

JJj Jlfl (^jaj V <444 U*Ljl yi Od^WI 0 j“* * t 1 Jd*\?

|^la jkjjJl ilv* Vj *pjjSll ojJjid (*A> T < ” ,<l ^ J*

^lili Jjj In- i <jjSj Uj[ jUijVI .ifljJUlj ■ A riJ J >~ t ^

j^Sjaa Ujjlfl 0^ U[ Ul Ji* ** 4 ^ Olj-oVl

,<iiiL Lfc^jj ijjij V bjl&Ajl o\*

tlijjdJl ULa Jjj Jii £jjj *UUj

JLi yi «(,y*^&j *^u—i) yi US m>a 1 u^ Llu^o^b
UA i <bjjUj¥l yi U! .Jjilfl jji ojS ^d -OSLaJl LU^I

^U! jAj f jj^^nU Cjj-«ail c^aiJ y^PA

j[p] J&J i<J A“^ A *4^ MJ*° JA*£

A jA ^UjilUiV! A iUufjii JLltjl: <1 ti*j .stop A US

ff * * ' '

. -■*> jji kliliUui jjjj <aspirated ^iLib^Jl

jjj tJL* ji ^ .Uli Ui yljijll E j- U* ^jiqwi aspirated

yj r ■“■* U‘ j| ^J^j'iLVllJl Jld Jlilmili gob ji

J! t? J Al

j! J! ^J>i -L5>^b 6" oUlU^n *±a

4 JdJk yi < 3 ki Uj^L yi ^ili\ yi Cj^j 1 Jki Jiijifl

U^jjj U iti»U*Jl o^i ^ 'UJUj .jj WLu U ^ ^LSli

.Ljji^ii ^ulolk UU! ^jij Jj*ji^ u jla ttk L#^i ujSj ^

(ji iU (JjaJjluJI Jiuj LjJu*. <L*j o^Jj

jjjuH i^4 jli IjJ j i_]J" a ijLluj jjJ 4ikj ^ ‘if jjl LtJ lilies jcLljUiII
IjlA yj£j U t<tf . 4 _ljL^I 2[illl

ui yi <K.U y :Jjil «JL^1 fclft «iiJL yi

jjce cream <Lo -^ yi yMili jji [k] kli^ya l_jj±U ^Jku

L#i jiSlj L 4 I ^*** * 43 -^ ? ^ u* Cfj*aJi l*iui yi *LbJ 1

jl j^^aJI Jpu *12c <U^tnJ| (jSljf j^lJu

Mji J I ? 1 ^ ij^j ^ La£ J! t£JjJ iiUj IjJ 'Lx*#?* 0

yi*j yjll [tap] ^idla iL^d^ t ijL^J ji [tab] ^

J! yi JJ*J JAS < "4*^ ^ SjIj-lu"

yj ili^a ^ft i. # J) j_n^1 o* iJLIj Alj |_|^5 <L ju^*li jl a

j! Lj> j±iiiii dJj Ij| iiiii yi <iki jjSIl Siiu

^iLSLiki.yi <Jki yj jiiilJl Gt*)

jjaiHI SjjIj ^Ad ^jL La jL£l£j^Yi ^jIjmaV! ^yt

1 jLi ,V^ulAj 5iUl jj* j j j t jJt SjjIj oam L* I 4 I 4 J ^ j <aJ

- - *• + *■

?cxueu jaJ^A ^ Lupapl! Ijijji^ jjlS L* Jia j Jt 4 f fjjpj&l <*J Cjjiaj

™ * «

A>^1 u! iiiiaJl hl4 * ki ^

P" yj [s] ^^5111

5jjl J iL^mAj 3^1 ? y yj (Laid)

.[sub] <L*AS yi La£ 1 LI 0 yi ^ja< 0, 1 iJ!j j>,u-ih

ijLuaj jLmi

yi JIaJ^ jd LaS ^jLiaJIj UJmJI tjJJ yB jj^i yi

d>i jjiaj V \ j-* oSlj ’l4*°4 l4 **I i^JLila^ i_db.

^ *

tj| . U.ji 3 Jpjj yj (JjSj V <jLaJ(j ^Jjl nil

^JaljdtAj laljM lyi (JIaJ) jjI L*£ ojI£ iJJj ijia

1*4J £jjL£J yi l n- k \\ <j^ tW - *^ 0*

Ji^S yi Jii-Jl yJjdl ^ ^ ^

1*1^ -IjjjS hj^iU jJ \l*j *tiXu. jL*Jl V^e L*j [atory] j [stop]
jLall <jLi A Ikiil (M* U#^*^

^jjjijuj UjJit *5 jjj±Kj ^jILUU Ait <j 1& y4 U*t

4i) <1 m> L* <1h»^

yi ji L$l£ kliLSLi^JI ji <ilaj 4^i (^ ^ 0^ L»L$

-[h] y^lSl^YI tiijjtaJL ^Lditl ^ujij .CjLflL^Ji

^bk-u^a ^LjjiuXl ^4 >4^ *4^ J±^ AJ

*■ ™

[head -hotel] Ji* yi ih*** cA*l£ yi Vj lilu

V Ld yi uiiij ^ <u£lj - [rehabilitation] Jl> yi yi^l*

honneur *twmmc -hotel -hear -hello] >yi V*1 Ca \ *KH ^a

O^isij ^ y- ^ •[

C^J^I yi ^ yi ^4^ ySM ^iSlSiiVi

ijjji l^l diljidVl fri4 . *Uail^ - jLaI^j jjLI^

6- t*U ijS]j * ^jUj^Jl yi Lfc^ 3 J!j

^laJL} < Await* tjj-uJL* ttUSlLi J. l I’i i n ij *L*Lu

[J jx*JU f* 4 ^ yi j4j — G^j) ^ Jk ^ i ulM# (*ii*JI

GJj *J3) «t*j) |Mf*V 3^ “ W* v 4 V* S*^ 1

.(jH^j CuL) rjUkij - ^>*11 yi uaJJJ^ i uj^ W v* ^*AJ ~~
— Ujiit «Ljlt yi <^a 1I (M 2 * 1 y^ (,As “

^ JS olAH* (^! i) ii*d**^G Jti3S« ^ ^ Uj .(<JLuj)
p J )"*1 ^ O (_^ JJl J±*jS\ ^pJx b«X4 -lii I 4 J

jij -La c^o] ijjfu V La Alt ^aJuj jjiSi JAJJ

U)i ^i! tj* J^J

tvv

JIJJIj, ,U)1 tjilal. O' (j^ikLiU <**Jll* W. 3K

^JkJl jjLt <L dt* m*j u>u Ai iu ,vu

ilt* (fctjl! J*i -l+ij*!*** (j*tl CiLJSlI (jjj^J

"■ *

W il l tile. AjIc. jjA Lm > jMiji JKt* *tl a p I^jIj j<£^Lu

M + **

iLIj JIJLlVj iLu^ii j^LDI jj*'»'■ <%uLLlL

J>a.j V <j¥

l h i^ jiV| (^)

• fjA CjLIa ^i^Ij 'j 1 * - -j ‘L^usj^l Cilj^aVl J * j “~

v** U ^ .rfisonuts ^tllljJ I Culij4i(j -* ***V^jfy1I

45 J iL^^tfVl aJul |jtu ij^U l>4 U jLj

:^UJI fciJl

-tV-JI (t>

^lill HaJJI <jLi (JjLLj ojj J>u jjIa CilljaJl Cull l+jj

<j| J_^si <JL^JI *jla \j*^3 *pVl 4 jlSJI (3^h?

CiUj^Jl (3^ U^! j<ujJlUj ^jgiJaljil (J>° 4jyuujdtl

1 *.*"%* jjVI Ljj iUu l^di i^ljVl JaI^iJI

<jljjJ ilj £j>3£]l «tl4

(jlliil ^jflj j . L|jl4

Jit ^ l^lj *^Ljjlajyt Cil^ui 0-=*^

.IliijjJI l^uddJl ^jj^tJI Utlii-i i jjVsi iflij

jVjj ‘LotiAllj jtidJl Ej...<Nj wilVtj 3 ^LuaH^

<1*i La CjISj^ fj-jLu iilii , *ia!1

yi ^ *[y] ^jVl ^liH l;WI A^Ji\ jj» aji^Ul

^Lli .J^H pJ^Lij njj’iiitill j-JjJj £*d ljlflji-1

Mj j^jklL^Jl jjjJu iji^j £>ul Ia^jlLIj (jl L*J b*u

tvr

.^jJLliill JjJJJ j l^ill^J

L jjjjS j^Ut , ill |^lj n It 1J jjjJl Irfl

tjjfc yJU- Jkn 4jV ULb- 9 iud i-fllYt

i3^J iIh 1^)5 <JJ>aJl yi JLaJt jU uji^i 03*^1*

■ h :] JjVl <±^1

cas^ji ^L^ii t-0

[JjlialjJl 3;. L ,.[| j^-ijli 3jJ 3^*11 (Jiaj yA UuJI U J_>jI

[ jJj] Jl» <ji |*+ 1 ^

j\$ Ut4 JajlVnj * valad V^yLlilj Jllj !»jl 34~> *

tLJI jJaj jSJj jl£i Ilia Y* -[v] ^iLj yi > 4 ^ ^ALaJl

.[4J

jjJ!

CuI^iaJI <£>

^ .Ojilb <1***^ -o^b ^ V ^ ^'3-J'

-JLt *^J

Jki Ci1j*dVl ijrf *I_>M ^Jlu u^

<> OjttUl u^U ^ **+*»J3\s *±*4^ (/

J ^^liUl IjyJjU *U JJj ^

~Ll4jj*j tjjiUtH g^Jui ( _^Lc ljU*a La4>*lu (*4j L*A^ial

^ aju ^4 tfjji pn|b

3^1< Jifl trill (i^iLijJJl SjjSj) *jJJjj L+jjikij (^1

l**U U, pi£uj ithree ji.^ £*la U ^j 4yl*ajJ j interrogative

4u& vowel C— ilj Urfi CyS3 ul ^ ^5)1 0H>*il ^

*U#1 JpaS ^ (jLuAHi ,beard j bird J*- <s rttmflcx ^jamL S*i I

tVi

jtLLl LaJLifij ^uslj ^jjLaII l j* 1 * "■* *1jJl

iSj^Ij ilAljJa CjI j iAajj-sJI ^|jlk£ 4 jjj] IfjjlLL ■^■■- >1^11

4l^Jl jjlt uvular trill AaljJa A_dLH^ AikJLa i_il aLl^ l^ji £j

CiUk^J jji (jdllS (jjSj jjj «^i iJijilU i^maLL^^

j\ La Joe. {AujaILj 'jjllaLjll fji! td-uaJill 0-^

L^ii ^jII SjjJh^J! ^ut i.HjLtl <jj» (^>=»-i Ail \mW

bJLfj V apicQ alvwlar retroflex ^1^4 L^l LiuikSul *\j\\

j <at>l_i^l ^uilJli ^lutl lil4 ^fui jLfl f^L^Jl

L-Jj^ 0^ 6^* t jjSLyi iuJj J-t U

jjjiLLiil 41uJl jjic, j A *; ^ ifr^Lc-1 Sj^tLaJl iZiliill

L i_ j.f^ r ■ X ^ j.*iU<l l ^jii jjjLull jlS l ,^^ aJI qj_j *-J*~j L 4 lie. kliLilil

^J' 1 jjv-gHi [ji tljJl tjjj \W

‘LujdJl t\jl\ < 3 ^ U# (^LcVl *V>4 !a 4 Jifl

iljJl < i jA±j Jlu *ilA ■ l| 4 jflt~i'n ^

p^jU bjdjaJl C*Lil ljvA±jj ^jjjIaLJl Lrl ^u>*^

»

t_Bjud < 1 **•- ji jii Ljjiil jiLuw

ji *1ji1 ,jku ji ji t ^jL L..w £lj AjL

ill i<jjjjl) 1 *ljlS j£uJl ^jUail iiiYLaJ^ sj£ ^As

t\r 4>l4 |ullj ip^L&Vl JdSS iilt !<jAjLu j|il JH

UjiOJ ^Jlji l^yJUl ALuil 4 jAU (J^jJi (JJMIjitlJ)

Laillfii Lfc^Vjl JOjLijJj-a yi iui ijla j«kjj . ^''isui i.ji.

. V V^tlll w^dl! LjiIjj . i) f*£ jLii

O')

iVo

1 c[ min] ILfjjjj ^ 5 tni £44 ~t\ 1 i>jl JJj ■_

F-

^Jj.14 (‘UjjaH Ji Ijii riariill \<XA -1J Jjiul (J^Sj

Ut .^bUjJI ^ tin

c5j [Jj ^U^Jl .ijjjiil ^JLm^I t>j

jli $U^J jljSsJlij jjjjII <Loj tl^JI *** i-I

ClJ J-ui |jj U>ai jU^“[ i> uj hi-h|| j" : (/jl>^ U^

*’ StljSlI Lji JJj

<GV i^lkj xlf (ji p^UVl p4 U J^iai Cy* M* ui*^ ^

^uA t>±Jl JjLiJ ^3tl ClULH jjolf (j! i VW a ^ Ej^fctJl LHii^taV^ Cj*
,‘Laj»i^J 1 jji JIaJI ,>ft ^j^oJI L^Uu

^c. Cj^iLjjm jiLi^Ui tji u-» p-tjJl (.f^J

US ^a^uu Ch> ri . n'i i ji J4?* J! E^ 3 ^ Jiai

ijLBJ (j t£lj Liui *UaJb jl^ib jJai y* ^ jAi

^ e'^ Lf^ ^ *0^' <3^ ^i!

+ C**ll 4i) ^ SU>J1 0! J^a ui C4** ^-ib ^

Jj^ 4*J Cm JjUJI J *<*A^ * u^ ub <1*^ ^ <> u-ak

CpjJl *il lj 4 <u>>il Clt u* U“^ »** ?»"*

lil <u^*U £4 y4«4i <l*i t* ui ^ Cj3j ^

. tj*■!Uj V <j^S uL? ^j*Hilll fri* j* » -J>*i *ua*^

CjjSLU) Cu >-j!j L*ii jjL iiiLUt

. :?d*' ^ (*T^ 1

.ij oi5 Wj -j*3ib -^*3H iuisn js- ^ * im^Ij

^La^Ul ij3t <|*JaJl ^ ^j| ^* ‘* N Sf 4 ^^

,T4 A y <k >iil^ -ifjfrJl Oi ‘A— 0 T )

£VT

jjju \W i It ^ Lfil^ ^A bOAj »SjjabuJl 3 j!LuJ1

Jai^l d L~>■**» -3^^.^atl ijjjjJI Lajlc. <LujJiil

i<^jLjjJi p j ^ I *j fjyfl <11 aj ^alall f^^adJl ^jii w ill

^JbU ^JjLiJlj I^maI t^A4 Ijlj -Aii l^ufJkL

IjjjLu J a* V yi p-4j <Qjt Imj Lj^> f-U^+lsUJ Le

<^jyiaAU ^UjJkh LdJLit tdjj *Jjlp flllli

+■

jjj£ 4^d ^jjiUnlLi *jAl JlL jj J i4_i^L&J!

p 4 j 15 l 4 OA) Oj V 'p qj ^ r

.llSayJl d ^ |t H L^Jl4uJ lo£ ul^idll 4'JAAJ j p4.LUu^

* iHartl Jj» (JJ ~i i » a Lflt Uglull J vtLi ^

^IS^LjJi P^aJqm (ji 0^*J j| i^Uil

,Jiis ■**# (^jlud L" lA* yry^^b yi cjTj^

4_J¥jJIj AjjauJI tliljil^iMiH * V

j ->. t ti a .JLulSJj Aiiti pJbu alt >alH 0" oi uV'J

* t vj 4 ju1jj tjjSli i^LaaJI Ja^idj ^jAI OXrlijjUi >«> j&

4*1 (jfi p 1»" jlc. ^ ■* V jAllI IjjdLa . Ld 4 jJ ^ji-t ul^j ut

jj J^LuJl 0-* V j[ lyiSj V Lajlaj b04 C& .CiVaUI o-a

Jli ¥j iJ Lc. «L*JJI L_ijbaJ\ jjJJ ^ill n \ \ uu&ljjll

jiuJ(j jjj) UllldJl UuJLui^U {jajljli

d| 1^1 f t oil j| l»* ■ - * V ^«l cJLaAILjiVI |^J ^a4Adl[

<j>Li t*j|j \j Otl^J Jja^

3 .-iin ..<1 ♦?!!

ait OjJLa J-dlSj oj V j[ ,ULS jiilL ^

Ij *1 Uh yij 'Satliti ijujOj J~h \W i jk* -liill 4*uiljJ

ja JjIjIj J ^ ^SjlaJI u> Lfjljji- jLitL

iVV

{£j£j jl 1 JLj**J 1 [_|VjJu0 (Ji «^4 tljJuVl

* > i * *

<«Lu£ L 1 _}i( Ijil—Xa Jf\ IaJj 40 ^ '■' t JjJLU j±L | J ij.l^ a

[*j * Vi^llai fLitijl jl l^Oj j\ LaLfiLLwil

T-

4ifi <AIj ijl 4ji^Lc jLiItLj *

3£U\ ^Aia V yul^iVlj

Jaj jA ja-Ji u\* .SLpJl ^ IjJ 4x >i^ *

4jJ3k^ tL^l^ L|jlj^UO Sjjftliali (J^-4 jjj4 fALbdJl

<LluJ 1 6 ii| <Ldj&j J 4 J Umu 4*1J1 JJ (j -1 <jio (jJ-¥

4*JjJU yfluSu LiOir; ->u]l Ail^S IflJ+n.l ySH 4 jjJh=JI U-+

. Jj pJJ 1 j <ij t _ f ilJ V idlj ol^ (toJliljij jajJl Jeu^j^J liUI

^Sj^jyuaJL ^jQll Anill yi

Oa 55^1 d±i ^ISJI IxUI jmijL {^k jSj ylU
ajjk (jiiJ ‘Jj I** 1 **' LJJ AiLSoil ^uLhJ t^JVjJlj

^jlaLill |j} ’JIB iOda>*^ i_jjj'^ ■■■^^ Ail 4 jJ[ jLiil Ld jSjl

frjLjjj j.a-, i, Aiji jLjj pK ~j J 4iLlL

jt <1 a^I 1 I j * * ialnti ^ U ^)J |*-i *Vjt

P

pLdi 4 ^jJJ 1 bJui ^ (j-a Uji* 1 j[ Aj£) -^Uj a»j

,^1 Ljlilll bJLd /"^Ua-J txiXujj yi IjLga, JJ^y ji *ij V u

ill—ijjixJl J! u^j «jj£hH 1 *“^

6a o' <> ‘^1 **UL, jLUl 6l^y u^j

<uaVj dHS«l *ii Oj^i * jj hi ■ \\j ydAjJ\ ^ i-ij£jjlt

^iUli liUI

Robert Lado. Linguistics Across Cultures. IjSali 0 ^)

Aim Arbor, The University of Michigan Ptess. 1957 , p. 59,

iVA

IgJjjj (jjh (‘UjUll 4iliL <j_o u jSS|

<*Liii -V^l HU\j f Vl <iU1 ^ CiIj CiULSII

jii <uLiin J ^ij <4^131 iilii ^ ^ ^ V

i|m ^ ll^l bJLft 1»n t\ bJ^J ■Ailj <&j yd ^j^£j

u -3j}^iuXl yJ 4jJtfjJl <id^jll yd 1 (<jjjaI 1
.between j among(sL) ILo^a 6^^JI L»U ; (oi*)

tdljj) illj-aJ! >A4 Jjjj .1 -S i yd JijJj

JUju^I ( i jj> i4jjjiJ1 ^i ^iJl liiA . ^jij

jjj -*±>±1*^ yi <lip ^Jij V <^LuJ| tjjju* yj (u^)

^4 Ailj j-Jai (j-Lt 0^^ -friLtt jljjjSUi

: U*Wi Lf** '(c*&)

I sat between this woman and that man

yi .^jjdjJa iJ>aj <dLmaj -* JajI Ld yd between <j^JL*JU^4a

ijijljLl j ij j ^Jalal ^L Jj L* yi among ij>L*JtlMy p-fjl lIm

I found the letter among (st) these papers

A^lj £Vf jkJ^c yd ^jjaIU Ct^&bLtJl

< jj^.j~U <juLur <LaLaJl LlLAldAj yjJl 4 jjY 1 j^Vl ^ j^ 2»J jl

'UjdAa j±L Cx3&* <LuLu< iip-a

T-

jjuVl . tju I 4 U 14 <jl£ ijljyaJl ^jAjl&JI <11 j jji jt ^LjuS^j

(<j>>t*Jl aliill yi ) (-0 ((r) ^A>ll t-*) (0

.(t^fcull (j) jjJI (j) btXsJl ^5^Uh {-*)

«*« ®

.bjj IL^J! ^ LJSh <li*j (jJJl

iJ^uu <jj Jjidll <jjjj .<j IjGjj (jiLf 2 *.%-*. Vt i i-O t n <jI f ji I

. ^JiUJi Jju tj\ JjJtUl <-uj^j jJiUJl

tv\

J. q I (Jll La (ji

4aitl p 1 11 ^A jUj j 4 ^ *UuaJl

*1 14^1 J -*rtj*}l ^ %L*j| pola J J-*Vi .^lii

*l*i* jjjS lyi L£ fCLd J] <iLaj JLa* ^i p*i£n

Lȣ lAljj) ^A LfAjdA^J UdJt * ** T \J 'i^idVl fvdiikC.J

■ dL A ^ yjLda^JL I 4 J ^jJ| Oj^A&jyi k_u£lj3ll ^aiu ♦ nice girl

Lh£ j^AdJl ^jUj 1 *1 *y..X 1j[ L*L*j ^<jdl t^A 4jJj

V

(flower La £ujlaJ 1 ) garden flower
(garden 0* La »*>j.i^ 1I } flower garden

L-lSjjii j flower ^4 JjiVl I ^A J (_fi

^D Xjjk*L*^yL i3^*LJ1 ^4j a! JjjLilll IlLa Ji*j .garden ^ ^LUl

,L«Laj idij <3-* (jn^iti pqflj ^1 jjij

■p

^J|j j^L- t UVj tZiL Ejlkiidll i!luij|j

J* *JYjU La £j1^Li ^jdt J 4l«J1 ij^Jl cji Jj-

JU Jj5 (J 4 ) ji ($3^0 Sljl £jl*i*o *jt IJA ^ .'Ujja*il

LuJ (Ja) j Sjj-*-(JLj J* Sjij-ua 4jnl

(ij^) pi g fl 7 ■ yY\ p ■ .jj fijjiiiA Lot >JLh {^L ^JfA^IUrVI 4 LaJJ Ijjh

4iiUJ 1 ylt JUY .111 SjIa- .dJ.il ^ ^ %iL^

i>d %LbaJ1 4 j 3 c. {j4^j t/Ui y tji 'iUj .<L^ji

<j1 oLj V tlljftll ^uJ Ll*iit Lji dJj (jJ-C t^IjyD

t' 4 -u %aii 4 LjUj! kiiLL jjd pJ Ij[j jjk^ lj| Y) <LuJ 1 ^jL^j

(^)

i T LjijLlqj Sjut j_5

^Lfil^Vt jvjuil tJJU ^Lla s-ji^Malj .w*Villi *>“ JjJ-=u jaL jit

IijlJI uL yy^lJ ,<iLJI Sjiilt yi ^ cs (jJJi (OjO
^1 jfl 'i ' ..VI (J>d jt"i* 4 . tX i... 1 JjS-.^ Yl

'jjft <jj.L-.JI - J^iJI ^>UI f Uiil1 ^ V - yi «UI

(jJ^UdULkll l j 11 ■ .,1 .. j^ liliii ij|l . ^ii^j jl j

Jia ^ ^j]| JJj (J (jj£) jfcLfrii^Vl |uU

Cy* .(TkiUVi tij£)

donpJLtl j J^lmJI k4^jLj» <J.'j fci r.U

(j;)

# ■-

j\ i IjjV* * j)\ t Llail .LjIjJI (jj&± 1 ^ < w ~> ■* j^id ^1 ItlAj

p ■- p

JjaJ ^lajlli LjIjII Ul ^ L — Val iljjld Uuj UjS^f lUil^

.V^i^ lij^LaJI CiViUl Ejj^jd 4 j*JL SjdUa _^j|j . 4 _fckiJl Cajjji

U*A* ‘LL*dh ^ijla iujj Julj d(b\)j

^ J>fij 0^ J" OJJ j - d-i a lH lu>lt L|j| Jj ,5*Xilj

IgA \jd\& JLU (,jjt>£<JuJl L*ij iJjjVl I iirttl yj 1 jjV£ JLdi EJLjLmVI ul

(ui) tji o-*J .lid 4-j^Uall L*(j j^jUH i_AiaJI

Ojl t \ij SLull Ju jj» llA5 - ^UlV^ lfeVj» u_£dJ

ijiij ■* Ujlii Jj 4 luJi (Lai) Lflji ^11 *<1 *711

i ^ ■*■ ^ 1 U^d cJj * * iiij Li >Ciid lj[i « IjjJLJj

L>SJ \i l*J l$u v (Li) Ji 4JL*J1 Ji Lbtjj .JL^u

*1^1,1^ ijb ULubdJl b4i4 jjj * -^** * tj>* V_J

vJL-Vl ^ r 4 ii«VU

<j! ■ .*,)**■ "*^ [juj lajlj *LaIl_j

IjjjJjJ S«4ja^4 pJ Ijli Jl i/rt! ^^Lt bLJ J SIaIII l^idtu

fl lj^j lf !<4Jj£)l 3jXl L*£ dJjj -4j Ua£flL4 <J^5 l £0 ciajH^Jl

^Ll^. jjj~o^ pj Loij (*1\ Jiill) "(jj-* •* Xj ^*Luh ni V

X** fajjjJj LfljJLa~6 ii^UlL X

IJu4^ -^jj.l^rtll J-Jjj 4 jX 1 JuJt L*ij . f

(jj^aldl! t>* (3j£jall (jj-uijJJ * ^AiUa p^7 i Am nil* j£»xia

J^^kioJt fj\j f jjh'nh jA ijj. 1 Vft ll u4 (H 4 ^ Lb Jj <iLi llAjJb

, *yji Lfcfii J* < t_0^JLuJl ylt J^j (jl XI <^jiaj ^0 d u**J

jjj j^J <Lo_^Jl <jl ^jju Ua^lj LljL^A^ i* ViJ| .ta j 5.» 1 Jj4 IJjLu* (jL***j JLi_^
LjpiJl Ji* o*“ 5 jX l ^ u^Iaj^ ijl iS^j ^ L|jia

*(^) j£m11 ti ^£.Lb^J1 jIj 1 * ^ JIu J=ub*

J-*il LLu Vj JjjjaHuuj X PI ijj£ ^ J**" ^Xj

^ji ajjj£S^ d^iXjJl JajjjJl j^d l>* ^m0^j £jl>"= 6*14^ »

,Sj_u£ <LujjJ\

lj| .'Uji>« “liji Jl* yi jjhj i iu^ll L»U

3*i» (rv-ri i»a^i) "Lijjl i*> ,1,15*1 ^uiiaj iaLUii

jjlj j£ .*.^ i-^U ^ JLSjjXI Lilt

^ijiU o! u>lA udj ** * **^ l>^ J“* Lb-b jl-iIjjXI ^l£jXl ojjmii
ftljl tjjUlj (H^A>^

jjSj liiJJlfJ jjLjjJl j4 Li 4 (jl ^L-lx-i 4U|j <1 \ * n0 11

(jjwjjJl jSj *L0jii*«j Lhj (jLi-kuJi (jli LfeJj * IjkjM*' X jill

(j* l^jl jjjl j^j tjS JJj ljjL lugaJl JjJ

iJj^ Lb j$J

i AT

*Wn (o)

^^nj\j 4 «, j^ij

Kj4Ua GjUi&L Jl jluj Lui Lglg 4 _jL±juJ

jVill of oL*jf jJ jjij dJJJj) EjAUaJl O 4 - ^iSiui4

- ¥■ * »

N*" ••* V *0 IjlIi iljj£ji 11 0-4 (*0^ VI jiO cl jtj» iLjl^yi jOLcf ja

,<it

.ShUVIj EjjjS CjLxJ J>i>o

,^1 <_£ JLH_j ^1 Lu IjuajLi H ^lHa

<iij-D j^jIj |*j u_iil^j EA^IaII ^jJlJ lui ^jA j^pjU LLuUjJJ

*1 k*r x ijLfluujYt <^^a]I j ^Lc < 1 Q^.^~

frj*4 > l-jI^£V|j i l^LilL^ jIjp^Ll SjAVJail ^jJj 0^ jA

0-4 Uj-iijpcVl Oi 1 ^jaUJI JajhjJL S.Uil i*ll <LAiiJl £j> n-jjl^aJI

*EjALiaJl ^yjjLkJl 0^ iuoitJl Jujllj) fijAllaJl yjlja

>J-ta X? *,j*>*^ >ajl^ j£kj *Uj £-L2aJ V ^JL-waJIj

ujjrf. ,JjLukL4 jjr j ^ EjLtj ^^1] <^kLu JoJa Lj) 0 a-*J1

of jj Vj .^syi ji jjuuaiJi 11 a £b±4 (*i

plxJlji jt-Lt[ |*jj * i j> i fbLuVi liA ^ IjlS

* jj-alM \1a LgJ} ^UifcJ ijijjVlj

^jaJI ?»Wl U)

|UJ V *j illt*) ! 0^ yO"ij <j» J-ll uaJI ^A 0l kiLfl

p^Alt IaA *j ,lAA»r 015 jJaJI AiJ ij|j 4J B -^t ^

jjaJl JAj aLa L» of ^ SjljjaJI 0# liftliJI

^ jjj <AjJa^ <jj <J5j ^aaI . lj 0 j5j V * lA> .^jjlaI \j juJ

iAr

uLi tilJj 6!

fjoj dU ut ^ ^ Li^j «4 j 4^J u^ U^ J^i 3^*$

t4_iA^Vl <iLuJl 3JLU^ ^iiL 4g£ ^jJI %Lb^J1 £IaJI Jl

1 -| [ «7j ^j 04J! ui 4Jjl tb J^J * ±6r 0* i3^ <j^-

■rr

*i^Jt ^ JA 2L—Vt ii^Ji o) ^ uj^*t*3*

juj o^' J " 11 Q">?* ajj'* ^ Ou^ u - £"=lj l**Aj

^ 11 ^jVi ^ 11 ^ m

jj-.- vi iu=J^ ^ ^uii slj ui 4^^ *

3^1 ^ H l f-- Jjj" i> tj>wJl

T fr*XA-4 J! o^ j* *»3 i oi t^i - j-*y

fr\j+* <>pJl Sjju ^d frJLU (^1)1 jaall ^lt AaJl A2 m aIj

:.A)>m u)f bf* j^i j u^l b^ j»i 3 aj**A] i>^ u^i

OLL tfUl J4=J^ ui u^- J^ Lfl *Ui I ,T jiiia AjJa

: U&d jLoi aIjI Ai *«*!£ u^j ui J** ^ (3.5*

U ~h i-J ^— LA

<1 ^-+* (_f JJ1 jaIIL <<1mJ 1 3i4j|'£j] 4ZAj\j (ji*J JluJI jIaIjIj

jaJl Jit HA-Jl ^ULuJI g^a£g *4^ j*aJ\ £J>»J ‘U^i
IhUj .^11 ■** fK54^» *<-i±>^ *J&“* “4*1^

Jij 6* u 1 ^ U«J\ JiiJ ^=J1 j!aa*\ ul " W* “

SjjLJl u-a Kj^Vl i> jJji JJ^=-

U-L-Vl ^ y* O^ 1 * Sb* >J“d '-*i^ £J“V*N"

,b>i ^ f A* t^-^' £***

“ *L*H ■ ufJ ( J** -1 *^ J1 V**4

n Juj Jj ,±-ij$Aj -<J^-“d ^ jJa3

jjp ui ^*Jjl> ^ ^ I-Jt* J\ y* yl*—

^jj c»u^ liliV soi-i Ai JJOtL- rt ^ijj- utLi j^" :^A

tAt

-1 ^-1 JLl

r

Li jA - jiLLU l^Li (j-J ^ ^ *ljiLi Ajj£ *v±j
i aj4 " 4 -jj^^ j^Lii Jjj* 1 ^CaUu CiftVmi ui I

1i^4Sb LkfajLj bliilAj f^jitlj ImU IjHjkifc jjAiVl (j£

*

tfjt Vj ♦ ,t <_lJ s ^*J * *ijj J^j <J^*J ,4 jLLmj O^ iiSiku-fl

u^JLa wjLjIuiI ^ J|j-M

(j)

^^Ajjj LiAj j^La.>H ^jiai jIjuj (jliiil Jj5kjlllj ladLaJl

0* jj13\ +<±}u ^iUI Cxj&j *Lb 4*1 jjjII aj£ u# ijb^ ui

JS JA 6^ Lfcffl JJ^>° *i| U-* <LjAi tllUUl joiLai

J^itl ^1 Aim ^ iLtfiN <iUU V <■ ^ ^UUt

IjJ bargain Lti£ JLJI >4 tdl ^ Lf ix*JI „>£iij ^V? J ^ U-*

;H*j IjJiU lZu\^ * [bar] -L^i* JjVi £-LLJl ^lt ^fill ij^

Lilli CulS [gain] L+u ^jUH ^LUl jjJI

^kloJl jJJU Ciikj Ijt pot ice <iU J *l4~uil

jjJij .t« 4 jjJj ^ JJ| <jjJLiJI y£ ilatoj lit r» ■ LbL&4 u^ JjV)

.^Ul! jLUl

Aiijj + p^lil (ii*4 <5^ jij

..j ^ <j^jK Cllilll J a

[Jji Oj** ^ jaill £>*>1 <jjSj VJ Lfei ^*^1

l^i> JjJ ijUUI u^±j u| J^* 3 4^ £?>•

loii an-t 6- ^ij tfjjii ,^*ji ^

t |_^p l.J'v L^u L*Uaj pJljJl klitil (JS1

.dlj Jjjk ZiXS j.i .J#ilf jj>>> JJ»S# v«i jjiSj Si^j *«i *l»“

t ; j w.... fUi. I« u^SLUl jA. L. jit ult Uat ^i»ij

i(J iit*Jj Jjjjij J| <Atj tf JJJ v L*jjt yji i Ua.|~t.»n

tAi

ot ^ ^ ft J* iJij—J\ \Sa jLuj *c$\*

ia\jLi Jj V Lu U^d Jjj Lfcd ^jall ji U LS (jjSj Afj
3Jl^* dLlsi j±i- J 5j^i L#i1 Ulj -jjj Lfgl ^,-J <xLi 4>a^ V *iV

|»aAjJ 1 ~M*.1l LijJaj IjJ :^1 ^4 L ijt jArjl *(_£jaI

ju jujLjJ\ ffjAitj (Jjj <iMj < Ju£ L£ ^LJSJl ^

>j.t lti-4 1 Vi *>jf *p 1r j < IjjJ LS 4»*l£Jl [jjfc - ■''*' L* faKlI

*|%is 'Ji* L j±**j J! (^jt jj — Jjj —

/jj us <a^ <^. £±*j-j\ u jjjjj jj ^

jjjJt 4ji AIj f jJAJJ fill j,wJl <JU .t^j ^jJI ^hlntl ^3jj Li

[jjij /jJ ^ ^UJS jAj j*Ki*1 | giy dl *JJj] (^1

jLS Li±i iJjjlJu ^jJl ^4 3 j,j 4 (jSJj -iJjVl jjlt ^5^ <j^l

[jlAj *jJ > pSj ,Uj3i. U- 3 [joAj ojJ yi J*Vl ^kUl
.j^LJi Jj^l jkiJl ul jj *[^] ^ jUll -lili* U*-* 3

>|J * jjJtiJl j4 [pit] (ji JJ^iS JjVl J+S

£j>a ■Ul <JjISuj ^ky^bJl hlA yi jiiJl J IJUj »t5^* J J" - * ‘ jkia

^ frJUj . AaJjMiJJ jW^-ifln \ \

,L3S^ us ,,>ui ji Ai^i ^ui d*iii ji u>i Lij

gLliJl j4iU £jJij ’L^lji 4I& fiAj -JJ iLiuiij^

jl ^lji ^10.1) u mj\ gl ^u u .j^Vi

.Oli^aj ^ j*V.m ( j^jJj n_iki» ^4 Q.iaS IjSJUll J'j^Ull

^aJLaJl ul (<iL u - ’ U^ Lj «[^>^] y 3 Ljjtj

fj /j-oJt ^1 5Jlkyi (jVj ^

^LIaJI *4gU Jidit JLAJ Jj^i

^LjLJI Jii tjji V Ij^j^l* iJ-*Jl jt^j d>L*jJl

Cull IjCfl jEjji* LiSJl iJklj \Ju4j ■ LujV> JjVl

iAn

jA ((jJU) "Uil IjJli 11 US SJU-H U^ii*

oSji oi -U^u l>^ £*“=1* \>p

Loij {AaJjJlII J^LII 0-4 ^LiaJI jilJ [jJ (_£^—i*J jil^iVl frJLfb (jt

. l^Lbl ijLuJ ^jLt jj- j ^jJl jA iJJj o*-Ud f^jill 4 —ij^LaJI J^L

■ I r I ■ .. J J jpJUJl (ji J! ^4 4^ u! ^

VW_1t-' ^idlj j4j ij.t **!'■ l3*JJ\ frJLft ^Uull idJj

jfji 'Jjt.p* la^ij jij ^JtLy^j ^LjSJi

5S_pJl Jj L^ii V^UmVI 04 fJ ' J "

^jVi ji ji 4 jl^Ij ^us j*>j ^LjjUi

J^jia ot <jJ-ij 04 Aj V AIjJj *Uj1j 4j I ^ai * j4£r JjLiJ (^11!

d i j*^ 4^^uU ^jJ I^u^llli tiu V -.4jL£^_Lufl J OjjJjIajO

jjjj jUj ***“ *Uj! ^ ^ j£*ij

O-jjJl p*cl>4 o-iijJ <-£l£ Ufj *itLi ^jjjiaj)fl ji gi*““N

^jjU;j ol «L^Lut jjt *<L*^*J1 ji Win o-* <U| u^b*J

ujiJ*$\ ^ISJl ^ 6^l>i

IH^O

O^liiu ptq * rt»> J| s _H a ‘ pj^ b O* O 4 ^ Jaiij

,jj JjSj ^! ol " ^*jiai y* ’ W^ JlA^ oi* « ^b
^1 JUS o" ^ J-i lUj> ,JU*JI oA Uij pjijjll ub
UiSIl oi ui :cili j^l* 1 >*iiJ!

^ pjiitfb jU-1! </ ui rAA! ‘C^“ ^ 5j -> iiJi

ui oi £^jG V jdiiW ^J" ' - 1 u! (J^b ‘ ^b

j_y>4 Jt ^ijluj ^ijSsJI (^4 jj *ii <*-ij

^Jjj^LJJ fJaM jU >*-^1 U*Uj)'! Uliil yi* iJJJ >*^ JU£ 00

r^^r.u mm

£A V

UJSll ujSj V (*4ajj -(j4“N

:<^i frJU ^L>4 liu 4lS Ijulj »*LL*aJ1 (Jj
*

‘UImuJI frJU jTusjil ,UUj * |)tlbu p jjill !L^lji

^J o^Sj UjJa *UiSJl Ch (j* _>^1 J>a.j ojljjit

i> * J >?^ yp^J X* 4*=±s ^ y

J1 <Lii Jjij yiij V p^ijjJl -t^a

^ {IliJi Lf^ 1fiW*nU jlJJLa j* ^iJt ^J>ii I * 4'irt JLi\j

^iUJi ^ 2 ;- ltl ^ pjxuftj ( <*1S)1

iAS^j j^itlj 4li4 <1 \'7

J ^ | b> t 1 ■*** Ljit ^uJlj cM* f^LH yjUiJl b>l^j rilLi\jj
‘Ujj 3 is-ijla* Jj *H f^A tjii.il IjjI uiij

•yttSjSM W*J i> i tLjJt
.JLuJI yi U^ IAS1\ yA UjSj jA\ jt :^U

-UW ^ii ,Jl*Jl ^ ^ us 3UASH yi ujij pjitfl J :L*aii

fpJu^t 3U& USU jjilj cone Languages L—aiilt
<^*Ut «U**j 3JJ umJ U»>J1 ui £-*j .<iijjj jjiit

j^iilu ^bl&lS t^jj *UkAj jji jii "LrfJu <U1I1 (jjSi Uab^istj

Cx3^£ «JUU , Vj |UU !Ua ij U*IS 1 I (j\jU jji^ i I ■ at it *

,<*w ^jji ajia\j+ Jl*. vu Siu (juu) uisj jl^u

!^jutj**Jt ,JL Jl*iJ\ pj*i~it1 JjLjJaj fUiSll bii4 OL9^ ^Ltj

oA* vu 41 d.jiu oji* -"jilsi 1 '

VU LfJ ^,*j4i1 ujSj Ir «» *' 'IaIa*

^U VIJ |«ju3lt (JL^Sj (ji ^jSajj S1 jU iUtilL* OtJ^d^

VIJ Cu&i ui U^*dJ uAi *1>^^

1AA

IAJ ^ »l*7» J p j *yj

igA <^ju ju^uii ^ujjj^ pj*^n *p

‘Uj^a]! igA ^Iju V ^L^AxujVI p CiLa^Liil u

pJAJJ^ .lZjVaAJI _pLjjj> ^JjLejVlj ^MJjjJlj <-lLc jA

(^iiJ Vj tt-ljtfld pjijj ^4 Uj-Lil Ijij ^UUI tfjjk IgA

C)j> CujJtll jyaJjkl* jJ tJJJJ p^—■ ^ lJu& Lfjjj ^LLliaJi l^±V

^ji pji'iit ) gA j£ JG iLaj^su ^kLLljJl

f 61

4jj«jlAJluUjUUf

3LuuttftubiUUI

3^.1 ... m .y\ jkjliJl klul^ Lajj

4iJ k*^.A ^ic, <Ajli L|l£ j| ii^Lfj ^jLcr 4]Vill jjjSjj .tliLuLkiilL

Ijj ^jiujlj <±111 iaLdjI jjlt LiuilaJ ,4^1^,^ jLjVl

yj* — ^ £JuAj Lji V 1 * 11 ^

<_M £>* CiYfj pjd Lw jUii —

.IfJ JuddJl t^uA

Jl ^liu ^Jl ^d ^ ^LJI j2£d

• JUadd _jl Addld ^jj^j i£j*$ £jJL» \a4j> 1 J-d j£j

^ JVal^l ^ ^LJl JaL*J1 ^ ^frjyi ^ Siti

*J ji .^Ull J Jji <jtSi . ^il i_Ai^a Kjo^Li jitldj ^l^Lu

tfjzm iii bjUi ^ Os" :ajiuu jl^

ji 3^ Jj ^jLllaJaVl <L»^L-U |J^1 yjji {(JjJjJl ‘Laljj

* bj^lll 4 jD^Lut

£JVjJ 1 pXt <jj ^jiaj (^Jajj ,jjl Caid 1 j) ^Jtdi Caj-uJjfr

4iU^Ji ^WaJI ^ <ii jiju. Cj^ *o^i ^ <+**\**s

U-iLs_» jjit jijJL) CiLuLaiUl ^d ^JYjJl ^JLfr <jL5 IjIj *|JLid^^ Jl^jdiU

> ij.^j „4Jj Jii3 V 4 IS iai^VdJl tjU rtiAiLiJij LUlVl

^UQUttj *JUiV\j uWj ^ lAjdSjd SJ!

j l§i*.4i ^ul^ill <j[ Jj ^4 lji*u ji tAul 3 j£Jm* JjIjI js

Lull Lf lt «L|dLidi jSfil j jLajuaj^ oa4

j tj^jiLiU JIaj ^Ajiiud j*Lid£ 2 d jiAt kill jla! ajj ■ aLIj

.EjuaaJI ^jli^Jlj i ^i.*i tljj L*j Jjauj i^ul^i]!

«r

1 OjLlcVj CmljJ ^Lc ijLjjUlil ijl^-jh * t ^f

siJ^LJl itiMA bjJLd Lftj jjtilajJl t ^_^LtL<Jl

Jj j-Ldd AjjiaJ u_flj>aJi rbj^Lt ^tl-^ »|lj .Jjiii y^L^Vl

,L_llc.Vi |VC.Vl <JjLxJu

jljil ^jV Lgj pljilVl [Ji-sl

bilJjJ^ JLI,..tl t)<id Lijill [j j ~*-'■*j jjiiJl |^4 ftl l

* 1F ^ujjLlJl <jrj^i 5jj_>*]! t

JJJ) 3all^ji ui^Jjl iDLii jA^ t^jj i i Mil l bJl ^iAU

*

<4AJj*a J^LiJ !iLij 0 ^ 0^ - '^~i V JJ(j ^ULt j£jj o 4

4jJuLa Jl 4jaaJ 4jj O^iil^J! {j-° ji

Jl i^lu lL ^IjII jj£i Jaijil tiUj ■ l^J f m ^. t i rt ll

^ jl ijuliJl |jjU JL1 (jV V) dlj (jA-* Lsj

. jji JS kii^j .hfl-i. *J *jUaiSVl

jaj j^Wii Jli£>l! ijj l*i4

jji j^jju > iwi jfll<.4 ji\ o* 3 ^

'JjLj JjjL >l±d <4 aLLm JMjLuli .4ilj^Jk

ai^ ' 1 IklJVj j f> . yjl jti.j|l 1 jUaliVl ^ jiliA

o-LJt «**» jjLJJ ci V : e lj Jrtj .”yj4* ^

.ji>rif( <> dJj ja» ■"L^

^ 0 ^ <tLLfi liJ i julill kJjLuj ^ JJl *—ij>aJl ij\ yiAJ \ Jut

*LiJ ■&j-iJJuJk Jl^Mul o-* l Jii£ -jfJJJtlik <lv* J Ki‘ L Lglc.

^ r ' <luL0

jjfjMriJI Jh^

I ji LijJa jjLiA* LKJ (JJJ lIjLuJI <JjjJl tlv*

(jit IxjjIjJI ^tjum CjIaIaJI La n_Ajil1 tJJj ij^

Uj* ^Alli Vt (jit - ^_ij_^ J" ^ u^i [^

jjjtlLuUJ JLti}J ^jjlt Liu tJJj <jl^ \j\ * 1 jjL-u

Jib (^j tiftShb.i ijj)t^j 6* IjjjS u! Jj *^0*^4

,p4>kj yi ojLjj jl J>kj

(ji tLh jJi r^jj^jilJl p^jJ! tJui JUj^ La (j-a^L-uVl <£flU

^.ill lJjJlII bjUllLl J|iAilJ[j bjllll EjLtUlf

■JlM 5 3jgii £hl&Li <*$3 ^jit ^

^lujr' 'Jj)^" 3 j]Lj iXclij |_l^ JjjJl l_i u ^^ JL*JUjji1

IJub iIh* *i*il ^4 is {jJ[ SJLtiB ^ iijib ^jXuJlS bjit

^ ^ ila^wi Lj^£ Lij^xall ■

^ijjJ! JLtt^S L>t LflJ Jjiiu ^jJl <iil! oi J ^ i^“*d

.^L*^ j\ j-o J! jVijjj ILU u^j o'

. Ijjj-jifl J A J^' j:Llt (^i bj^ii JiaJ ^jJI AaJJl L^jl

(Jj jjj£ jJLl iflfi illWj ij) 3^ttH Jbtl^i]l ill rt inT i

;Jji* ^jJl fIlatld .p^iaJI kiiLi^Lbtt £uu p

JLi ij| V) i J_oJLJ V SAtliJl Di4 J *UljJ 6*-^2 "b£^> KjLJf*

OljlfJLbij ‘OL**^ j1>» i>a ^«*iJ L* ^

.("Via) LSjJ|J^ jjjl-h~ .<Lfiil1 JLtl^iJl £j-i -iSjjli Jm* f k n J->^i 0)

■.rw^ -r*i\ -piih I&ZaJ

.rtVyo ^lji p^jJi (t)

.TTttya -JjLJI ^->*JI (r)

.rrv ,j*LJi (t)

,Jj Laij itlfl... .frL-aillj >Hj tA^ull

'Ij+ e j-**^ lililji .“J i\ jT^ I ijOJL* Lu^i itdJj yJ JU4I JjVl <jll£ LaJj

*i*^)JkJl ^Ldl IajUi

Oj^jLaII j^I^jJI [jl <4l£ ULa Jljill

^ J*ft~inh JJl II ^jdJI 3jiVjj .j-u£ Ja J) <iwi IJjfcj

performance it! jjlJI CJj competence

^1**11 jjuII

1 ,i"fc ‘ «VS jli* ci yj CiLbut OJ?

u-* ^ .fJUl^ Jjj * i l . i'v i J f^taili^ j»LiJl jjiLiH J*

&X4 yAidljJ <LbL«ja^lj *<1 jAjJ| jjJlJI

(j^J T J j .l^oll J-oVLk b J^4 yjluJl <J>C ( 'J 1 J

bJb4 Jt < ifl ' l -JL^ Jfc iji^i il J-#1 <j|La^ui ljaAJ Ji

*

U°6^ |w-=^Lj t l i,_>,»a jjj J U ljj-^j itliLouuJl

* <_qLaJ 1 iaAj-ajJl 3 jLlj^ fjaJ! kliLujj Ji ^jJLa

Ct* lijiit \jJ .JB Lfuj ytwti J>=»»J £i1j jj-oV) bJui J (j-o jvcjt

urJLII jjJUi Uutj < 3*j>U

0-* uejWM u*** u>ijA) JjjJI o“

^j&aj <jj. i ibjjjlS (fj&l J yi f^ila JUjJI

yi ^jiLll j jSi SH yjlx* pdl Cj\ jA Li yi j£ 1 j

AjJ^jJI yjL^JI .Vji

i<UI»i±iJ ^^jjLjJI (j^jULll ^jlit (jl ^ ■_* V

njUj Ji jij (jl■ mj| JS Jj£ [b<iilj 411 »ul 11 Ciiiu!^ . I j a ■^ l "
yfi (j^ a l 'i-h_ > ^vUtl !j]j |i^V i‘UiMj IfjL ^!Ii1ji!I ildu^ .^jL^miji

Iplj yi U\**l\ o! ^ o- V ijjil \ 1*U <^U ^ Jij> i j^.L-

J! ** * a 1~i^j f Lr f*^*j LfJ u*Aj]l jj—ij ol t>“

w

.ji.1 Jl jaa& *<,£>*■ 1 J| 5iLSS u-oj

t\v

^Ull Sj^JJ f* Jjfti \jjt

ajjk J J-*' u-° pijji J* fij^VlLt <-aL*Jl ^ jL u JJ

4 _kjjI l*i_A p jaNi^l J <jL£ xaj .<j.jJj

Epj JjLaj glnTI fLabiJl ^jluJl ul Jj tfij :Utjl

jic] bjj J&JU (ji EjLui jt* jUi; jl !ij^J-aJt

WjJjJJJJ ^ "U*" ^JyWjJyhtl (ju ^JJLjJJ ij JH&

J ^jbJl b^ii ^JjbbA jLl*J1 $j& uj*

(Jj J-fcij L*i j Lfeiilaj Lfl J-*J ij\ dl*J i£ jU]|

^j3jj ^Lt jlij iil jj <L»IjJ^ 3JjJiL 3]I ^jL*U J Jl <jfij iU«4lAj

^ J! V l*£J ^jUJ! 0*^

bjii <t^Lu** 5ji U*]\ <u^jLill {j jI^aII J J[ Jj IlgoU^j

r jj2^

A\

<JJjj ^AlJl 3-U>Alll J5J ^jujI 4j! 4j1 ~b l f ~> i tfJJ

jaj^mJI J-c. <4jL*J! 3^piLftll £ticldjl 6j> u!-®

It*/*"... * \ Ij^J -<Jjj juLaiil I fl i-nVi i » l

IjM L$J 0^ L^eU J4 Jill ifjUJi jl

b- 4 <LAaJ 1 ‘bjjjlSJl ^ubLill lajill i rh! \j\ Lol ♦

EjS bJL^J ^dLaJl CiV^taJ^t sj-a jl

.[$1 jJlLi Jj ^jL V J bjl 0-e Jji

.Zj\ jj^fclll bJwl Lflji 4 jj Jill ^ 6* ^‘J^J

jJSj - 1+Ijj ” ^Ij^l j: ^ ^ CmJ

J! tljVl |ij...5i jSj JSj -‘lAcj .yji-fljJVs ^ j^^ fl iH j4-Ji
^Lui! J jaVl 4-A*j ^LLjj J W-J y3sL

.Yi^ .UUtti jb :o^ ^ *j (o)

t^A

J! pin a l^UI J £t*lb I la *Ujj£ <_$jiJ

-Etl^b blft -iijji

JLij J J-aJ *j^iaj]| 3 a_>a^ J J^ajoJ! Aitj

^IjVl J _>laifl i"n~j J ljU ^^laJLd JJljVx 4 Ji * * T

S ^5 % tun" ^-UoLui J-t ^JJI _>LuJ 1 j^JLj I^.^i L i Cia^j f JJi Jj5

<jll\ jLaaII (ji jiailj JjVi ll ,^dLjdl ^LijjljU) jV i l ^l i

d 0>^l £jUw j-* Jin." jAj (jijJl I!* LjU^j <J1

ujilill SjLku Jiij jLxo jLid lift *" 4i* Jit EJJ

Jit iujj j^UJl jjil J=Lij J ^ jiaj .ioLlJl ^J^jlftll ^fjUJl

blft .<14

*

J£j Aliolill 1 jJ_T_ift iVt^J rL^u! ^111 ^.11 *tjVl J Clju Ijlj

L» *M m>lflnfl l_Jj 4-*J uij **ljVl alft *Ljj yj Lull ^Lvj i

j J .rtlfa ll Jt i^ j^7 al Ai Eluli jjlS ub *SljLi—J 1 ^La«j J

^ aLa J | A^jiUJl ^jLJl J**j (jUl JjVl <jfijJU , LpUu^^

u4 yVjJI ^Lli J Uj ^JLLi ^Juil

* 4 _i!Li a 1 ft , IjIaL |J p j t ^ 1 j f'Cill >~t ■

^ ji**\ >i *Jjjb £^jt ^ 6d4^l u^b
Jt IA*\\ -Li*Jtf!l (^jLqII a\ JJL» Lflll JjJlLa , 6 Ait

^ Cr^i J! V L$aU ^jLJI <oj>*

(jl p-fJuft (jLS (jjlil *LlA]| pL*lc \jj> 4 jJ| Jm'm pj JuaLfaiJ

J! H£bU -HIj t>* iInwa! II4A ..Liu [jjj

<Eja*Ij tiljJai Imj Ljjlwi Jj jj! jIjj j^*Uj

J iJ|j JAj| lift «l_i£jjbJ 1 J .^.1 ^.■ ^j|

-‘L'Hj blft . J 4 jjj 4 j&\j

V^jI iujjlftll JLij L^jji I -fcl i wj Jill jJaJj

CjI (Jll tin* J^J ^^Loillj LjjJl jjAiJl Jt j£jj

ililjtjAjJl (j^iU Ifljtr ^joj ^jJ\ jlj-ftil U-* 5 jL* o-<* £“lj 1»X4^

sjU^ 6- (r) ijM diu ss- ,|jun jiu- ,/*

^jlS l^L?" ^ L^* iIll^jSJl UL>^ L>* 0^)

*\j *.i Ld Jii 1>* <al^5 iljil j j fl ra jJL 4jlt (^Als-Ji b^>Jl

jji! u-* <jj1a]| CuV^ |3-A±ll ?Umll tJJ-MjLaJ *>fc*

« l J&ui UlUj) JjLaJj 41 mi i—JiLokJI Sti-* J*> J SjLaJI ul

<i.jJ i> ^JJ Lo '-iuAJ *<ji J-a^i J ^

£jLb J£ lijj ^jjclU iuLaJi <^_p.Y1

-<L3ij JLJl ,> £4* ^ jl <Wiilj Ej- jSj

oi aJYJI *uiju o* -h# ^ -W*n >

Ajua .^jjjl^ UYj \j*~i*j (jlj (^jYYjJl *hIa

.itiula

^ LJ jL*ail ILjjIj

«m U * "

^ juiL -YYaMj ^Sl^l <> <SJ~*

d l;v J l jLit (j^liU Jji >-U^ jU .<iiJl *Lali 6*U* 1 -Uj La

.^\J=*.y\j (jjiUi ^ tx'tJ tfJJ—J< *1 a*^ 6- L*i ,QU

Ji fcjW* £fj^ U# Lf-^

:UU1 J*i Jj3L « Jjjjji uiU '-^j *U^

□k JjN Cib -JjHj jljiOH u& ,4iLLt frjut *U1!

Jji ■ JU& #li!1 jY i^jlaj JJ^3 ajj .EjjiU*

Am

Vj < 3 IuJl hJVj V J i |jsf* jjt *-**£ pij

‘Luj-Ji L^j) jjkL nn It'll) o-* Ll4 ,^^4*3 ,^11 ptLall

U?J

0±* bXc)ji ^ ^jjLSH jj< n~n Jujj

. Mj—n <Li-iIj JSj ut^wi JS Jjku V jjltitfl I!* ■ 3 ^ jVJlj

wiLmiV) uoj JajjJi (ji* HVj Jjj L* jti bill

^j^Aj <a^LuJyj iii>ni[j fjjLS Ja^ 3 ) *JafjJl )jLA CiYYj £jJluj

«UuI

.ji3 £L .\

V Jj ^j"\j £AJ ■ t *y <V

p-

■ 4#*" ^ J ^

pL (j'< iimlLi .1HAj. jS.1 Il l .jtj ■ IJLa

Y$ £jL I ^n Jl < 1 m» JLtil UJ^J ‘UuIj Jj LfjjiS

jjiJuLtai 1 um <i (jl «mL (_f JJl jjYi Lsi *Guj

3 ^jTtl lj i j L nnU {jjj Jg^jll ij^A tjiV) ^j-4 pl& WJJ21J

^ jTill jio-t.i Ujt (_fj (JjiJJi JjLu

jij^ai j 4 U jjiiinj urjiJ jij^al 1*14.5 ■i ) i i^'I 1 i

I^Dl |k^J| ■Ij j ft 1 nj 'Mini yfl “ ^IjllJlj

(JJjLa LftJJU ijlJJll jl Jliil 2u£j JaH^-Uj 3LAiaJ|j <Lu*J) (jii

*

[J-fll^C. %*** J I J4j ^-ij-1 ■*■" jliLjujl 1 LL*J iCjLjJjJl

™ »

LaJj L jt *1 jJ^1iJJ W. aid j^LaJI p*£aJl JjLu tpjaAJ 444 Ija

Jdij £jA*J 1 <jl J) J ^ *jjl-iH i> (di»i£ j*Y) ol5

(j-a jjJ'ifjit t-iilaJl Lija^ ^ ^4-i-taj m iJhm <ia^uj

jl ^ Ljjl ,jLc I^jJ) jJuj ^1) julUuJl o) <4lLjidJi a*i4

*LfJ jju pll 4 j \ , t \ j Jl*. ■ lj

M j^]' j*=*

tUfuJI jbi u-fl

i^iLMiVf I<JJn Mt,\ La i(jjdUUI Iji
UiAU jl fijijjla J! gfcjj

^jlc jl jiljj ^.it jAt 4 jjLaJI *$& .JtlilL

:L*i* Sgljyi jiJj ^L-J «*ii -j ^* 1 k>* *> r-j ^ 1

Jjbi > -j iiiVli m$ - £jjji-aJ I *UU^ iijUJij? ^ijSyi

* *

jLliVl Ajja <jA LajjjLjJ k>“ ^*jLs L|Ljjj#|

.uliil^ 4]/1 ■■_" I' luiLiii

yi JJj jqJoji .^jij.i.ti Jaj SjjjS ^jLit f

dl^ I * 7 tlLlj jJtjl

^jlt Luj f<Ad ^kiLI jJ Ixu -4^S tiiljLit uj .(jjjLilLj

j^jS jLfciVl (jj jjSS ,ji Sj jj±*m l»i*

ujjLill u! jjLwj «ZiIjLiJI J*' ^ 6jj

U (jlt i_jjjl*Jl J! d^jUJl tjite ULj CiljLxH bi4 j

Lj|jj kliljLldl 0Jjfc JjtiJ {J^ L>« S*Ul kJlii -i3f“

^yUl ^Aju jJa LaS *jjt (jujJ 4 j1j * S j iLfci J -oa*j

yi LmLvI ujSj <jl ,j!| flj Mfl li rifl j ^LlJ! 3 j

SjjljJfi v "'■ ilia LJjil ^jiat 6^

jl^Sll oi M IjIj .<ii ^ jk" —

,jj]| L_j^jjJl <1 h> tfL <jl L4J Cui \j\ US ^{j^tjJi jjj
jljill L|iV« 4 itaJ

JJjJ^ jdii *ul* U*“^Jd \ i y '* J!

■ ^jbVi *Lisn *j (^)

Jjj Liu# O^oJl IJLfc fjlS <u£j^JL 4 Cujj ! j\j

*

-p ^^ Li*-* ^»> 4 ^ f ^ U^ *^L*j,j*i* Cujj pJ U|j .^ 5 jj;jJi

4 ] fj^jjLv #3 J i 1 I »n it JLaJl bi* Ijh uJUUuJi v±UJL£ ^JdLi

Ciil£ t^jJl jjVl ^iL L*ajl^ tjjLjLicI

^jXrjJI Jj ^yili j >*.a 1 1 4ic j]

-^SaJ! itlxl^j LgJjii jt

Lj JLtal jji ^j^u-wil ^VU ^io£lulJ L± 4 j

<LsLA ijVit J ^Lai*. Jij] yjj^i fill LUJ ^*jjJLaJl

L^il^ j^-wjLLJL Hjmp..II (jJLloJI <^a 3_u>ilill C>¥¥jJ 1

.^yuaJL^JI

^Luit italic

M

3JL£aJt ^ Ljji) ^^jjaUI L*iV«v. ,/jj . - 1 .-j * 3 ^ ^ *L *^

■"■ ■■ M

ji i 3 * L^j ^aIaj ^H! <±JJ 1 .^Lin Jl *LJ#Vl l-u^aj 4aJ

J>i fiuid^aJI hJJjJ I_LA£j L^jL J^ui 3 yjJl ^Ulfl * ^ 1 *^ Jf\ -rf ij

Jj-ij OjJ J&LkiJ\ Sj^jJjlv jj*a3j ji Jl&l ^ V ibLuVl ^1

^4 y-uL* Jil Vj jM ifl l jL-a

(jt 3 -a pfijll ^iti iAjcjuII lii 4 j

^ Cu^i Vj *><- 4 ! J^ij ^jl gjKt i M . j V ixa.1 0 l-“ V ^J-C-J^
JljjVl SlSj JllU (ji a^L.T-.-j V IjL^i *4jjlj 4 ^JL^J La 6 jii_uAj

^.a.jjj ^J[ Ljt Jjjj (_£Jj JJj]I jjiill ^j—4 jaJA11

1 —. V,i u\ (Lfw * ^*V\ i ^lt ^ 3 ^a ji ijljlLfcll IJLdt [jl

bJlA ijl f ^Li=^l\ ( 3 d

lujjjd jjrjt j 1 jiullj 4 {_£jjjla 2 jiki Lajkj i^LLkj Lla . ^LucYi

^*“Vs <Aj

<tj,Aott ‘U^jlJl tlA^aJlj o^jUU Jjbi U& f iS aAc.

^aju ^LiJi w^l* ^ o*^ J! ■wAr ^ijii ^!j

Aj^-uj JLi-i <jjij-iJ\ jkJ*^ Elii ^jjj* luJ

lj\J <j-Lu fiiclj^t (j—iljSU i>j£]U]1 0jj Ur4*

J ^ajjjCri tfiV I^JlLJI Uu4 jjjnlll <a!u Cijj

J! JaI ^ ^ - (V) ^^ jjii'

.d > >4 jjiJl ftLli 3 K1 . » ^ a <ji

J^\j ^LJ ^ ^ ^ 5-fcSa-*

. jiV\ fi£aJ1 l>c i ah^ ■ pia. fl*4^»

Jj-L»Jfl l^-fl* JS 0^ ub U*^ Jii***^ tlw ^ JL>^ J

( «J ^ >4 ( ^UI1 j*k» (^aII y*£tflU

jl -iji>5 Vaj^I jjua; LijLi

olii-J! y4* C^ U * 1*^ ^ '**

<bjl>4j ujjlliJ 4il2utf jUjVI ^jII

Lj J_£Liil lUuJlj j^jiaiJl JJ^Ji (j;U 4d^UJl J! tji ltV-^

iLa 0-> . JjSU u* “ \u (Jp * lA4^

o>iU (jri jU- u! Jj . y a »M ll ^ 1(1*^ Ot^L*^

lf Lj.I 1 -Lifll <j[ J ^ 'J JJ+bZ

LaS LUi ujSj ui l4*j ut Jl ^ ^ -H

ujijj ^ Lui Ojif ul 0^*i5

.HT^ ^LJ! ^.^1! (V)

(A)

ljojM t# i a I*!* (jtUN <Ldj) jluAdJl

L.jJj j j ii.i il i uA V kAJJJj ,Lid t>a >^m 0-° (JjbtaJl

^UJI :Ujtj
■**

<1 J*.^ « jAj iLiLi^ jJull u-* ijjjjili^

C *\-*\Irunatlj lalilVl 3 £*jIa >Ai2j ^j! L»t I .1 i-n \

laUfVl 1 j iinATi ^+t\ <jjijli«U i_0jAj 4jI ,^1 31 "■"u.tJl

jjSifiJl *Uiil O^li oi Llj .^ Ull-U j

T jiiiU Ciljij -H>iij

iIm J! y-*jj '-flJ L >*!)l^

<jL iZluII ^>*3 ols JJjj fULuJI J <LuxJI l^ltVj
.‘LdlAJl p^jluAi 4jJ i^Lill <Jj

■ 44

^ illiiJ i ^iUl LfllVj jjt <LaJ£H £jAJ

*d]j^ vdij JjJLaj frJLuij jjl La ‘UajIjJ yjAlij J1J JLa_*

■—(j^ ClLJjjJI jLfljjJtiJl £ .jJaJkll

4j^Vj1^YI ^jLjI^IitYI <lijk i^tjUa ^ pjjjifcJl

.^Ul U, ^ ^

► * ^

l**b tA i*J <jb ^ Lsh+Vj) wl u.^.> 1i j^j 't^-k LjUUj

bkLft uIijLc. Ijj-fl *ub L* a -U,jj ^ JA.Ij 4j^ ^1

* "■

.Lillj £cLkriA*Jt tjj* A JJtJ j\

LM dJj £-ajU ^i±>»3 ^jLjL 4 o^jlill

<<Uj*A |*jl mm^ (jdLi^jLitl J^l «_a^c. jJU ^Vl gull -iflc pK^|
J (3\jj) Jla^j ^Ia )j|A jl.«l1l tllA* 11 I*£a fuLiull kJ^£

JLilIjI (jl ^jtjJ jgUftil L 1 ^ ^j~.*. a 1| ^aAa

Oitt

I „.^ jai »At ,j l ^SJI pi^ l ’t^ 1 ' S J^ 4? jL *

« >>

US JJjj Ajilja-Vt OljjjSuJl I> Sjla Oi'j 5 *'

J, *u Jji .wav ;uj (n) i»Sjii tf i «as>an > c-*» ->*

“^isii lit j ^jjj i-v iLJSU ijtJ1

:d] j Jji ^ Ujjilt Jjj fU U i*Uji l+! h n . rv* ni l yiUJI

ijUJlj UL-JI Ejljj :EjW'
ijUjJU Itli-sJI >0 j
iis_>i)l f u : JI>JI

iiS^I <j3'^* s jj'j

ojiU fisj Jjj JUtVl U.jUJ 5Sjill : ' Ai * 1 '

.JjikaJl oilill

3^'U^l ) ijVU kuaj (jt iLi <> ^Ad 3 ^' ^ ^ ^

j\ UjU=i ^ *u*ui *ui!n j-a ^ ■*&

U4I jllj ^.Ul iAj j\ .tfjla-il j\ .JUil^l

2 tU jiiJl Stiujati

lit ^ jdSW' ,> *5^' j* 5451 '

k. ,uju .uSisii t> tijii itui ui .y* y* 3 j 1 -* 3 *' ‘J 1 * 11

jSyi :^j! ■MS*'* ji' r 1 ^' c->* s* jU ^ * J ^

.tvr^ ,t... .yuu yjsii

* *LAdIl 3 t_n i \\ jJ^jhl^JI i_u]Ljit

*

uVYj i I yj^jlill

oj L^ll jt 1^2] oi LgjLi {j-d jp^Sj * \

u>*L5 <1 h» (£Vd) EjUI ij-u SjjuH ^a jiLi jJu *iUi

\±A Jjlt ij[ La 4 J^Ljjij J^V LUj /(jjjjVt wL^ixil

™ M

(jfjSrfi *LlJ ct—lJjX. ‘Loji H JiLiJl

* jliliJi I 4 I# Lri&Ai ft ojjlii\ ^ 1 fair |>aj.riiaJI ^jijJL

.^a^Jl £j jLui

^jLt cJj ,^d Lu[^

JjVl uiS^iill yi >L tsrjJl ^iljIiVI tjJJI yi L^j

: tv) ^1 js*. r ii>.i (or.) sjui 6-

■

i^aJI *|j| Jjj 1 1 mU i uL |^j ^ej~."*H pl^‘" IjJ (i)

Ljjj (j-iiil *^o*Jl j! jjLJJ ijtuit

tuLa^jJ! jjLluJ b^rl

t ja tljlj ^jjrtl l |1 i L i w3 J^j ^ 1 ■-! *- ljL Ijij

jiLi C>* jjii ilyiy ^jlua ^uJl £jLlU

.4id /olll tlii'Liil 1 tLa till

C&** u^La ioj-lJl fj\

I fhJLOl JjJ tjj'lj* t ^A 4 2dljdukl\ ^jJiLaj Lji^i dilajj
<La jljtL wj Jaj^ult i—iji-jJ (jl ^qjli 1j~ 4j) . Lu^lj

.‘Ujij JL L* yJ[ 4*4 j 2 6^*d L*

'hflijj < JLaIj kjLdjXl ^j-a jj L±LSJ

^J J^^liJl JUjlS ijl^l bJia |^i jjw H

J! yU-Ji aJuk ^wji ^luij jl

. .^LJl jUjrfil y ‘j;*^ y*Ad yji *j O')

,<_Lj iZiLolluJl C>* O^T) SjLiJl jj

L* jic bjLJl ali Ci. ^ t iii

ftrv) bjU\

^lj + l^tLuui t> J! jhjl j*i-

:^V! J^Vl ^ -> ^ *-Lfc! ^

*

J! f<J '>^ ^ W 5 ui* j! ^ ^ ^

»4a^jJ|

£a j! ^>daJt JJ ^JL>^ ^ (J^ ^1

d ^ \ t ^J jl 4*aLaJl dLa-ti yi ^4^,? 'j! ■ ^

jfl iaJuyw bjV^i J J ^ ^ ^ ^1 ,£

u^ jIj isj*^ u* ^ *> e'j 3 J ^ ^ ^ ^ 0

^LAiJ! «lUi*i »M ^-& kiU j

L^ik *L^ L*

^ilill iU-* <SjLJ' »j^ IJ* Vj** 1 ' ul C-i'j 1 ' t>
Lj^iJli .LjtU- ^ jl .tfjltjJI t> 1> > blU C^i *

i jU-.ll - 1--^ ¥ tfill sr -iiliil >»J <<J t5>^' 44*3 SjjSUt
I, -i-. ijLJI ,> i jjSJJI CiVbJl v* *J*W 1> ti**- 1

Jllj 0- -Jl» J 5 1^ “v 4 ^ ^ ■“ .

i ^Lf. Aii -uijjVt iLjiiJl a>ili <>• (*■') ijUl s^ ^ ^

: (J jL u ejUU al*

ftp) SjLJI

lJhS nJjVl gjrtfca *L£L£J1 JULbuVlj ■ *J * 'l

caYUl

^LJ <ij—Jl (jl (1)

jiSl jf\ i‘i jadj (i— i)

jLJL (h-u J-a-b ji arfjLJi ui Qt)

l+ii U*Ll Ij) ^jUI bit ^

u^jjl ^ * *1 *.1l jl ■ ‘ t iJ ^ *j .|jjL La {jLt JjG

i-

jl Jjll KuiAJ l_ul£j I^Ljl k_ul^ lj| J*Ldj««Jl

iili iii jSj tjLaJI J ijj> |ijc.j]1 ^jLcj .^jL-JL a^j jj tjfiS\

iju4U bJ^lj) ^UL^ lfl"^*^ ^JLiaJi uk Ljj^j ^LLi^ JjYLi

* ™ #

.^jij-i $5jLS V Uaj^t L|x.L^l^i jlli i jjjJ

Ul L&*i

4ilYiiJL«VI ^iLJI {L^jL^

Jj. jOli f jj jii jiiJI

iJVjCLiiVI Jj*L>a. ^jjVaJI jSaII o-*^? .tiiVjaji^ <ljVi jYjILcJ

V <AlJuj) jl ft'i-hY) 4ul\ j J aL (^*111 JjLi <il

J Uiki Cujj 4uJl J! JJJl 1.14 (jije

<ilil (jl (jS^u Lt ^jl ijl (jm JYaiLuiYIj

4 4

,Lu^ V Liiij |tlatl Jbj {_fjJl (Jjj ^OjJaiJl

'ijbiLJl iuU \+i\ ‘UlYj^wiYl ^L^adJi k-ulLuiVl yj JjcsYVj

j T ‘ 0 <lui jjLoJl 4 j jLjJU ^A c^jJjVl klAjIuil (jjjli JJ-i

(iLifc ■U' j ijjSj ^ipi iLtjyjljj ^iiL ^jll iuLuJI 4bJa

l\+3* ip 00 SjLJI ^ ^L*u UjSj

(?) bjUl

ClUuJl jfcmJil

.r ,V IbYl

>Yi cui L^j^i Ijl Ahh uL^u -yWtt

^LlJ! jj*d l>» Sjt_3-u3 [j4j ttSUS j»*Vl 0 ^-“ 0^ Ijjj

ullllull U>j^i j \ j * t>fl JJjS yJ US <J-^J-“^

CL-II Oh^ 6- (w) «UIl 6- JjVi S>11 yi Jkii 6-

jl Aid Yi i<Lujij yi jjiJI i£jUJl aJLxJI V .^jjVt

(jjiiSjj jjj l 'j^j 1 SjLoil bid - ilulj £Jj1j -0 OJ&d

lUjt

j>1 ^ cJ'jVaII itimtl Cx3&± Y (1)

<J Oj^ti 0^ *U* <jU tfjUll l>1 *"^ Or 1 )

' llj^'^ l > 1* ^111 j i& j) ^uUltj iljVl aIuJLs

* lf *" oi yi

tjjjli Cyt (tY) SjLJI yi US ‘O^Ui JUS> o^; ■Mj

yjj-Jl y^VSlI LjSjj Y" lyi U > u«3 y^l yiJjVl wUhJI

oU*>N p&JI U 4 L^i J—i* (J £?M ^

"jjdVl ^hlll J^jJ US U4j -ijl il l m
*■

yJAdll W*Jd Y CO

*£jL^j] 1 yj pS*J! l*U J Irttj (J Cv)

Ajfl ^U=H tfiJI ^11 yi .yl±i *U iliuH ^ U

Jjuijl AUuaJ lyjjjVl <jJ-Ai^ yj ij-Z' j Ullti ^ J

('l^) bjL*J1 L*£ iLjAid V'* _$\ jLujj^ "CtAT ^jLcuJi

L* 1 _j*=kJ4j ♦ lX^LaJ) l><

M

On) sjui

; *i>4VX' jL=^' >&«j

I p-

|vJ r i iLu^ii I 1 a1u 4 ^<1 ^1^*4 iL|j&Le jjXt

ufi=

nt

itijlolll ^dluJI yj iL^UfLa] ^ " <jj£j (JlJ ^IriAJ

fjaLj ^iu [jliji i^iJald tlul£ lj|

.r

idVjdl 4 _i3lOII ililj l-jLmJI ?LjllL^

*• - * + +

oUill ^ jlSjt 6- 0*j ^ ^jli^I

6*14 .hA1Ji£ ^jjtiJl jj£i3H (j^jl {>■ Lf^ 1 ^ .<jjLuxjVI

i_Aj ^ ^>Aaj jjlc sLuH *-i3j J! >i-il

■™ * ™

3j *■*■ [| UVj ^jj I^a£ jLi jjj *Li, iJ^aj l ^-1 t*j

4j UajjjH> Xj iOj; *y^*J *LT^* UJ^d <jl UjJ

grj'^l j^jllllj ,4ilbuj 4juUd t>“ £ 3 j^ 0^ ^

iJjjtj ^sLua3^Vl (*5Ai-» 1 " cjJJ* 4 *.* (_>aLuu^Vl Jjlu yjjjVl

ijA&jJI |_£JL&[ £U*U ^Ldl^Vlj ■ IjLA

jjijiViJl (Jjjj \j[ Ldl »J^jliJl Ca jSlmi JIa- ^ <1S I>14 Jflj-mu

«■

<J La jfLjI UAJ f jLa*J 1 j wfolt jljSlt jlj_uaL 3 u-i~iA n h

.^u-iii j- ji^t v ji

.Tir.jo .^jLyi *uai .yioiii -j (ii)

jnn a u±}lJ ul L>“ f*#4i

JjiU <AjU — J>Jl — Ej^iVl &jj 4 ol tfl -^>1 <U^^Laj

.iAIj 1^ ^1 l C> -Ji^ ^La

<L^iLd <iajj jA J (ji-t JjJj 1 >i 4 uV* <w r aj !j)

kJiU. J-t - ^Kii lj) — tjjjLSJl .^JyixiJl 3ja^Lal JL>*JI

(Ji Jli JJj Jl*j , Lfc^ljV l > u'lC 9 j*4u >4j < t>t ^7jhjill

*U ^j-ai 9 juLj iL^j^uii (jl £tla 4 _i^iLd

(j^jim tjflj -‘iUj jili- Jlc. 0^^ uau pJ L* *L|ifcio 9 j^iLd

jjj ,J^5U ij^ Skfcu J* ui ^LJa (k ^j k/^

.JjdVl IJLa ij£

<«jJL *j!>ii ^l^.j tM Xa-J <ji tliljljlll

Jj. JUL A! j Jjo L Sj1j 4 ^Ul^uJI oLi^luaiLi uj ^*~>^ *^

{ *yi^* ji ij'lln V^i* CM lJ ^* *

."m . >■../*" ^lf 'SjLit jjj ^UJJj m jijk? 1 . 1 J 111 1 1 '

J£JL." J-*H 0*^ > («V) £jLJ 1 ^ A* -Mj

jL^U J*it k> iiaJ ■ .*} ' »* ■ tA* *t>A>^

^jj 1L4I Immjj U nKJl Ojjuj i-jLfcrfij .JLaJIj 6^

M

4 14

<jjj 3 fljU; lZjIj Iji AI 4 tjj&i *! 0 ^*J

^ *Li U ilia JJj L># . JVlJI jpLj£)ft ^ *-O*0 ^j4 j£^ ul

j^Vl ^ *3i£J J Sjb^l ^ v\ 9^^ U*li JajJI <*£« jljJ

ui iji^ V <ii liJj ^*±3 J*

£* jUjVU L 4 I jjaj Vj C^** ^ (iJ ^ 33

-I-

<jF® tjaj m' i n jjc Lai I \ |ll ■<-»! *ol-^ \ ^Jj i .iiiri" <, jljdVl

/ ^-aLiJI klfljiil hH^Imah jjlL j|

<J*±£1\ ^iUJI ;LoC

J >*i ju$b jjlt JdZi

X j i u li n i Ej^> 4 1 ^Vst j AiiL^y CiLiJJI ^ SjjjS

Lh» 1_>±i£ Ojj *( * |lKl~ii n j O^LU^Jl <LLoaJ fbjuiij

<VA- (JJft) ^JS ^ L^Su |j}i .ULill ^ ^UU ^uJl

*i*J$ ~(p£&Jl) 4 a1£ i±Ua$j ^JaJ |^>i <L*»u La ^jLc. Ujj I aI ; > ^ j

Ia4j ^ (iJij) J 0^ V) :^1 a lilj J*U CiUlS

. <ft i *jjJJj Vl l^iaj x3n^~^»H y ^tulj

Z^jL La ijljua J

<£ s^ii 1o EjUt) L^jLU ^ p-J u^LOj Vi ^

uluJl LaLuaII j^mb ui£ ^ ■ ji ■ -

( V 5> IV EjUI) «JLii1

*Ud£j iipjd i^Sj^JI ^lij yfLc ^iili ui y^lc-

(^ i>fl 1A ijUil) U\X+ cl^ illi jAl ^ Sa*b

I jlj^ ri tjl^w jjhLd illJ VI LflL^ij frj Mrlj-th j^u V -

(^ S^Si H ijLJl)

^jLc *L#Lt 3 j 44 ^L*3aJ JUUr ij^aAL «aJl i—

(V \ 6jL*Jf) jji jfc n / l EjL|^ jPcJj.Li <j-* Jili

.1 ^A\ sO juft ^UJI ^lii 1U+ T pjj Jji (U)

^lu CjLU. CjU cf>^( 'jtSj-i ililjljl ^

{Vi SjUI)

Si* <J j'> lA LliJ^yaJI lj\Sf\ ^“1" *

(-4 Sjii Vi bjldJt) *■* S^iliB Jjt ji ^ j i i-fc^ ■ » 4^1 1 <n4

>«Jl J&4 ^ *4-sV\ ^ j3*^ ^

JaiiSlt u^ili 1> °\ SjLJO (** j 3 ^

o\ SjLJO jj* £S^' ^

.(^jj^Vl iji'ilU u^ (v)

i> ^AS <4** 4“ *4^ u* 3 ™ ^ ^

L i_. .i^t i ^jLj \Jjall CuIj *iii Iliiin" ^ ^^Uill

j^J! ■ JuinU ^ ^jSj ^1 4^1

I<JJjjVl t>® Ci\ J* Lb ^ l4j^*lJ

U* fllJ liiwj V^* 1 ' J±i3J *bi>N U“A>

(^cLalt J l>j ii ijLaJli)

, i .in* ^ yj<- y* 1 ^' *VjjjL? <->“^j

iiLauji jb-l c^ii 6. ns sjWi) ousm ti* r^

<W*m

lA4 *Liii3j ulilifl y^ JdJJ^ s>W

(iiiL^I a>i^ 6- £V"l E.A-J1)

SjUJl) ujjUlt IJui > ijit'l l o>*^* *J“sHJ

t> TA ^

EjLJI) li* ■i.fov <-^J

.(joluH iJJ^jLS L>4 \^V

4JLua.¥1 :U-Li

CiLoi^ 1^44 Jja ! . <jtI- j O| jl>l

u* *U LS " - jj*i" ' Ji- yii Jj£

V* £jI*J|) I** jji j^u -

(i&2}\ ^la *> (i)

JjLil* J iUjj^Jl ^llj Kjtll l (ji AjjniJJ

bjl*ll) Jit Jit ^ l^Juil 1^4 dLjrii yjj ^Jull Ca*U

cA^JJt <jj-iL3 l>a (i) Ejdi V T

i*i\ -1 . 1 IL flr j^usLkil ^aALaaII 4*^ .Ml £j\j| ^..1-^ ^1

EjUJI) JLajYI 1^4 J ^ j "j (^1 ji ■“ 3 L. v (jj

■CijjVt u>ili t» Jijiivr

49

tliiyi^U M^iU

•^’ "J *' 1 jl k Ji** iM L>* L* f*£a. Jllu| »liiyu l. .-.ij

j>aU* .^.jjiiJl JjVIajiI^VI Ejjal <J *Ujyij

jjS ,^4 ^uyll (jl Jj

■JjL-

bLuJl dJj 3-ijJj-* J^*-3 <j**

£j\ i n*i 1 l i j miii fjojdtj (j-a i">ii j *i£ o£j |fj *■ '2 *7

^j1..i n ^pit l , J j j$ j .ftlmt j SLuJl ^

l|J oil |*J SU.L^ opl>“ ^lx. t_*jj IJujJj .<ii

.I 4 L 1 UJ <jV iZul£ oiiljji *Jj3

^1 [JjSkJ J *L£l^iU jj-wiii 04

*4ajVI jIjaJI ^A *Lai La£ <Al Jj ^LJl tlAlj | i yu EjLo

6\0

\^oV 3*.—t (iT) jiij ijijSaJl ilil J>«i Ojj^i jilj

2 . '., - . w l> -Q~ ^tl gjjkj i^kt TTV^

.<

‘W JyH u*Uj " eY ^ On) r=j ‘WV OjM >4

(jijjVl tjtnH jjjiUi ,> >n ijLJl) •"■'« ^ (* s )
l»Jij ^iL^ilJI Jjjlij tljaJl ujjli : 4^' >-*

j:...t (T*V) (*ij ‘^V’"l ll*J (VI)

Jt ... <i-J («^) |*3j JjuuJI ojjljj .^V'V

>V iiij ^jjVt c.L^i*ll u^li O* iVo ijUl) dlj >1

.(■GiLijjj

6- u'l SjUI) m. *i-l (v\) fJj >*« uptf >4

.(>J> uMl

^Ijill 6- -liJl o»^ =4*' uAi& >12

Jj| ... uri <i*J (1A) jjj Ji*Jl u>iUj .S y.jh ...la l 1

(yjjjin zteaU u>is s> v r sjUi)

*■

jU-J! ^ 6>U -yull J^VIj L^iVb uPWB
^♦• ; u...iiii ^Lsit ft&Urf o>*ii3 <^i"i *^-i (m) i**j

0 >U <> (tv) SAJI) £l) •>■ Uty <i-J (i») >J

,(<j!lLjja jiV Uij ^LJI

■-.i t ~ fiSj L >iij yill >tVt |tSLwM > »Viiy'

. a ‘.Vi. .. VI - Ja. (> >* L#JJ( (*SaJI £-“* aij C**3 -W“ ur'- 1 '
j> 5—> jl Sjljj <> 4jM 4^ l * S “ ^

j.<>. y^ili JJJ— Jji .JjaJl <*£» «=“1S jjj Ot—-i-

.ui .y ^Vj .LiiJt JjJi

t^jLJ! ^LuaJiii Ldjjudj ^sll ■ > ■'»'

jiSl j Sola ^lc , \ * 1tj [jjoLill ^!j3 J£ oU Li*

^CjAArf j\ frjUJI o-*»

■ Uut <jJ5a L&JUusl yUll

^jLjpfcJI j£j 3-* 4-j-wVl <LmjI£VI Aj£j£&JI CAamIjJlIJj

tJjiLiU Ul .Aall j^ju ^lll '-■>! «*

p<l-^ .11 3 * jJUaj AdlduJl ^l£&Vtj7 4jl>« (J^Lu ^Lfc f^Ldl

UDaJI i^iliJI jj|j

U -M

CiVLaJl ^jyA a 1L& i^Lc 3*Ki Aji ^LiU J^aVl
l!)Ij 3*aV 1 jji IfjV 1<Ul»litl 3j" ■*■ JjiAaj l>i4 3 d lLmiaJIjj ibjl^d
^ Jj^ r fj-*d jjjti.4flj jtjLLa tZilj IN £jLLa

Ifcji u*+£j

<UljJ\ ^jIjjiJI *\*y \ <<1S lifJ

t>4 AjjV^ yi id dJj LwdJ - LfcJ 3 ! jjALlL

ji S^Lii ji LtLuij 3^ ^H^Lt Mil l>*

*■ j j

w** JjWu V l«l^jtj UlLb ^ijlw jl < I 1 lljl

.(T *.,» .'H SjUl)

yk 0-» L»* Jj j**i iln v*'*i

,> \ ijii .rr sjUi) ji *26 Vj-* u*ji

0>lli

(fi jl Ijtii ji SjLfi ij6t |>UJ j"t k-fllji ji iJji

L.U^ Li uj-> LU1 i^oU <U X1I i> Lklu. <u.jlJ3

1*1

U-a jl c>* 'r^^i

*

_(_!jA;J°+^ (j^jU i># TVO SjUI) IjUjJ (X

4-tJLufljJl jflLkaJI Qt M & i^Jlj

h ntr V + »

(jl ^4^' Xj jJj! “ Jt4 fvH** ^

(4! ^ ^ Cfl 'iLi Vj IJLi p>4d ^ ^Ql! ^al^

.j^r.ll 6 1 a . .wi Ja,i SlhJ^ uj£j ui

jj ±UJ ^Uli Uyn t (jSH ueji^ill J!

Jl 4 ^Lji (^Uu Jil J-* ‘p-HlP* i3^“

<Jj .Zifftj Li *jLa^Jl IJufc yi UjISHmiI 6*-i ^ ^Xl ^

j!x Ji "» «u*Al ^ !LaSa “

4 -ui t >UJ JjLS ^ Lu4i Ijlji JJj -M» J *^W

V jcljjjtt U J>« ut LLJ1 l*£* ^

jjV HiLa^t 0°) tjLJl '-ftlLu

tj] Jj J£ t>a UUu iiLuJl J*" SjL*J(

*UJ) j\jA <jl-» ^ u^ky .o*M ^

.° r) 0*i>JJ j_kfc bnl^brtH jL1*1

.UJl <dVj <> £>3

jlia j,| *UVj ■"* (jl u^*i$ ii^Ai 3JVj JJ

lJul\ LfLij ( CiLjji*M jt>iL£ jl>fl t>ai* (ji -13* U** 1 * 5 J^ JLjI*ji 1
ji ujaj “ o- js 11 Li ju. 0) Sjiiii (in)

ij-ali ojSj j! ujj *L <5^ ”

^ L,1>JL|j -x-^l ^ ^ VAX

Ojj^* J l b^ J

^ *j 0T)

tUt) l^lLI(J j ) jjS^^j

' a S'l lul^ridiL JLlJd ^Jliii (^yfl ijyLy^ *CLji

^LuaJI pU iul^tdJI ai4 uitj .lujjlil(j (^lifluaVlj

»

j] .iiji* ji .su^u. LUAirt j j o^i ^«-». uj Vj »

IaL fJ&jlj—ail Ijjlf ijj$2 bAzJj jh-i£ Ji| o^J *4_jjVl t>c 3ijLi
tJ-ilj 3^1 mnj iLgjlj *^iU1 W J ^jII ?~ii!\jtu Jjjjujl ^ll ^Ul ^_>dJU
I j'"*'* 4 j£J1 ^Lul^ 3 .Ju|jdJ[j ^L ulLi

^ Ail JjiJ V OJ (■ J*JJ L*JS U J JjJaj tSJ^iJU

V orf O^UJ UjJ tflirill ■<—tjjl JLW L*_J ^Lti 4j ^ fl yi

o4 ui (J^Jj Ia4j ^Lul <i£r ^,1* S!j-*\ jijaj

,4i *J‘ AA Jj£ JU&l 41# jj£Vl i Juit LuaJ

gjjjlSfluthttllr]

^jajtai i^yilil! i-iUuJl

^.UIjaJIj .iUiljJlj .j-VrlJl pSli-Jl y* KjjLiJl

111 mm^.\ ^j]l WLaJt £ljjl U* jUaiJt % * ^Vi

<U^J\ <-ALj .Wilt ^a IfiA - d-1 djJ “ <•&] .W*J! UlL»

ijaJI ‘U Ltdjj U tA4 .jjuLill u±j Ul^ilt j jfrfcT j

fcjji ^">1 d J* ailu. ^pilall

:cUJl W p*V t-Uj

£-£±Ojl\ A

Lpj>4 £-ij

tjjji Lu-J* LiJj ^ 1*4*^ ^ ^«P t n ^

i_iLjMii tjj Lllx^ — >4j “ 4i nji) IJ^ -vLLaJl ji^J ^ ^4*^1

jLi ^ U*j .<u J-ibaltj <lL3a**l f*-*i

^a ULij .Jiill llL-jJi u* iWii* tjjfri ^ u^j

<wii Cia^t uj2£j# lulj jtWlt uji* ul o^d ^1

Ca^^j £• J+i ^ >»^l 'U^“

+*1\a uj^j oi J

iLli <W> (<J l>iV3li *3-^ C 1 * 3 *'

^*U1 ^JLLull jiuii iLLi <ibj >“# Jjt J^U

jJki o* ^ Uliluj l*i4 i^c

.^jjtfJl biLLaJt iiJ jjjS

J-^'j ■*

<44 j[ U^**3aj V JjirtAll lj jLaj)fl o! JUj

3*1 iJ^IXb (j| .lb (jl ^LaA* ,jAiJi \dA o^H

t^Hfc 3*Ul *<14 tlAJ fjAJ i-jLLaJL

.^Ull ^iLLJI ail \j&4j

J^lai \j\ i^ jHi->i ^HojJl JjUil Ck£ t^f* J+t“

j j . nftt i -t^jirf ut i»“ y J£

EjUI ^ |JliiVl Jit CllldJt jl iZ*¥\a11 *LaJ1mi 1
jl^* jjAift SjiHT* £i 1 j£i jjaj* JjmiTill ^ 4 ^ p£jla^|J 1

iiitSjill as** *> (W) SjU\ ^ o5N -u^l

W EjUI

:LHlt\ 4 I 1 LUI j^JI u‘ —■ ul

44 *4 * n ^ 4 at*

:HlJ 1 4^ jit (I)

l^ijj jj| lLd)j3l4JI fLuil

jjdjllL 1 ■— <AtLi pT

pSoliktl *3jA**Vf ^ i Jl\i nil (*4j 4 ^

■ i t 1 ■ n it j|la jk (u)
SjJUo*ll |*j 2 g'j*'* * A

SjljIaJI *iAclj-4j 1 jll^wVl *LiL) ^

■"‘ ^j tjj * jJmJi yfjJi utj*^ ^LaIaII *zAjI**a 1\ pir

L|2dLho|

.jIjUaVI AaJt>i Jj ^lliLysy\ DA4 Ol t

>11 *1 |Jj\j] ^i£ ifrjlaJl bi4 u lJj {JJ i}|

. Uuk i *n^i J! l$4A*

iZiiajLwl JhJ bjLaJI jli dJj £*$ ■5^> fl SjLJl frijft ^ Cm

olluJl . rtTl <j! ^iiW J£

il ui L>4 IflUlAJ |*J £jU! <JL?“M

-OtSU ^ <u*5L *r

*

^iJjJI jji jjjii ^jl j| jliadllU " 1,14 JkbJ «U

jj& (j~j yui jjiii oi d i*a>^i ^

jji .lljLliJj -ui 0j£>

jLi jA 11*j .jkj jjktj Ujj <j -UiU £Lu (_fUl JjSlI

.^Jla* tjjSj J L (>ulk

L^Jj ^tfJ! u-ill ^ ujt. J ^ VUoSJ

gAJtj ’* JLdd ,^ii* J^laij ) jJJ MP kjjJila Lli*i (j^ ^-fr JJ 1 " ill

JjmL 1!\ J ,*laJl o>jUI 1 (J Jyfrlji tV^iill

l j^Lajtiuj ij^is iC m *^a>^ oi

^Vl jLU u^*ia v J4-J -4^U ^ ^ ^ WljJI

f yyi a

fjL p-.... jUj ^#laj .^j-U <i1 yA^jUJ! L-iUuJI JjLLd

(fyU ^jmn»i .^UJj^Vj ifUaaJlj

.nr^ ,^\j)f\ *ujii >** ■ j ('0

j JJ J V jjdjtl 4JJ Uib ig^bA*U

ju *2 Vj .bjjj-iH r ii rtli l Ul£ JjJjjU *1A5 { g 4 *

■ (jyA ElIA 4ubil Lu[j Jji Lux. 4j£^oJ1

SjjiLLoJl Lai >^jjjli!l c-iQuJi lil ^ ^jl*' »K~■ jLLa

^Wj v, .ju^if ^ ^ v ji ^

. A L.-l\\ LaIj IJub fjglali jJ LXJ ► j±L Vj

oi Jit .*Lii¥lj 1 .^1-U 4J JI ^^ LSJ|

Jii-Jl i*ya »■ CtjS&3 -i~il flj.a-vlll ^ Ej^jitu £j\j ^J^Ljjrt.d'Vl d l * ^ )i

.<JL)till uJ^*■*■* ji 1 * *jr^tljau Lu^ljtludl

j^bll V c jill .1

jlS LoJ 4il tiLIj .jjlldluil ...Hi u'~^~.) T jllAjuil jbU

(jJj AaIaj (jlS (h-iLtV^ l%tVi y/A Ij^uLu Ljl^k h_jUuJI

^UM j|j4 ^jj ^jLill 4 j iJ-aL^j jjfjJl ujLuVl jfA ^jjULi * V

<i>wLJl fl*ii Lm Ly^3 uLS^j J Lh

J juj^liII * V

Zj±**4 Lfd j^i.Aj yjll 'jgj^iTl <jj£i ji (jAju

J5 JdAd L|u ojll ml p^j)i *ilj J^i CK5

<Lli L^xd bJL&lj JS OU 1 ^ ij*** 1 L>t <SLmj

.<1£ tdJj ^Lmi ^jLc u”’"* 11

j■*' v k|j jtjfS-iJl *A

^\ r ^l a- Vj Aj\j$i L^UnsJi !U] Jj*3 V

*Yr

4

pj^Ull t-ilLiJ) liL tiji j lil p p^ k^j

? <ll.uJl jjKl Lfci pp^i

&Ll\j 0^' 0^ *'

JiUu ^53 j! Ol pptfN P u-

jjJu-s JiJ jpiJ Juij .^Jiki fUa-Vt frA* OJ^J p 3 * ^jIjj

ilLU i/pj Alia* p 0^ fS=^\ JiaJ piaJl

^lid \dJj u-a *Ci*ij 44 lIijIS tjjljJa p 1&&K9 .paill SjV^V

JiS^ p j ~| pVjk-Lm» 3 j.A 5 p C»p*j *l3 CijLS 4*ujpU PiijJl j\

AVa/ oA ■ p ijj*^ oklii klu <Ia£^ JJj ■|*-‘-“1 Lj 'UifcjJ

<iLU! JU-iVk

4jj3i U p^ ^Ij^L V<^ p dLi iliJLsJs!

pU«£)i J^lNj <^1 v-4^ J*-4=

JmLuJI - l*tt jj<atll ♦ Ip ^aL*Jl SjL* o-i O - *

.oL—i)f! (t*4A p Vp Jja^ V 5 jU (jl jUj p

*

,0^yi p—i p SjLbJI *.U t_^lc Cuj 5i*4i uJj-i*

p SjLiV p£J! ^fcla- P! ^JJU *jUj P* Jtlyj

^fl jlk ililltj cpkll CuaAj L p*> M 3 i^ * ili^J ^jLutaJ! [ H^~hT l

P^*J1 4ii p SjLa (j^ (j^ JiP 1

.<LuluL JLd UpJ jl ^

hu~* Jij AJU <p) t^pi LaLfc P 1*J*U jaj
p ^i illl £j jb\ pZi L»jJ |*1*M tiljSl «((«SaJI jjJrf <> LaLt
pBi]| cJuS it±UtLaJk ^1\ X ft.T.SU Ua pi

^Jjjp JLd pl^ftll ^ip *^P ^5j-ai)k p paiJl £jlt| Ljlk

jt^l l b^ljJJ piiJl jJLmoj i<LpjJ! p jkiJt LfjJ

pjjVi JP u^ka p usuji tjui p>- (' fl >

.^* jA (Y**1T i^LaJl ^Lko 'o^*

Judll

luwWIubjUUI

■ ■4>V 4*

Ufl ubjUUI

<jjJ1 Jil#J1 pAfcdl '*4^ £L

jl jjltfJi IA|J 6^ .ujjnJ-hll <>» £_v>LLi JUa4 *Uj (ji <^1x11
jiull -L-jAiJ <l/ 1c J-4JU jlj *V^1S bLaJt iliWiJ yi

jJjJi ojjU« ,ji jtLaijJl L^i it-tj <jjll ^ ijlL^ Vij

k JJuJi AjJjj <^A]| tj nll t 4 jLmh 4 ^Lut U^M«|^1| JaXI

J**li li* J*«ll ui JlHi J ^>.1 jyl^ * CfStj -^iL-iVI

.-.1^ JlS\ ^ I-(]•■;• ij^S. IjLij -Laji ui -4>^1 !> d
OljUiVl of J i M*ll

^ j] •J.ja.jll (> l^ JLul Oils La .IflS UilUl 34 >L^JIj <-1*11

j^l^j ^jaiall l^ablS'ti a ^>a jj*S Ja ylt J** iJ

aL^jLAfr

■L

lli±i 4 Ha. ,jl ^LIaAI Aid w aLoAjJ) <J?aJ I -k in\$ L>^

jrfUi yjii <*ui jL-ijjjiiaJi ui c>\ c&*-± Ciiti j-j^i

lMy\ Jj *UUl jUail ^4^>i Ua o- a-Un* J-aUij IfcJ Jt _a^L=Ji 4^

lMj j a j.-t^lJ ^j^i\J! ^UnH ^Uu jji willJJi tliUdUjj <1 h>

^jJlJ 1 ir ^ ^ ^Lul*JLli |0-c. C Ajii l mil l o-4 * J Xj Ji

.Computational Linguistics

j* i^JLU JUojVI yi <*111 JdAti IA 4

y-JLaJij it-j^LaJi yi fi**b f-^Jb ‘W^ V-iLwVi

JjjilJI yi liUI ,y < v \ ■>W kiiLal^Uj

yi OjLiil dJAS J-=A1! yi

j a> i-./> yi ">1 jiUj 1 *j..ii.-a.li ^iji

oTV

ujMlaltjlAaUlh]

il£ jj^J ^jJI <Ij 1 j»->j »->"> t l (Jj jjiij «%jj L ,\ )f\ »LilIt

Ujd ^l)j y]J ^iLa^flj 4jj .l *—-vj 1 jj^ *" ^uJ ii b Ii IjjJI * 1
. Lkd jlaV j±u« i .fiK $5 jjb La jji (p >«al ^VAJlIIj . J_oliiil

i^c ^ fl.^Xi Lu i^IajIIj tjt < *\j .l *> I \ Li4

Ll4 *>* 1 j/i>i sJ C&+4

■ >j ■ ^ I^ 4-X-Ut iVjl

iJlxXW ^Uij^Jl ^

lIljI^ Lj-L^l ^jJI ii—itjj|Vl 1^4! (j j JLdjVI (j! ^Urtl l
t<illl i^LjJL-m^ i>a yJ <-liJLfJl ti 4 wLilll

J i ^i Vl V^J <ji k<4JLflt IJLa j jlij Cil^idVl ii o yliJ

J£j uii c^Vl ^ ^ Ua C^tS u

■'_*> 4 j ^jh-uJ j&UcuJl 1 JLA Cj! 1 ^j j l j a t Pi t 4 aJ

^jLt JJj jiLtuJt tJul 4 jL>jj .£jj=J^]I 3 j. j n-yn\ \ *Lut ^>;U (jaIa

1 ^ ^ jiV^A ^Uvlt i J^pj A tt iJAj JLa^VI

4_]ytddJl Ajt US d^ijLbujyt CiUUI ^Um JLdjVt ^ji LfLt J-jJj

d u j^t l <AluVi yi ^kj ^fI«^ti .CjUUI IjA 4 ^i 1 i ml ^i]l

^UJJt 6d W JSi

[Jj iil <jV ^jij-uaJl ^UaJkH IfJ J^J ^dlt ^-lij-uait Utjj

^j^ijyi 3 f j»■>. ni l ^lijl g ■ ■ JLdjVI j 4 tk« ^ 1 jj-jJ 1 CjLxU 1

oTA

JLuajYI Cyt ipLiull IlL^J fj^ijlLl p jd |j^I|

\g i ljt j s Vil j UUl Aj* p (j mi J/i *.»fl jaIH - p4"ij >

.‘LdjdJl

IJjfc ^ ifc] Jfl p V JI *> Jti dlj

lil^J (jL5 L» JLajVI VjJj» ,4JLt L*£ L^j ^jj^xi JjLal^Ji

tjjb J£ Lfi *1*1*11 ijV pit*J!

»Al.i£ JjE LffLjui^£ Lfiljl yJ

,jlt i^iiJI «Lul %lujl ^jJl Lalj

EjL-ujifl alLa ijj^jjII frJb4 *IjIj> ^4^1* 3 *_u 4 ^JiL-ujt

■JI 44 VI Cy*

6^ JL^jVI jLiLlj Ea^I *iU! J[ Li>Li U1 li*

CjLaJJI jUilIj OiL^Jl *1* J[ MJX !j| U .1* oJL±Ai]|

p

jAA KjLoaJl <aUl (ji UJ (JlLU iIjua^i

V[ i^jUti pJjLJ £4j 1^ . h l.f t» IL L~i[fl1 iiNj II 1 Z 1 U 1 IJL i^llil

ijf viLwiVj Ljla < UjL£ jt jiull 4 _>aaj -p (J^aIjIII JaI ^m>

tl* ^5 .^>*.1 J1 -„p*i J! ijLaj jj-fl Jla* J-ljill I.U

, JLt E^SS t>*

l^jjjj LfJ^Ja ^lli * i'll hjJl p-*l i>4 JLojVIj

^ jr.^ *H jIajL* ijifcjj ^jitl {j-a 3-JLc. iJ -Lt

0-* L-Jjjwl"hH *|jl ijl-c ■*■">* jjiaj Oli A^j .L|ilji 4&J-U1 t ^4j

0! jj *V*sL>* JJ LfjJlj l tij^ tJjJ

y_ijjJ|j ^gi 4 mAjJI ■ -t -t-■—*J ivlr+ 1) lHiI^j^i

jkllLajllLAJl <J <+m 4Ju \i IjJLA *Uij] (J-Lt J ml

. l^AJillJ^ kTjl_d^ijL*J l DAA tlciiliifl

Jij\ u! ■ VJ ■ ^ ^ i-ijLks JLajV! 1±+a\

kliLlAjL+JkJi tji Llijljf] 1 jl tlul^ (l^jjjji ClUjLaJl

AiLa dlj.A-v^.^l ( ^li* IjjLtaJ^j ijA 4JLoLa> o-a LiLiS j^uaLtJl {jjiH 0-»

ui -l*aV UJJ ^ «lM£ J! {±»LJ OJJ

*3ijj-ud L^lu JLajVI

(jl^d .^1>iiJ La ut u^ 0 ! L#ij

,- t | a<>A JjjJa l^l .tliUaaJ ^ |JU1 *LaJ < ^-^ *

f<i\JI <_i£j£*Jl ^ibJI Lf it ,ji JLddVk j^ISj

4<jL&ltj - ">J ^jLc aJUajk '-iiUoj iS^Jl tJJ—AaJl ijLfl

^JJI ,J-4£lJ1 y> »-ill Jjk*i5U <LL3 CiU>Lui\ J»j Uuaj

,<Ulc JjG ^-jJ! I.ja 1-1*1 Jj <ji Jjliu

JLw yi ^iJa j>la3ll li* oi jiw ul 1 ".! ^

^jJ jj Lm| j i j L^atjl Ic^Hj ( 4 jaS 1! bjiJjil (jufl i_j^wLaJl

itjjj, lg-■■a* <jjL>klilalll JLm *1jSU jdJ^ 3 - 1

.ui ji^yij -ijVi ^

jH-.ttj ,5iLll jjjki) A-li. SjJS Uji H.L.I ijU .AJAJ

■-...A j s[l gjIjJlS - ; ■ ■■*■" CiLitfjll <-iLuat 1^1 jj*lj*ll u*

^J.-^IJ 1 11 — 1 — " Ifu SjU^tj

^liljl yill yi 6* J j"-<*" l' u^J -Swj*^

^a J>o!all LjJj -^ujaII ^l** 3 ^ 1^1 P<“Ih l3±M» <(^* »J^‘

J* J-JU Js .o^jiVl A(=- Chi '-Vh ui

,5^U ^Uliin

4u>JI SuiJil S J^ ^ ^

j] i t ■ - -■ i ^ jj jl iLjJia ftjiU# lM ^

f^il ^ji ^LdljjJl {jAJ ^

^alj^U jjgjjia tj^J* *Ljji ^UlLill 3*'i1 ■* H

^ _H^ oj^j *iLaLi LjjJ t (jJllI (jl ^Lt.v^ j4i . 11

jdfcl^Jo^ ‘LuiIjJl) ^aljJ (u**ou 0^*JJ ji ^U^I I i>o <3 jj

yi ^iVjJiij ^bj^aJi

j<lUI yA Aa^^iaJI frjJuJ! jA 4a1I! (*jJju jma plS IjJj

(Ojilftj (>hA (Jj[ (%j *L|aaLi ^4 IJ I u—a. oi-*

(jl kjli^rVj .^jiiJli iJ^ualjM^i (_a^J^i <j-o JjVl \ i^^li j4 V^qJjlI^ 4jlUI
1| {ax4 yjJI CjLuLJI JJJu ,J-*ju 4_j|j.

at y.-ii- uui ^ i:j v Jjj uSJj

(t-ij I wl ^ 11

^iUI ulxdlaik^ 4ltllll ijLwu^lJl friX^5

*\±U*l5k fy^JjJl ^JjJajillJJ H*V^j1| jS\ <3-Ujlll

ijZjil* n-a I * *■JLjJlj (4 jUlJ 1 bJ-^J IdMij^J-a 0-*

»*LujJ|J1 4jl*LaJ1

j^i£ jjLt ^jybuLaJJ aJL<uV! i-iMi^Jl lUj^uij jjH

^jui jjj£!l jijj (ji 4 jLl 2< (^a |jj duiV^ -*iil,5 jdj3 yj uj£JI ^>a

pJ^lJ ^H*Vl A-liir |jl£ L&4 jiSi (JjJjjijl jJIj gtdA^J

^ jfo* h^\ a\£ Luj

4*JU*j J-iiJ! Jfc^ ,<J>*-ij

Ujti ^ V <ijJl u! L*£i 3^* J! k.nr»t l

(jyfl tflj_i*l LjuL 3lu&uJl tli l ft Mi ll L>-«W ij^J *Ld

,-*. ? |j| 35jd i jjti Ljj^i f 3ki^v> J l JJi5 *4jA u!

„ L^jj t* * L$jL gjL ol u-° ^A>±*- ^****3 >L#^ £j*LlaJ\

,WJI Juki 34 ^ t/i yj SyfcUiJI ib>-

J >*J <k»^ Uj ^ ^r*?o*N ^

ji JiJj J 0 ^ «W UAL* jJt 4 yS] *l§j|j># u^.\j <jV

jC ^ : .^smijjJ! ^ WJ1 l_JLJ 1 ^LkH bit

„LJ y,U .JLJt ^ ^

»5j. 1 Via

»

tj| ,^U L .| j...^t \ .*UL^ ,5il* jjiL-ajJl

»*^l l jjt^ ^loJl t^jSj bi* JiJ" 3 U^ Lf** ^

-SjLilj fci l*il ,>£ ^UKli <> Ljii jjj Ijti

^ ^Lw jfciJl bli 6 * -t 5 >! 4*is tfi Jjj Vi jiiJJI kn» 6 ^

2y tJ >n L^ 6^ »jL*1£J1 o-a^i o* O^j pi L$jV iL^a CiilS

&Jk 4 1 ^-^ LA^IJLj ila IbJLif. LaJ bJu* "imj lj * 6 Jklfc U jTj '^hnJ

ijl ^iSjiM*; ^ ^U15 41a ^>lwL V4 .4Sill

o- cj&* 6^3 ^ ol ^ ^ ^

J, .A *~~y* tji <i* Lm JjJ La wi^iUJl ^liJ ^

on

jLi) 3 ,-hlaj *JJk

Jji cAij ^iLaASJJ 3 j 3 U^]| '^>1 ijlISitt juajj <j1

"^ _ #■

Cuii jla dii sdlJLi *- Ljuj - ViiAjj Lu tZiLa^ij i{jjjajA

i^iAJ L~ 1 iJImVi u-* ^UjVI ^LtjjowaJI

L^Jljtdi JjLwUJ 3 jj]l bJLd J ^jt Jjjil ji > lAii 4 -jLc^ [|Ji£U

(jl JLftdl iZufiJJLuii 1 jj idjl ^JLuiall (jAfl '{Laj^

(jya jJj d jl^ jjj pi <jV i^lIaaII wj^LJI

Z*A3 IjI jLV :i^t Ui>* ^ V Ji ^

tlaAd jlS ^aI| jL lajSlli -'r j|1 ^ v *j * jjJ ^1a>1j L ^lc ^Aili

bjll^j xM Lf ^idl ^AjZi J^ F iC ^4)1 jlj

. 4 jaj {ji -*/i* Ld J£l i£«aJ1 JjaA ^juJ

bjAa (l-J^mLaII ^*AJtjJl 1 £uJtj) ^n^ll ,j| jJlL

L&4.J « J * I "1|j Cat jaiJI lt* 4 ±*s ^"J^ r

■n-

■ Lie L*^jl£lui (-A^ V ^ ill) ■ i ft-fcj ^JaIaU JIA flit 4jL£ ^jIaJJaAu

LaJ *<-jjjdl 3 jlJ t Ji ^■ ■■ t Lji£ c^ullill CiVLbaaVI «■

' * , F

^]£j pi LaJ ■ y.4 b U tw g W 4 5JVjJJ |b j H m J I ylfi Ljjla 1 | i rt

‘dAdjj \j( iiLj iJJj iLa|J£J jjaIIj lJJj-AaII ij^iaj Vj »|Ja4-s j^-d

«■

'■ iuidj) lAlijSj (Jill JliLjjlilH Cj* ^Jrt tliimUj

“ " *

ZiLaKII jA^jJ ji ^JLukll Ca i{Ia) jJ i fi 1 iii i m I I i^uU

ji '■7^ IjLAJ . (j^H- - j-usl I^IOJ iJtMlj «*nni * Ldj) t l

.bjL* ^ ij^w*j ^djA«J 4 la ^JLj

Lfci tfj=H s >“£ ji Jfcz V £*aJI ^LoLi C]!

j^*~ J w^iLsJl jjj oi ^jiij C^ pAijj . ijij

**

bAA >flal ^ U LajuJ Lljhu# iliiSJI uSJH

:^VUJI

orr

Lai . Jjinfri 3 JL*l4 ^

3 i t LJ .. ^JyJ| M“ ^j| mdJj ji(^Xid L " > '"‘ ± 4 ^ 3K.f.*111 yjluutL

(CjVl tjaj\s L$J .y^alj3il j jjaj

cJj (L^L 6^ olS Uj ■S £rJ ^S 3 jh) JbiVu

^ jfe ofAJ^ <U>bl <> fijll

.<11*11 Lija jJU^ Jjl jjhjj yulll

,3_ti1 W*J^U»J1 ^a-aj^ IjJjI 1-jj (_fUj

Lju£ ^L*i J>a^ pJ*C <#+* *la*>*H C>i tU“*^ U>*-®

W> j*** Ju^iiJ Vj -illi- 4 Jj ^ ujlj Yj ( >X| Ji*- J*ill
jjSluj Lw}i i*iUj J Lti&Jj J15JI U_xfjJa o-a ji*

■ j-to JjiH Ji V-*

^4j ^UUj US iltt* Ci>*j) Jiill Jh*Uj cJ ^jj-«UJ1j

.Ujj 5iUi US Ob uti*^ ^ jUsilL

u"l Ob -i5jLm*£ ifi vjiill* J^X 1

^laj £-=** <*1UUJ1 <jU s - iUil l O^d

<> ^>.1 1U J) ^U Jj*j Ud* .t-iiilL JiU-X^

i^i ^ju /uib u*j\ uku (M)

■ > 7-1 - ^U^ll j-^lj ol Jd aw

SJliail J* !}LU J u^*d ‘UaljjiVl ^blJI t>l* ol

■ fj tij l i"H j Uja> j

jXrj^ ^j*j'"^~ AO 1 i*il jJI >* ufe. i*ht Lj J^-X^ u!

jljll G^'4) J** 1 ' ui u**^ .^H>*-UJ1 *iit

.Uuj oUU^> u^*i b^it U$i if}*- jUj jUit^ sL#i*iij

i fl >■*..* ,^i*ib tin J!a*X' ^ ^

JIajI Jji 4p*kl£l! 4 j1& lIijIS tJ-^SlJ u^lmLsJI j jj * ** ^

ort

US < 4 * CiilS tfUl >‘LLju V

(jlj '—ijjJL* ji L*£ Jn^aVl jl ijiLia LfjJ) JLuj¥l f-\j JinUj

>fc (^aJt (f“*jl) J-«ai Xs *(a&^j|) >* (^jJI (<Lijl) 'Aflflj

<(y£^!) Cj^* 0 X? -(f-AjO

wljpoll pijl *" lu^ JLic <4*jdbaJl frJUb tuj yiij

jSujj ^JJi 3j[ lAflf uLtjL CjJ^i X 3l^i»rtl|

jA (^iial) Jrfl (jl jliil <ji tjjii X (J^ (jl

-(jiiw)

4ij <JL& Ui| J*j|

VUii ijljuj Ifci tlil ftKil JS L*jLi ljudj sWsji iji Lf^ 0^3
Jia ^liywi jl AgkijjAJ jta {< itnuol ^l1~>n*~*J (Jia Jlul^

«(*-!aU.nl) Ji* jjL^u ji »(Jj*ia tf iUnn )

.^i\j ^i\j ji»i -vu

^*^**11 Lul (jl Ami ^4j J^I Jat

La£ JjJi-*Jl ^j^ULl JiiJI (ji *A>dJl . V i nlV j jit

jXj-fLal Lu U>! lili L*j!j (VA> (^Xj ( j -^)

(Jrfdt oMf >ldJ1 (jjJJadJl (jtd JLaU) ij^

3 ^JAJU j^Li-jVl (jMi £jjJl II* ui

jJLJu <jA J >n1 - k .\ \ JjjijJl Ji J4* ^*1$

i^AjaJI Jjj V \\J -“^ll o| I # \j^ o-a j ■ * ■ m ^LtjVl ■ * a t l j

3^j 3 t|l SjjiHj jUJ <J »_a_pJl jl (jj (jit dJjj J- i

V <jLa iit ^bib^a (jUUja La-fjl Oj

ji l >j j J-^JI ^jjflhj *dJjj Jli-lX *I4 Jaj IaA^Uj

jlliiiwJl <jl~^jiH jtuj ijjaJI J±J$^ SJwiil!

ait C>aj) Ljl-i jA * E JJ^ j>aJl)

*ro

(jlS lijjJaJl (jlj JjSij UAj «C T > r> * rt l ) yJj fnUl l

■ SjjIj UjjL <jUiVl L^ii <>

.UU

^ yi U*i*J ^ ^WLs ^ -J

^4 Lj Qj;- -j iilkLi£ t> I 4 I* i 5 ^Af Uj «( f» »-V )

6 JLA oi

jUU\

:<^lI) ^U\ J*iil j

.\

,cL^\ ' 1'*"^ < r^. t ru \ .!>—s/ *lmL^\ tf ^L\

ii*^i <^1 :<jZ+*«S}\ * l*i** m ij i ^ : . h^ ^ v , »- i i i . u.’iV.,.i ii

. lU^Jti l 11)

:ltjijj ((Uiuu) Jiill *t

-p ■ '*"*■ ■ [j ~ " *U & 1 * 4 *^d '(j

f ^ r ". j rj J t j Jltn .~m *UJ n I i njl <U

.(^t^Jj) ^-1 w il l i(,jjlall)

' ^ J 0 ^‘ m (fi^uj) .r

■ "*" ||L J 1 Ij

p--~y f (j^jiaJJ) ^t ~y *£y* ■ *^ j rt. ..In «l j ft * .. I m i U *i n> i

(t^)

ari

*

<1

(cr“U) p

m i n~il i

.(e-iOf

;{Sj-iU*JL) yfi\

11 -.„ ~ t L 1la i i pi l *n i n ij l

1 - ■ I * H O f

ft ■ 1 11 'ft"' 1 ' 1 ii_

ZjdVl iJjjidj **l

iU^m3j 3! I J^uiiiil f llt^out

.(^dJl) p mVl

:lyaU J-JjOJI r iL ^Jl -V

fjldll 3>uu ALiol f\jA ' ^nil l Vi Adi

A&-J f J * c - I ■ 0 nj

*L>

4

4JV f

i J I-

.(j-tadJ) jnwJ ji l *(jjjliiJ)

U*— r*W j**> -A

*V «p ■ llljjltj *tjB III Mjt j flfcil Mtj tj

-...tytj tl*-. wif"JJ «y ■ I innlj f|j*i.i ~m\ j A * u i ljll j

f|l I ul l i^ J ip I Il lj Vj

*L>

orv

*■ > 4^1^ ^LIL ^jiiali ^iwll i nni l * \

*c>t* Miiji'j t\ n Milntj uj ‘ i jfrtt—iL fcij 4^u1iAj

i\ ftmlUjtj wl >j1 j ■ Ij n M l tla i hImI j jp m i 1m (j

. (^Jkiil) p lllllllj itj jMfti l) p^uliilj «|huMiVj

^ Jl^ (Lia^J JjjA*) -M

ipSUL jjj4j Vj iiL^]

■"‘I*-*;* - d - j " *; * *Q j> ^ ‘ * *p ■ ■■ " > } "

!p^LlLi hJjjAj ¥£ 4jLus) j^c 4_udii1 JLa ^Lo^f -M

« *

■Ti'i t u_\'t Jj^~ - ■ ■ ii~j n *Qj* *>i*ijt fLa. ^H^.u

* r ■*"

: r ^UU hL/I Xj iiLa) Jjt t>4 JLa* 0^^ *U**\

,-J - ■ ..I f ruj—»* r^nn~ln i^UhmwU 4 »O j * ' “"U * lli ^, t i *

!4iLd)fl £djjt JIa ^klcLflll 4 MT

f I

. CjIamiIU t tin t A

£o i_uoil1 JL^i -M

r ■.* “■ *** t*

:ttL£jn f Jli > OihUti *L—1 -\o

(^pd-ui-LLD t

; r iUL yjjjaOli g# JL^ ^3^1*11 ^La—i .>*1

jl"-,5 „ ...Ti.H tij jy t. n , %sn\ \ " ' "T 1 * ^ <p nMI*M

OTA

: f 5 UL L^all - JU ^Ull *UJ .w

U1‘ yJ* *■ H c^LluIlaJI 'jj^ A J ■" ■ *H c^ULluIlaJI 'P ■—"fc ft H

; p ■'■ ••

: r iUL g, ,jaJI JU ^ jJcUII *l*J .U

j o

"j >~i#> ■ fimouJl

jglkwUIlJt iy jfl. i n I j

ji ffl . i ni l ■ H tp im t ii H

u |

jaL tj* JLi {(«^uluO Jjiil j4 p\^

Jpic |j4 - j *■ a\I 1 Jli ypi j(p H*"|Q JjuII *Lmit *Y'

I^UL uajjAj

* j -

»(^J1. pn ; * A »gi« 1 *

jjc ^4 i^aJI JIa ^4 i(|i^ii!ul) Jull (jjJjiioJl *Y1

iflULuijjjtf

.qjl .(«-4-i4 iLi^ia m i <ifi *

Ujdll go i^ijll JU yi i(p mill) Jtill 0* »l*ul .YY

i^UL

£o jijifVill Jli iifwumt) J**Jl |> ^^dJl *1 * nS at IT

:p 5UL *-4jjjlJt

iL&fl* i<ia) n Mnj tt U

*r\

£o ijaJI Jli Ijk (p-uuojO Jiilt &* hLauI *Y1

:piUL

.(^cll iLl^Id r4ij) p ■ '■**

Uu^hjiixji (j^Wul) J^aJI (j4 (jLiaJtj jjLojJi i.M,1 * To

JIa jji LufeJJiAj) {j^LMOjl) J-idlf {jldjll infill *Y*\

:^UL lAfAjjlJ fL^jJC J) I mill *o) ^JLC J4 41—LU^-JI

• l » ■ ■■" ■ t

tjaJI Jli lo4Jti£^ (p hmjO JjuJI ijA (jLioJI^ Li^ui *YV

:^UL f Jij ^*i£ £*

Jli LaifcJ Jlfcj {(fujilul) JjtiJI Lbul *YA

M-

SfOUL La+jLjAj f»lcj JJ I i| "fl l i r» j £* T £S>n

JU (p —"*Q JjiiH |j4 {jtt^Jl Ia-iI »T^

:^ULj U^jL^Aj fiXtlj *[+AjaL J] U|“<l i a ) £# n .unll i

jjaJI JL ^ (p mill) JaiJI i>

" -H

:^L1L L*4Ajjju pdtj yJ} W^M {f

' ^ - H

l-|j^j.i £» ,ji^l JL» U44>i£j jUjll UmiI •'f'

tfSa#

i p -■ >j ■*■ 11

iuuaIII fjL& ijUjii i^uA *rT

: f 5UL

yj*' JlH (|^, y 7 l ft t l

ijiiJI JIai ^i (jLS&ilj l*«l •TIT

ifUi

r^Ui^LUl

JJ 42iLsJ jj ft 0* fgijJl Jli yi bJd£^ (|w-lt) Ji*it j*X*Aa -Ti

:piUL* <ij>i

^ 1 ».At L f| ^uLuj3jl x J A . ..i .1 / ^LiL-wJj) *pt ■ »*

ollkdi} JJC 0* H.iinilt JL* ^k *JJL£J (p »**M ) *f0

Ip^UL -lijjJLI pJtcj fbjjc J]

.*ZiL«L*3j 1 j^dLuJjt O J ^ 1 I *UL*jj1

(JL-UJjI) «y*U Jl uL* jj^*U Li* >Si5l! 0)

, JUjiImtVI EjjS£ ^

Jjt <^aJI Jla (fhuujl) Jjuli jAnas .Tl

:^UL plfij -DjJt

n l < jjl J i w T ljl i^idLiiLl i^LmOjI

J) 42iUtaJ £* 4jijJI JIa fj* frjJxj (fUill) Jjiiil jliAt

l^UL 4 ajji3

j ■

v^LilMtul i j!*..l it! .Jfi.tLiLuilil ■*■*■*>1

ljJJ iiLo) £a ji nri^ll J1& bJJij Qbuilut) Jjtill jJyid4 -t“A

IfiUL 4AjyJU ^Jt£j ib^it
■wUL^ul j^iuLdjjl »l..,~tl y' 1 “"‘I

J] A^iLta) J-o -jiJl JIa ^ ( ft un it) Jjilf jXi ^4 -ITS

:^L <a±j*2

* lZ>L»1 i ii i j i t^iLwjul

•^UL <£±jiu £» JLi (ftwui!ul) JuJl jjua« .1*

Jl J

.**■1 j 1 . ^Yl ijlii^jjiVl - -~ +YI ijLdluiiiYl i^LuijjVl

I^LIL* ^9 t-UO^J1 JLa bJdtfj (ft ■ {JjlaJI JJL^. A\

l"

<^)jidLujjYi i^LubuY)

:^UL ^4 Jl^ L ^i bjjx.j) (ft^u^jf) jiid4 .£V

tyduU^YI <^iL«uYl i^L^jYI

jijJI Jli fjk bJJXJ Jdiil U -0 ,yU 4 Jl -tr

!^Ij 4iysa fbjJt JJ 4liLo)

1 -UAjJt Jli ,jj WJtf-J Jflill jJj-aJl .tt

:^iUL 4AjjJU f Jljcj JJ ■CULui)

jail Jl*. yi bJJ^9 JaiM t>* J' Li r fc *^ *‘ d

SjJUL lUj^au p*itj <bjj£ Jl 4lilyoJ jJt

jo -pjJt Jb»> bJJkfij *(pi.. \ rt) J^ilt ,>j -tl

I^^UL 4ijji3 pJx.j

j* ,jiil Jla ^ bJJxj 6* jJ-ua*t1 .1A

:^5UL p*i*j ^jjc J] AliLiJ

otr

£o ijljll JLi Uitj ■([>nmt) £>* ^uitl j a.a-11 , £ \

: r iUU <Uuyu

* *

j"‘i *' '"j * ^ ,3n'.,.1tjiH ijl^bUlj^tJl l|bMlIuJl

£4 <i Hr"aill jLa* bJJx.^ f(jtdu!ul) Jttll (J4 UduaJt .0*

■i t l ft 1 n ti n n ty jHi >w^ w l <\bMyuJI r i_r“ j ji *_* * 11 'p j jj 11 ^

(jLifc bJJkCj} JuJl JyJLua^il *0^

■ <"ll umiMhK *1 M"ynJl ^ j ■»'■ ■■"■* 11 ^ ■■■*!. ^Il

£4 £jjt Jli ji AJilC^ f(^Lu<3j1) j ilin*l l JJ M Jm* l l l *0V

J] 4j£Lsj

# #

ititLifLuijjl i^LutLubui i^^LuiJil

4jaLaJ ^lc Liidill J1& j^^Jj ^J| 4Auiill .or

<^I|JlLl*LhiJjI i^jdUdLuhi^l j - wjjl

.CtLuluJji

Jj 4dildJ ^ Jlc tjaJI JIa ^LhjjI) j AiArtl j J| <Lutlll *o£

:^UL Aiijaj fJxj

'y ****'■ —1 . j^ilukijl

»w1a*L«IuI

Oil

42iLa} £* j jJybOaJl JJ ^ 1 I H > H

:^LIL <aj>3m r *itj JJ

j ' _ ;

. tZjLuLuili^l i IjijjiLu.bul (^uLm^I ij^LuiJil

IpJUL ibje* Jl < *M

.-■U .1 . *.*i *\ «^1jnl mill i^mImiIjI

4HfllLdJ £• tjaJl Jli jJ-uaaJI Jj 4^utJt *®V

l^UL Aij>*5 **>JJ*-

. JjU^L^iIjI ' "j* 1 *Iii i^*t» w ~ > j i " 1 i h"j 1 i^*Uu!j1

ja Jli (frJtUj (fLuJil) JJ 4^uualt -OA

ifAlL

-~i.Vl r 3_.^ ■ ..itVl t ul iYI t^jL«L wi j Vl 4^dLu«^Vk

rlliUdUMllVl

H ’

£4 «—malt! Jli W*l£J (fLuujl) Ji ^rin ll yJj 4 uu\\ S .<>1

IfWL ^>Ul

. .,~> Vl -i *1 > i.*j iVk m jj VI

.^jLioLiiiiiVI

ijjlSJl £a -jaJl Jla bJJLcj (fU^Q j*l*0*li J] ^mUI -” 1 *

:f lUL

-Cj* y J j ■ ^^jmLh^VI lyiwL j^UwjVI

j »

'it ' '~4 ikliAliUjI tjiMLui

.IT

■ * * *

Qdl * > -p J *lill jo AlA$j j l"»^"~^j Jtlid-uiljlj <p mnlj

jjuil fcjli rt i U Jull .IT

, f m3

' * - -p- - - -P. J

itj^JyAlo JjI* rtill ^Jult

T t J- t

4tu wiu <r

;l^)u Jj^ill jibJf jjliAill Ja^I

«* M

X_aKb1I j« J^uli ^jLAaJI JjaJI **i*\

x J r *■ -r

■ lj) nAlVij t[ V <*t }\ $ «p 1 ■* V * i J

.QJLjd iAIj^j
:^ o5rt ^ ,^1 £jL« 1I Jiill -*W

r I - *

' - ■ -y^L? tjl I llljllj

(^ii j- ;^i*> *uu ^

:J,j,1i~1j fY jo J^uU jiiJt JjLa* 1I J*iil **^A

* ■ r / f

A*. ' w lVi lj *p ■

(Ai p jjL ^j^} *1-^ j*

Lfj ^jlnluu i^ALc, 1 Intuition

IjpiUjj ISIjjJ &X4 *Iut£ jlj *Ckfi± ^ jA ^

*J i—ij^LaJi (j[ JUL <j^ Jo m< ^ U^ ijuliiiil ulj «J t/iJ

YJ jvLaI j^fr <J-H ^lLe, ClO.jfll LftJ ^ 11 n y_IJ^uL=-ft-fl *^*1^

.^Jj <j l** j+i i

JLlfi i*Ut^ j^JLaJl jit t-ij i ill I W ij'iJ pi L* |j4

jjjJs ^U. ijjli h^uLaJI ujJSj tJ t> a**^ i^JJ j-lj .uL^yt

JjJLa. <J *a " a* j V) <<jLoJ ^ _^st JS £*aj i i
j^lU i±usu ^JlsJI fr.U ^iIa^Ju IjU <^4*1*0 ***“=*

t^lu jjASj J[ i^jj. u I ^ H j ^ ' » rt Lf“

Olj pi Ij! Si*i .La>^ ol- v j^UAj <li*l ^ aij uL*s

Ji*j ol /J “ u<1 uV* i(pj"»l) l*i£* I hjuVf (p^ui) jrfVl JiA

JJIjlj *<ASja^ \Ui.Ain jiY! ^4 0^ (^ ^1 <{p^0 ^LJt OtHJ ^

jLjcL- L^ii ^i±j .uaLti Y \<i*\s il±i Ol^La ^ u^Uili Cxj&i

u*i ^yi u+ii ^ v ua^Ij uis

iJJ j Ljj_i_if^ M ^ J^f-uJl *>i |_>mj}1j * , n Y {jLm1£

M —*ij UMj J! ^

Y «Jli .jy Jjlj Jji (f^) '■« l>3 U| (jl

.<j!S jaj LL^u uSj pi uAU J*i ji >*1 J*i (a 4 * 3 -**

JS ^ J* y* *U1J ^

£j \&^aJl IkjijyuJl »4-4 uAJ -4-jjtiJI LfLfyAj (^>».Vl i> fi Ji“

*1Y

■(p - J ~;l) j-oVl Jjtfl iill^ n (jtlulul) Jiill

.‘tajLall <JLASjaJL> Ujl-ihrij kiUj^

J] ■ ^' i*«i*^ tjji jjij <jt ALiS g^ik'in.j

^jSj pJ La i((^kwJil) Lmcui Vi L nil j^idLfcll JjtfJlj niViy!

- U As U*i Li^ul ULi .cAS^ lUl. ^lj JS

lJ *-0**wta* Vj JJSU jaLj .UuJu pi Ijj Xit

^LujI JLt vAjij jj t^ulS Uj ^o^LxJl jjj

~>i*^ )jJ jLii *iUj U^> lr>j.rt '^SjaJU 1*41-1-**! knA

(pMilil) rt 11 <lilj J <jjJ i Ml* ([■ * n"j l) >aVt J*i Jft^ o AajU^j

h -lif- Udl Jj 4a 1S it-JJ^w^ r>H 1 nflU'y i tjAj ^dat£j*JLl IjAU

Od^ (j^ jjL*uJ! l>4 jjV iJJj jJ ■ < jl ~ a l~^ n

■ jl|>~1 1 j *■ Jj^ll ■' If 5 t*i.iViAll

L_^MilaJ| *li& 6 JLaI^ 4**11 o±r JLk idJj Ja«J

-■K— U! -Wjcjn ftjJ* VA3 (J ijj JS

iZiVLaJl o* SajsJj CAhi] U^d ,4£^UH iul^yi VMj-“^

1>> **1S Jl Oc Ji* JLL$ Uil ^ s/4*

uVIaII iuid ^£tllu^ 1«L^J lUlitLdj «—iL*iltl

j iu*d ojiu ^ < u~?

*Uil ^fMilaJl ljutlAJI ul J>*J *Vij

iLgJji Juljjyfi

yiS-yi JajLAJl

J -1<11 tjjlj LbJae jjLi ji jjU Ljj ■ .J 'h 1 1 tUt >fi
,uli*iS ^>-UJ1 U|4i Ll*- :^i US uUj^

V OUUS U 4^\k *U*J1 Lull JJll^ W1 V

^ d& !-uiu Slli ^yi r u*iJi t*^

jAj LuIj Jhi-o^U

c>l ^Li ^VL </ U^l J <j*i tiAs *uf>* ^

■ -lj ^11 J-t tudLuil jjJ-C. j«lu f^Ldl iljj.ii KH »iit -llttiii 1^4 Jaaj
UkJI £iAj ui (jLi 6- o* iSjj^JI ^Ifr (> ^

♦Oulw L» JS u^J^d ud-^l *—'Jr^ ^ ^ ^

^ajaaJI luLalf .T

•tv

,<Lul^=h ^>aa4 J>iil ULdj JJ|j

JajLAU *r

rt "> ^L< tiliiS yia pkuVl T T ^i nJ <jU <jLc L £'ill

1 ^ I V ^ -M «L

jl jUy jiui <J c4 tji jUj <> ji^l £*-*« Wj 4-~j Wj

i^YlaJI ■ INl-L L. ijh^j tfJJI (jfijiiJt (»-i'5f\S mjll jl O i^— 1
pL- yi US) IUJI Jja. ji^d >4j fc»jl' y^U. y“ •<*'->*>'
Halt oi^ ell. £. i-ili SjI±# CU ji*J! ^U- yfs

<1 JlS Ijl lu^l dij u* jjSl (**i<Vl jv-yj U*Im yi l4)

. jj-Jl 6- £J i«ll yi US -U.U 3*1^1 -VU

^ iuiuiii [ t ]

ililJl ^ t*iU CiAi ^I V' L -'^ 1 i> ijiLiSlI

.C.UUill 0-4 JJ-C. (jrV-* |JIaJ! i^jll mlYI

*LjLijji < software iZiLkujaH^ {hardware) CiljjVl 3 ^Ajj Lfla
^ >

. LuL^$ LjjLa <jl* J ' j LjjjjiLaJlfl

(_£jJl jAdll <LljLu Lai -I L-IJ-uitaJl

J 1 ^cm «off J£liJl ,jl}

■_4j ^ ^ jji l^iiiiJl AjAfVI t-^a

inputs CiMiJuail ^Uj ojSli L$io^ <4 aLaJI JLj& IfiU-Al^V

.outputs

^Uull ^iLjLdtl Jilc ^lf ^ajlj ^^ jj -*y ^"ilill lj

CiLuLj JVidj |jJ| iii [jj CfjiliLu jJh*H l»i4 uL>

f i jl r i itZul£ t^iDl Ch ■ tj j' i < *■ rt

.!LjIVj ji H »7I I

»**■ *iU r UJl r UiiIl ^ ^LpUiJl U

*ilh ^t& ^LsUill 4I4 Lj iu* ^Ie- J*i j>£.dl j£j (T)

U ^ ^ -ijd^ <i- Udil m> .Uja, mT ja :JU\

Lul Jj*i)l U4 jUi a 3 j «i4 ^

J+i jLjffijJt S4*

Cil^iLwllI tr^A J^Ja * ij)i»j3~

GO*

jLuiU^j (jAiJJI Apjjlji

bJUb j±** 3 *m fg\j U-°

4&J *La ^Ul -iLJl ■, fl.nM., Ui >*i .jUj yi Jj51i SjUJ J1

JjL:.U ^LJj jiVl L*U -(H 3 ^ ^ ^ J*— 3

.*iiJl Ah ,>

ul ^ i>& (J LfJ*Ul yi Hi-tJl u!

\ 4 »r*\ c* Jl (> uj^ ** l* cf

¥ dJJJ^ p K ~~- u^Aj <**>L*i l/jJI jLikVl ub*^ Od^

^^aiuj J Vj z '■*•'*• 1^ J^d J w* J> 1 ^ ^til *'i j

1L iuj 0-w J-*Ui J ^ *\JU* ijLt Jj -*1

0‘“~V J

^j^hA\ ^ jjLLiil liA ^ u^-tfl u^d ud»

.fcjSjl (A Wj ( <5jSj t-uLu^ ^ ui ui*d

^sSS ^Lu w^LJl JjlsJ jl £kL-d Uil jIIj i> u-ssb

ui Uil iaii yi±d -d\jjjf\s

■ !J, J-i H lijjii twJJ.nKll L+J J^Jd iJ U^*i *^d J '- 4 '- 4 ^ Jta0 Lf^l

^Ull jtLiJI 6t Jju ol ji -5 j*- aft y* J“i ^ <jl
y rT L*i Ijii 6=As LSL-.Ua.l jsSs ^1 A*teJ\

Cjii ^ li* ji - uVl

J| ojL-ftj IjjjJ udJ^W- ui OdVyb -JW*^

.La 1*14

h

JjuuyJU^H *J>*J >*U llLrfJi fciA ^oji

O- ^*lt bJyt ^ *^d-i ul Jj5i 'UAdL**^

di ^ <inij <^iJl JS u Lj*in H J l ud ,lhVl < n ^

J Jjj^ . .ti L^J iijjL^q < ^LMIT J i4i±!4 u » n t * ftj

LfU J till J jn j nll (jr® liSi-i

1># JLt iJ^AUJ {jjSdZllj ■ A |7^J iC*Jj)l u* ti^Uij L*

.“■l a .^ j . 6A4 o* Ejjyua JaLul

JLfci Jl J^il Xj -3 m . l 1 ^ 1 1 iji LiA

ji (}^ "J ilfdJbs pJi£ ji Ej\jjJl ^JLd (j|j ^kic ^1 AlUl

Ofl L^JJl \<±A jjdiu Lu} Jjii Vj j^jLaJl i JjjJl <j LbJ

J ^Lu <j yfjJi jaJAI ^jlt i<LiUI jf.1-A tt

Jj jA^oaj jt <1£ \Sa <*^jj u| «i j>k jt

*jjSLi j±L ^1 JjSS-jJi ^ >fki il ^jU

jjiJIj ^i^JudJl AjjUj pY

^jill J2^i\j . 1+lc j £|l {jjjJl ^'.l ■** J * bJLAj

<SJ*1 J J^lt4 ijjJuJlj (jj hiftl l

*_■■•* L*J ji CiilS L*j jl j<LL*aJ 1 jl 3-*A£lt CiiftjJl SjjirtlU

jj* 5 (£jiUl ^UuH jJ 04 X) i4lj Uj «<j1a CutS \^A

»ljaJU £b

.t|l£ <lUl J^\ji ^ ^ flj'* * ^ ClTh3 (jluJ JpUaJIj jjtVlallj
(^j^Lunt <L&1£H (jjj LfjJ j^iaj O^Jj^ua <1

k jmj1 C'-uS) 4*lSi J * j ijj '-i^ J»J CjJJ

\ jj*. flHx~n j jKj pojJJI ^ g^jAAti ljILu

,(jji) jjAJ ELa*iJt ilu EjJpid L$J (Jli) 'LaASi j li*) 1

Ej>uaJl frXi uji i^jSil fjSa |«J r l (Jj i) CJU (ji

j|jHj ^j l <AmJ | tjJ^feJl ^iiAjJl

la. Ji j\j}\ frj-* u\ J Xj p(jji) j J. ^a .*H j (JA)

>6^. M,flj Jjia* Jjuu OB ^1 JjX <^Uij liULi {jj

i^l j:

: Jit— iili Jl ot U,

t> lie- fW tji* Ij L*j jui ±j\ * LjJ$1

T r i ^ i

fi& 2 £ LjjXj V L|^id ^Uju vj .J-^H £4 II_I

j-*t$5U i ‘ <« J (ji (jit l^jli i-ij-ajLJl JtoJ (Jjii jrfVl
,^j|^ A-Jj tjjliall ^4^1 <lilj 1*1** tUiliul

JdLurf uV jj*** j g >"i (ji - 1 *1^

j

I4I4 <jL 5 l La jjli ^liU ^jjL* 1» * Lgi£

JUaV[ J$$ t(jLfl) J-si L>t 4UJJ tf jJL£ jj—aj LajlL*

jl jlj (^£ d ^ ^ Ji! Lai Lfi^i ^uili L^i ^Slt ^Lkj^lll

j ._i <~ .l^ j 1...^ iidiu^ ^a^dij $Jj 4 ^>a illldljlilVl frJUb -#lj

J ,U J ^LujJ L | Li 4*1 I j i s

4>a l^glt J*aaj jj^ 1\ illlj ^4 Ci^Llull ^ * t^-JLjJ

j*Zj^a 11 iJUi 4 ^a^±I J J±J^* 6* jj 'VJ * ^ A

«u±L>H (Ua^5 **U#^

£jj|j i 4 £Ll 3 &t jtUj| o-+jj

ili^ia Ch* u-*jHs jijlfsJl

lyi.jjJt .1j I-.aYIj ,jojill <*-jJj i^LkiLo^ ^L lL rt ji ‘U^uaj

yi <Ui£N ^ A>-* JS j **3 .Ulii-Jl JJ^II Ok&^J

jjjd wL^jj ^ 1 **^ L*£ , Ij^ju <At Lit «AjL&^u <>• lui J£

Uj idJj jil ^1 Lfc^jljliilj Lutjlxl^l la-jJj jfjtH*"*!!

L*Ll» (jSj f%J jaj (jit CiU jIlft M >aJj I_^>miLaJI

-Si* L>* Ujj*- X 3

ijUJij jjtirt ipua ,r

jljJaVli LLLlj^I uj~ifl.il mil ^j^uALulL

3* u Jt. (j-Lill ui Lf^ f^

i*l* 0^ *-* uU i3>^*

J|*£u 6^ M a ^ £ -

^ jjj ir L r y~ £j LaJ! J*ill Ji iili. JLi*

^^yiLSju V jLi i>aAj jj pAj LjjjoId

^LI lylj UM EiLitt >iWsJI J! ^ ul ^

*faA&4 &j*«t J! jjrtTtl kliliilL L^jjjUu jlfhAi jl <4 jjjIu

jUl jj*a 1^51 a 3 y> EjLmJI

^jAJU 4 Jh 6 '—llj n C;Vl JaLLurl Jj-» Aljj iL| ^ fl, ' l
L» ^ jjj aJli iZiUlUL 4La 4J Lm ^ EjL£Jl l>*J?

Lu jCiliill frAA ^ \ L^i ^*ijf IjaW ^>1^^ <ii*

*LiA S-j^LUJI Oi* l* gjj u-» lailt J^ri

.aIU*

LKdkJtj} i_d1jjk^JI 4 LuLu *1

jljjj £jL UjjIjj 0^ uL» t|3liiL-*j

„JJj ItA j\ juu£jj ji ♦ JJj J 4<&L±*a Ji\

(jj ji±*

oi> iii^|J^I t^s\ Ait J*>il \s LL^JI e \j^\

Ja\ ,ji ^LujjJI iIiliAfS ijjAi (jil ^ilrumi LaAit 4ii ^ixj IaA^ 'JaA

^ t K tli=Jl Li] ^ioj >j ^■*■ N ^LiJl 4Afl Ka±*J1

4idX« ffLliii Cy* USjj IjJ Jijjli Iaa 0-° ^1

H) yuLuAll j jjjg 1 j

.iLilt

eLuJtj yuLill IL3L3 ,0

i&LJI ^LiUab -Jib JL—Jl J*- <h^

■ •*■-* ^4 »»i H 0-° _>jSS ^ic *4^

»^LJj [jlS fuodll <J CiiIaI Lu A]j <jj£j (jl

jMjiil] ji ^liui lujill 4 j ii^b |J lu !j! Lai

jA 4 j |jj^.Lj (ji^j j\ ¥ (L^aj^Vj iiJJt

♦JUjO^VI

|J^ 1 ^ ij LCr 5 L lJ. .\^\[ (jl

jjLc. 4 miiajl Jjftl^l&tl JifU jt jLjeIj ^^OmiaJI (Jd

ftj pjjj fciJJi iji <iU (jj? 1*14.9 t^juotJdjyaJl (j# jjjS

^u^idJh |jV !<tiil ni.^yi |Lu=»j jjLt •xc.Luij <jJ Jj

. 3 Lp^j^ LjiiW ^^kll ^]l *L-*i?l Jl± aaIju J JuV y^jLJI

ijSUi -1

Sill *iU ^Ul . U1S O.LJ1 CiUU^JLi *1^

*LiS Jajljd <jj£i (jl Jit U-* kjil£ L*j[^ .£jA ni*a\

♦JjjrfVl njlllt ^ajJI (>a L>>*a CulSj *ll jAljhlt

ilhtA ijtinj t-kJiJ tilil yi Sjjj^ JjoaVI •liii'S L*Jj

JjjUI ^ 4^4 jttt

__

__

_iite!_

iTjL*»ll

RH9I

PAiiKPUJi

vypjpiijn

KHB

.till!

1!_

_fej*D_

^695EE9S9I

EkMWffl

jSill

4ddJl

u-iy.

di^wll

W

B3PSO

fWX

■nsm

j' "-^ II

.j-lJll

^LkuJI

BhI

J-jll

J-^l

JjjuJl

BrrawB

5*U31

000

^UlJIj £iUt .V

hj^adJl jA JjVl ?/i\ nllj HaiS^p b<AAj

L jr &M\ Oh 0*^1 u* ^3^1

cUUill *1* ^ *UUl <j* £■**• ~^J

-*LjV|j jLDI 0 JJ (/>w

^ ^ frUU ujii ^iUuJl <ji >J 6^ w*! (-*too c)

p J , 1 ' 1 j L* LfL* (Jjjljij ^l^t (j^

ibJL^ljJl *Loli ^JLsUaJt jl kiUj O^ Ja^L^II jjj

■ ■. ..-fc ! ijf^lLI La^kl tVjA JjaliLl ijl ^>a (LjVI t_ J* * 1

. d \r- L^J jifi ^JJjkllj fbjtiil ^fiJI H«I I

4/il i* • A

3 *11 1 tZiljjQlll joijj jf l ^ t ^ ^L^_)4 tii^j

Lj^iJLi Lgj A-iij tfjii V^LkJ Y^^ ^

\>*r, V ^ . "‘UjSl a>-j 6- ir ^ IY^? 1 tA ftV V-
uA-Stf ^ T ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ L ^ i

■im "SjjUi ^j^* 11 iiiiii \j^i ^iu^yi tiUj 0“®

p+ki <L *jH- t *> (u^O

SjAlLiJI * U rt ^ I 4 .L ^ t l |>J|ft* J Jjj^h*

i ^lc 5j*lJ *_MJ V i£jtfJl ijf^j JJ JJUuH <j| j!h» *

(_f JJI w *»«-H ^plc JjJ Lfci i<At Jjj Jii (J** i>* (*+“ ‘(Uiuil

ambiguous lit h» La£ liuJl *X& yim^*i3 .plSlail t»J—a£j

(T)

* sentence

John Lyons, Semantics, Cambridge University Press. 1979, P. 369, (Y)

jLi* iSJli J.13 I have a stolen book •» j- 4 ^ ,jM ^-^.9

JaVl ^

■n-

4.1^1 4 ■ * 4J_^tai jJ (jl£ t_dLi£ (JJnlt . \

I_jl5[ <_iLi£ ^ik > T

■ <JjLa jjlc LtxbU Jvi jdlui (jl£ k-jlj5b (^AaC. .y

.jiSi J 6*^ 4" Jj*

:^Vl ^j_i|j jk.^h p —- ^jif>T> ni

jjulLo ^Lt VL L_u^_pll ■~ , ^* j ^ ^iJi ji. iyi i n l *jl£ b! A

lialjj ljj& (J jS* A&UJi (JpivJ kiUj J^LxoJl od

JaiUi (jj£j lJ 1^44 V yjJl Jkt

^Lt 4i_jlil Ijj) £CXlA4J L&AJJJ V JkJ-it Vlj Lflfl

iL-jjs u l rh Jl yjk ^Alkstii 0d>*^

ji tjijjj Jlj—Jt 0 ^ 1 U "»'J Lo < 5 j 5»5 ^jII

|jl V] |q_|li\ iljJLa»4 ijrfl wfjl \-i*\\ flj La tJJu Jrfi C}*-

^LasVI iJt, iiiilS (J^^SlJ i>* 4i>^

l^* Lull taLA ^uud EjLlJlU SjJJU Jl j^l lul l ^>£

.6 J,lT~m (j\jLa ,^1* ^JIj SjLjkiJI Cul^ 0L> t-iJ-4 lj UluiVl

i<idjf ijjfji J-fl i_ij!^)lll ^iljLa (_>S Jk»4 u ** ft * jiljjSVl Ijl

oi liaii aii(j ,yji4 o* ^ts-bfl^ ^viil h-u£jlll ^tual

^ijSili t jiiiiJI jLufil J^iuij ^jiul jl 2 lid jji^I

vJLa4 u **-* ^ Lu* ^liji

( jJLc J*ij i_uijitl (ji ^Lt <UVa 11 ^ Sj ^^I Li 3 jL*ia-iiV! x 3

V h-u^pll cSjj^aII 4jJ[ La

£jj*bJL# ijLii^iVl JLa. ^ Ii4 ojSj LuiJj -4±lj jj-Lj

sjrfVi jiuiu 0^ 4 iL*i LJ* Lf^*

^ OLj t/ iu Jl Jjj ui .£

J2a^t" :uu$j2li \1a Ji* (jii IbjJuLU bl*- <j!c Vb ‘LSb
ijl5 tjJJl ^$4 ^A^IbJ) u! U*t *bl5i JlLj Jdl ,

^4 (fUall £uflj) L-lLlijJ! J ^ Jjj >«** *>**■

J>t ^jjYl jbwJI ^ l>i4 Jjj IritXAft 0^ 'O^

jl5j *sjjj L^iu? jjj! ^j£ *

*jal ■*' , ^j (Ald^c. Jjj viblj^j jj^

« . ♦

- O^-*-"

jl^oilj iiLiaJl iLsbi ^

j ju^Lu^ <L^LaJl tjJ s T i. j's t>° -L|I5 jL^ ^La

(j3 <jj&± i3-ai£Jl ^ ujSf Lo£p d S jojjLaJI *-*£>*■ j l >* ^j

wl *\\ 4j1c JjLj La iZiLui^jjil jfr ^ *IL - ' i rtij Vj

iZ]Lu«)jjJ1 jLsjJI lm 5j li~> 1 » Vl_^ 4jLi£)U <-udi^ jJI

,UVa11

•JiaJlj jSJJi kiti5 .V

^ J[ ^UU! Ub

i-ijaJlj .4ill Cjbj~i>..rtH tJLi JL jjSS ^ t_fli=JI^ ,<LuJ\j

LUi^aJ! {jjtim (jit u-* -<04^ VrW^ u^ '-J'LiJl LJj^*i

lyi L*£ ^JLjia <&>u liAU! jil ajSj ylJk -^LLJ

jjj tP :J1* ^ J±UJl jLu| U£ll '*bA$

_ r *f*~l i Jail**! ^L&aJI

^ "j-i ajj" ajii ^jc: o! y <<a^

:JjJaj ^l£ fl^a. OjSj d u-^i ^

bA4 ^ iJiaJi ajJ LjJ-t^

j^jJk l jLc. ^La^Jk

00 A

lLUJ- fl n fjujJLj {jJ

'VjJL^Jlj ijLjJl" Lfj^i 5 jiVjjJI bJL^i

^V| J^IUI ^4 Jy~> V *bjLjll

ilJ jJi ^lalji <jjLj .\\

jjL* ^ ^_kli>; L>£ ^^iUl ^ J-a*M *ii* i £±>$311

(J^j 4 jV <JiVi u* £»“= ^ iyunSlI .*Uj>wLiil kliL^ 4 jJl

, i tkA

^ibu^Jl fjjj L^>nn.»JLi *dAj <ilSl <j£dVl CiUiNaII >4-1*1 u-“$
ji ijuJ! Cilj < U4df 4J5^Lt !<-JJ .1 iMjnllj

yJl jj^ll jL*v|j jjJ! JjLftll jLu[ j^JI ■ ' i ■«■ yil

^jxeil |lJu V j] *-' *—^Jj hV'h null jLSifll jJfcVtj

J^aj -<jlJ i l'n» *H i>* *ij^Aa 4±1J JUMhtJf

^ Lhfu S^l,* J£ 3 VI *LmJI fljSa.1

*KJi Ji U^i* bJ^klj CiLjjl* £>$3 |U

J i*--'* ^4 <J>Vl 1.i~>mll4 ^bJuJia 43 jL» t-jlj&ll l*"\\i lj|a

4 jLjj) 5 L» ,j]t < JyU ij IjLixtJl £>$±$ -ftjji

Jj "frJUJka, 43 jlV ^1 * -k tl £>$ 3 > * (t—tVl j t_Lj±j]!

■3jjL^[ 4Akq$ 4±lj ^ al*A nj < ll>n ft

filial ji j | t~»” |jjJl ^-LMa Lij Jl CiU^Ull t_r^rti

“ tL *

*<jLju ^>±111 J jlvif l yi L#ii ^jij u! o^i **“>* J U>^

Ljjii ftjlali bA4

v + i 4^1 luill

t>a LadljiAl j\ JIaIJI Lfci* j^laj

ijljjJl u \±A *^7!* <*-u *3 ^ JlainJl

bJLdlJ ■ ('- r i _ t) \(yj+i) H-^ lyjVl jijJI tjii 6 W^!

ftixJlj (JpadJl" ItjAd i^^uJuJI p-oill ijAaj )JjyU <jS*J

:1 j£a *' jui*ll j^Cr JuojlJI J^jU j^iuJI

(jli^JI J±i- J^Jl) \ (*ui*Jl JaJI)

(- - D \(-+i) +*

-Lit <*L*dLj (u>2 Jj pjill U-* ^

<1a^U jJLf4 *5-Li*Ii (jUaJ *<^£>^1 ^IViiJl jl {JjAUl

killj jjjtill *jlS jji Lijjji »iiiia 1 j(j jj£ ^JjVl

: s/ jL US

Jl C*Xs *u j*^" * ^ (^*)j Aj^\ (0

ujSl ^ v ^ 1I3U (*X, (i) Ox ^ L^b 5 ^'

^j-r~ Jjtj Jl J j" <1 h* jjSl <iL*>yi

^^ 1 —j ijl ^jiiJ jAj = i ,jJ^l <ljVxoJl

UA~A\ J^JG OS^S iWi

■ UjnnYill (^#) jiJl U,#Sj (Jja ^Ijj (ji.1 jaJ ^

Ui^ai : l.i&d j 4 **^ UL^^

^4 ^1 Sjill ul I'iij .Sxajll iWiL Sjill ol <jl

^.rVij T frjw=k^l| j4j L^u jjSj j* Uw« U_>i L^jIj ji ^

U*Ut *lao4 (-AA^li Jj lL>k ilulS 4 ^ill

J_»Vl t^l ^4 J$\ S^ill

l^ii jj^ll O-4 Ujl 4 jj^Jl Jj uj^d 0 ^ 1 , > ? r -S^ill

0 -* **j- 4 ^

.IT

jjj ^iLulutl ijjSj (ji

lilj J! < Ij ' ri lj '-iiVJajJI ^ *IJ'^ N JUc Lf4

La£ j j . lt .ijJ I i*M~fc J^Lillj d jjjjijjJl LjA

juai fo-jLa l «li 4 Jl ^4 J"*'j ■— ^ 4 •V .^ J~

V IjLd \jS ^tiJ^ ljLjjIaJI tj Jj&LaJJj

L* ■ <-» jjii j^i (w^iyi l^ahAj) ^LuidkU

I rt j < iJajJJ *jjSj ljI j>»j ¥ -Lit eIajJI <jij k_i4^

Cula-i ((Jritftd jgL f*yn <ltLij Jn-t'infl ^ i.i,ir«*. U Jjtitl (jl <_fj1
UAj LiH *~i*?jj j^-iiUail Ijji Ldt lj^kL> JJJL&U

^icli j*U L ^-Jilj) tjijunuij fd * \jJLfciJJ i^iij jji jtji

OljjiL^I Ulajj f^jMLJl ^ J tj&*

*jj tviil (Jilj-* tjrf iLiij-a iftj <jl ^JlIj V l»i4 tjl jj* hZiJt^j^

( jjjd c^l^ 5 ^jJl 1.1 ii mi* (JjlaJI iImj <L*iLi V^ja UAiuJI kij j!£

.(klufiijJI ^ijl^t) La^ i Uo a.j

U *I_iillnpyi <iAiJJ ^txutLuiVl 3 .».i mJ \ £\±i?\

Lm 4 it J 4 *± JaIjJI <jl lJjJU i^jVxUI ^jIubB

ijaXf ^ j-"«; l—JuJ^j ob 0^ uu £iL ¥

p7 *-■ LgjjSljJiJ ij^5u t^>l o£*J ¥ CaUdJl 4 aJ (jfj * JLa, Ju£> uL ¥
£4 ijAjVjlu V ) J-4j) .^jiViiMiyi Oj JLlU JlLj 1>C- iJJj 4jV

(J4 ‘ P> *' * Ibjji^4 1-LjSljjll LLj| ^ll| lilll tifljJ QjS

J J_Cr iUj£1jlll (ju JJC Jijlld ijldlul jlj

cuui yi E ijuyi ^ ^ J-wJ aj* Jj*!

AjjUJ! •Jjjkll yi j* Ui! ^ uLLJL UJJt ^1 ^ of

jsJtf J! VL J^i y pA£Lj\ dJj .jStt > Vj Jit ^

* ™ p

jJi fjlS Lljj y *7 ^ ciaJ ^|**"-j («J N ‘7 fc.iVu jjj&j <<Lrpull

L* <L* OiJ Jilui ikiJij_J lli jdj -LfrCJjnnJ E <mi jl <l(| 1 i nr

^-hj-fc Irt J- 4 Jk 0 -* (jjliiJl l*id jLl^Ljt j<J 34 “

(jAitaLiJI joJii Lf^d rV^I J jl >1J^

- (f> "*Llj Ju}U ^ ^ V U4 o' >4 -<AUL

ji u-il^l EjjjS iliU-^i VJ 1 "* A ^

frJ 4 cIaLJ^ * 4 jj£uJl *j-°

ljI_uS]j ijoju jtj ■ Sail*, rt 1 1 1 I l.A al l f^jLiija]^

John Lyons. Noam Chomsky, N Y. The Viking Press, 1970, R 2 L I jJiil (£)

—1"^ * L&4 *ilj ^ ft-ujjjjlj iCiLajJ.^ o H

3 j«l fl*l Ijj <j^jlU 1 £ CloJjJIj 4 aLuJl UljVa yj 4 jS\

^otjj ^Uiiy tw V> .hj 4 *jj ^j-a jjVj

<ji ^ji*j La ^^j_jili\ uLuilijjJl ^J-JJijJl jJull j^LiS *L^JtJ

*■ ™

jJuJl ,jijjjia O^- Ij Jb JL^aJI 1^4 ^ <lul

F ^

t> fXdlu Jj ul yiAf

.^J_Aiill jiulJ d jJaVl J^LaJj L>1 t>4 ^JiiM

l>4 *±JLt (3^ **■* 0j&± 1*La [*-4

jit Jjli ylJjwi ^Jaj <jiy ji <^>ilM ^JaiJt Lf4d <jj]|

.universal grammar U j nj i n lj

J\ b^iJ yd l*i]j Lliljj jjlu J! ftj-*

.. I b.t ^.*11 J fl 4 li»% ■ Li L~J ifc ^ajLajJ .1 ^4 jbhUJjkJ

yi lJ| jkirf ui LfijJJ La |»*l j\ yl* LaJU IjikJ UJ &1 iljlj

jjt ^f. L >■ ■■ > ^utl jjl ^luli

jV %\1 ajfe yjdi u-ul yli >xill ^ .[F^ixlU ^arf“

■II ^J-aJLt {j-a <JLui ylt 'Uilii J^m^hj

yi ^jluj .yual^ji jij^ a " jjLcr <LfcjLs 4*111 yl bLpjVl i w ii^j Lu

<> v^jii ipL-*jyi c.uui i*i ^ ^iL^Vi ^uui dij

^jUlc. ^jLL ^ilj j*ii jjiji^JiJI

i> 4 rtJ *J**> ^ La£ Lf^aJ

>i]| ‘UAi =UU1 Jl_yLi o! [Fi J^ 1 £^b yiAill

lliljj ^LiJLjjlu JJJJ ^-*-LlS oi IfA^t f t 3 JJ^ V il>® ^

JLu dJJ4j .AiUL 3^Li Ji bi^JU* j\

yi ,Jji (jl o£. t-fcn ul tlfrjrfl ^iLlL Li Ji

imAjXJ Vj ^ (JjLud 6^- ^ AxwiAjjJt ji

yj LaLAIifcJ iuiAJJ ^Jl Jjl III n hj frJta* tliJJ

OJjJojj (*4j *4±>?^ jfrlajll j-i*(

61 £Aj*i Xj *6j^d ^ l*iJl £* 6^* (JjL—u [ji

,*ilIL f* tfjUU 6L-iyi J-L.GS *aA-

lul^iAll ^d JjLjluJ (^Ul (jr^iJi jiiiSlI jj!*) n

^1\ ^7jA_i \jj| *j r 5KU \<±A iajykdj JlJl Sjj-^ nil 3 j1abJ1

^iijijj <Aj jjfc ill <j j rt o~‘j i^iuLiJI b«lA 6* gjl*»j 6d^^ ■

J *1 ^~1 l j^lu ^£jJl ^ill |jiflLjJI ^iLt^Jlj ^j iJi^ llj ( jt^'tnl l (jJ

SLull rjl& CipJuwi jjoll jjLt (J^Jj 4jt^5 J _jL*JJl

*■ ^ “

i-ibuluil 3iiLfl CjX& Jjlu ^>^L n JI ,ji ,^-iLjl jjLLJIj

*L»LaJI Ale. Lfjtf L^Lii\j *3±U»hj> JJJJ J[ I tli^LiJjJI

^oL^H ^ ■ U * <i >ll " t *Liaji^ Li ^jic EjJiS

^jjJI yi i ill -i fl £* J-fiLilll uj&j lilH

J£ 6^ L»Jjj 6- * ji M i *j

EjjSS Lij^jia <il Jay .Infinite SjLjj <1

£jU=J 1 JUw-^1 £ jL*J <ili\ ^***< £^.J? (jr®

bjulLdf Jj UjliLi ^L-i] Jut J*»uj <*UI ^tl^jV!

^yviy j-j y *W^» (J^:

" . c utfi

.bj4lill ^jjJi J^jll 4J* 5fJLii uL^ljj -i-yjl 6**pl *H* -*r*^ (0

.hdJj ^Liy J| <lji 6*

LiiUijJtjjlijfU

UJ&1 <ji (-*1*1^1 [jj

r l£H5 ^.31 L± iA]! JJS3 WU JS ^ Lu U a\*

IkiJJj ohj 1 JLlfrj) h_JO Jm 7> *h JJmfll jE i^jJVl

^*31 J»iu31 JJ& r iiii A
bjSIjj -6L-yi ^ 1+^ oi

^ 41jU jjjLL* u£>^ ,^1^ >i BjSIj £jjj!

«>> ijaIui ul Sjllj ^»L*i...Tj J-Jl ^Jl jjjmfl

^1 JsU^ll SjSIJdl ^ L*-iJl

^1 Ij^a jLujVI Sj^lj iaj yiill i^liLp^Lfc*]I ^ ju ~i il l -1
ji <jL& £jjlj ji ji* l+ijS l .U * ii J

JjjLt l^A u*£

jjJJ\ ^Lj ^ ^j3L iZiUjluJl ^ jr ,l_j

^frjSlJJi jjajJL jJtjalufVl

the last in the S^Ltll bJLt ^>u£Ji *1 »^r Jjl jluj -*1 fl /i i J j

.first out

'/:---: o3j < 1*44 j^t IfjjS * jj « -j cj—J frjrf^ Ciljjl*-*
iLulSJj ■•w ii^ l ^V\ ^ li^i *tfll* p-*l >« UJ hu\2 L 41 I
ill Cx£-* ul oj J -l! <_£jj jJis

|t^4 jiLii Aj-jij jJ tlijt ijLi ^ <~ij5i1 * ■>!

*«jSj3

alo

U\ JL Uiilt J* jWkL-Vtj U\ J—s

■- w

<<j|Ju Ia^jo ^>=»-4 CiUjinill 444 J-»iJ

(Jdijddjll iad& jl£ Li* jjj -b^JJLJ Uujjj a \ jJ u ji jj? J

Lgji Jju lAjtJuu-vl jl Ji ^Jj <jjJlCJ1^
(jdjrfAjJl 444 JiC hliLjl^d j-o &jJJ £^L j±L N

ijjJLjl JJ 4-WtAj JdJ jL-V^VI jl Jj I^IUI (J <-ajlj Cil j

- 14VaL~ LaJ

UjLu JS iSLJVIi &]SIj Jflil V

j] jx. p J 1 IjAj Cllj '-J J Jjj i_|j^jj,LaJ\ Ejlj yj jjiJ

Lf Lu^ t ju^wajj f^JJl j4 tjLujyid ^LmV( j^eui (jl A lnj V i_i^kuLaJt

r ^LriJuVl 3^4V fa J^uaJ L-IJtxA^il J-fc

^L-JjU ^tjl *i*i Li J[ CiLJjaM <> jjSS JUL .j

yjj .l^Uid jj nlJ SjljJl jrf Caa mo 4A Lj <Jul

JJ < jjJL* CiJa J ■ U £jLlc Jiij ^ijl CtLJuJ jj <luj
ililjiui ^1* La oJajl jui tdij J iijldll j jh ojS |Jj

Y1 I 1 |+i CaljLi jl * Ll j m fl j l-JAj -^-Lija J j ' U- 4

jl OjJ jJ*Jl LleLc Cijjj ( jnS. M ( -LuLuh J 5jrf

J£ j^ . tJUJl jii JJ jiij Ljj IjJ A jl ■tlini J VaJj-j
,J ^LajJl jjUJi jj ‘LijLi J

.iijjijJI ji.^ 11 Jobatl JjiiJ

jji ^tjl jaj J iijxa (jl jji 0* SjS^oJI JiluiJ

^£j ^ ClJu IjJ <JL^*J| 4^4 jl dJj , jl I (| t \ * u r

jLdk^i ^jJU>3 <jiJjLd J (ViaJ J ' .^J

y 1 44 a x*...w j l« jili sji h i I i Ijj j

fljufc Jj <Liw klaj V [W Sjj^J

.EjiULH ^ *Uj±Vi

iJSl ililj^iJi ^LLi Y

bJLAx*Jt pJuJl ^lc. k-ililtl (jm ^ ij *1 4jSLa1j ijLuijyi

J* yii ljjL3 jL^y\ L b*U VjJj

SjjkiJi bJbi *, LrtHj .L*j-ii^ iZiL*aL^l\ ,ji SjJiuJI

^Jj£\ £j Unit -ijjJ J£*J S?^ 4 h i i n m

u — j* L* C*a jAj jA U 6 iJ ja*^ *j^U dJj

jj;-->^ Jt^c iulj if *Iiljlftf. L*^

^a LLi <ja lulj uj^l (jLyuiyi 4 jJ £-flJ UaaJlj T ^t!jjjj

^ jl ^ Lhi 6 * L»L u^Sj J 4 ^ ^b J ¥^S

^L>jLutJl (jlt oL^yi d* in ~ fc *U-„>*#J

LSIS ujS £* o 4 - ta -EajJi* C.L,^li-

OjjiVl lii^a iiLU jj ^JaljlU iLLa iLcLu&l

«Ujj ji Ujjaijj

Vj j^idL L 4 J iU yj 0 Jj=*>jJl ^ wljjjll Lni

ji .lULjIaaJL WJJ ml-JI t>* LarfJ Lai *\*UjjJ

<j±L <j-J <jJi L$jj£ J* ^iM iiiiM ^Id jUrtl l j^lfi

£jlu i\ JljUij jAj tjjA$\ fjk UuJl JJ*J oi ^ h-ij m l ^H j

^iJL %=uu ^ ^ illlJjaJ fl U^id ujiSl *Ijm-“

.Jjja^i Jl- i^S ii-L* (ji v> -,Ut ^iSi uti ..^UJI r l^i)l ^

olY

Olj **l>^ L>* ijj£-u

jji 5iW l-if" |uijJ1 ■ 4j^i *3^ mil ^U u*n a j l> 1 ^ I ~ul U j

k.ij^UJI iiJ yi l#li LfjL*JdL*j <Lulill bJiAf

i_ij| <jLd jtJjll lj^muui 4jj fuL^LuJl frJUfc Lm IjI ^U ^ i rtj

ylll CiLjlxdJl Uidi l.i§b .t-ili

^in> ^jjll kZiLajl**tl ^~h ir> ^jifc

lH LijaIj

,r

i. J .fl - i ^ajiaJi _j.- “ a j ji Aji v >yi jit]i Li> (>

Laa j^Sj L* Jjyuiijl! 1 JuA u* fl-^JJ£ d <oA^J H* 1^ frlj^III nj JijjJl jj l^M
IiujL (ji 4jLi ^jj Lb jfftUallj <J jjJL iJj&u L#j -l^LJJ jt

Jj-Aid yi ,_j**j] i I •Xflj ^IajLuj ^lt ^LJI V| tZiLS^AJl

j\ bj^Ai* ^ u^l* Olj J* CtAS |*JU^ O* jA J

^1 -Aall CiltljiJ (ji ^LkJl <4 jl^JLljiI fjjwLJI Cj±i CjJ^i

J 3 JI yjll ^->^11 je-^ ^ J jUl1 ^ J 5 * 1 ^

ZjL+*m ji 4 ^lL jJLaj J>-»J ' - Jfr.o ^

ji ^...j V Jidt oi Ui-J iHb** ^

JjLij ^^ wf.AaJ ^ CtUiLuAll ^Lolfi j^I hl& j*mA±

^Lilu jA bAij jLi^yi u! liLaj.ir Ul l (Uiulb 6"

tcJJI LfjiUl *\kjl\ {jl ^ -*e“ ^AhS* l S^ (JbU L>j-=^ W>b*J

onA

ItlA (jjj (jXr _^LfcJ J Ji IjjLfl <1 j i^M^nj

/ J-t

uttijJ i3USll ^aJbJl <tVjJi jJaJu J i^^ilitl

j^aUL* L^i* < JHj*u L 4 I* jy mJ (tfjAl CiWj JLb 4 aLaj

J! 1 '(jU=*J l>“*^\J ^ ift ki g ^jLi) liJUj

*dJj

4(jr iUuJl j j .i.fl l ^A Jill! Cl^jAi u*k *J (jl (2&*J

fCiU^LuJI t>A JLa jjui uljS 2 jU^yi jUl o^-*La« J UjBj£- 1j]
[jj mSlLe^t <aj «_AjUaJ 1 ( 2 m ijb J J J d *J^J L 4 I* Cx3&£3

u^o-mA t L^Lu iu\jij Ioj J Lo£ i fl'il.t%jU bkLi (,1 mj kliLdMjJl

j\ lajjj ^La-fi-ll gj ^ J-* -^ - *

yJJ ‘-‘■^ Jill (j-i t/b ^ jtliLqJiaJI (J-® LAjsJAJ LflJA^LlU

Jjitiij tfl ji u# £**J -^b ^ nZjLjjl«-o-i\

3w*Sj~tl *AA (J J * L*j4J kLul JLA <j\S J

JJ—Aj ,J jluJ^ jSJi Jjjj

itS_riA\ Ji*ll J .U^ J*m1 I J JUj J1 LjuJ Ljji

Lf *x* Lfti* yjU £j_fljaJ\ Jj (.^u Jj 3iuJl u# -WJ

KiUl d^LuV ^**JI J U1 j^s .k*l&> us

La ,J ^ ^|J^** Jlujj Jl£ SjjjUl (j^jj ^9 jlL 1I d^jtXnV V j[

Lfj Jilt <Ul*Jl CilSLiJt t jjmljaJl J5j| Ul iZiLu^j

pi j j> y^

J* Jii l ^ J l ,J Ijjli \jj&4 J *yj^LaJi J ^I»j V I-La C&J
J Luiuujt lg| d j- 4 ^^ l>J

Jj CjS^j* li-4 ul >Jt3Sfilj .^>*1* t£jU JiJ JJ

'J±£ ^

Marvin Mtnsly (cd,)^ Seraantic Iitfonnaiion ProccsBtng. The MIT ; jJiil ("V)

Press, 1968, P. 159.

+ *

2_uUUI 2_uJt

H M •

S^JI) fcjliJI aLiL-UI

(JLi-jiUI

ilull) LptjiaJI .".ly.l.„M I>^-l*lt J.^t l

W 9

(ijtUia.YI SiaJI) ^>UUUI J^lAJI

ull)

OiitijQIltiull)

\ tf» 4*4 /

^ia}UM .IQjLLJI chilli iLiL-lil pit

<lil]| kZiil^ .Ea^Iji <1^*1 ^*Xu yjJl ^j\-»-Lll

lJu& ctfdl^SjV s jjlL biiA^^ SjmVI L#i* fjjll

£j^*4i ^oj * J-tfVl Cjt- kZiUjLuJJt t^j-t>

bJLA ^"~>~ ^]S\ lZjLjJJI [jjl i<fjLLl*Jl t>C- * ALjJ)

M

4*111 4j1c vZaatS LoJ £*Aj *L*i*ll ijajLj tiUj

.ProtO - Semitic f Vt V-« *J»

jH AL.^^iUI jjkJI uiAji dJiS plafl lla ia-jj

j! <LijlaSjj jl 4jJjdia ji E^jftUa ^iIai <jt ^_ilri*<»'i l^lLLkv^

L ^ AM& «ift ^ ft~>n tliUJJl uf^ *^iJVj

5*»J tA* J^-*

.<aLc 4 JIJ ' ^ bift iluSj^ IJJjji

^iLjJh \■ , ' »u >—jjjJI sjl£ Ih*Jj

iZiia^jt iliVjdJ iJ-«sV\ I^LiLm ojaII ojjj »h mi ^ 1 1

Jj ^iLkJJl bJU jj J± <±^\ lift fij ^li 6-

."tlilllj <LijjjtJl Ejjj&Jl Ljlii j<j 1] ^*Tn (^JJt J^Vl

** ■*

(lUiitfiagjallulaUI)

4uljiij jScfiJotzer 'lVA'1

jAljJall ijg£ <lL^ij.J yi *| i j.i il l .1 jil \

OJJ yiiH ji U^i Iaj (jjJi ^

,j3)l <*A4 yi j^j^Li *|taAd)1 AfaJt

^UUI 11 jSL«j \^J\ ^iu

bj-A ^jLc. j^uidli 6A4 i 3lial 0-* Jjl U^J -

JaIj} / V ^L&^kL 3jm &A4 ^jlUjJJI ,3j£*Ul

CjI^J fjfJLJI *U^i ^i*-^ Lji ^ jir ?j t unt l bJA

d L+jl£j ♦ *^11 « 1a ri*hi.rtj **-ij*Jl jtlfcLJIj

.OjliAil ^jd)l iJjL*u!|j>jJt lialij

yd (Ia lu ( ^LiJI kZlldUi bJul ^ It rt

■i .fXa^lj yLii jj* u ji«i o-* j-iLfc]l ^*La^i*yi

J fflw *Ufl i> (jail) I j-4 Ail » jUjJj * JjJj

bUmii aJj » Ir ^j_2j ^ - ■■ M ^ il * m u^aII 6 -°

^pilaJLi ^jhuJull^j 6-4VU v <ii

jjJI yfcJJJ (_f till 6* jt^d fflui (>* ^>“*4 (H J V

t^m gjulaJl 6* Lfcij* * i\~n” ^jjll

6^■ -j '6^! 0^*-" aSu *1±Ami j33^-Li aLkbu

.^jJLnaJl L*J ClLf^ *L?ljii| jL“-i UAjA^

£• «A4 6^ umUli^H AJ 6^11 >i*^ ul

J Cm ill ij±>*^ ^ Cv* LH Jj! ^

ovn

pAs j!4 Lm^I? j loi^L-'

Am .^ij «S jii\^ ^jjJ ^ 4 ^ p 4 -**l^ <bjUa& r jji Lfed ji^jj l»«~i~hj

i Lujl L^Idj ^uj^ ^Ltbuii Ld Ijal^ Vi

Cuy tjLi ‘JLjJtj *(*jL>^> ^Lt j^lj ‘|*^Aj

jV^l ^JJJ (^* k-JjAil pJ (jJjilll j*lw oi Alj J[ ijLAjj

^jjAikdl CiLwilijjJI ui ^ pi Vj

pijJiil j^aJI jlkwil Chs^ J-ii £ijf& ('-jjaJI) %a 1£ J Cuul

fsil^Loj JJLant *—ijiU ijlS j£1j p J ■ * *H JtfftJl Jj «iliJJj* S*iiJ

jL-» £y& jALaII ^*La^»yi yi t\^ jju ,^LJ\ <jii ^luLw

ILlu (JLmLmi yjl i^lll b-**Ul oj^9 CA-\$ JjV^

»lic *>a ^1 {^jJl IJ-C La dwlAJ Lij-MJ ^iLlui (4>J4|^

4 +

J^a (Vo :V* JljVi J^laJI) "l_i_>±J1 jIjIa ijLajM £jl^u

O-a tLaj jt*JL« Cy*j (ji p ^Uifc^ j p^jlaj 40*^ *Xj* ^3

J 4 JjjVOl J*a _>iuJ (jl ikjl^LaaVI I 1 * Jj 4-iLajj

fjAi^JI *>° *LjVl La ,jifi «OkJ J*** Ch CA**^ d*"- 1

jLfcoij ^^jLaJI VjHrfii Lji fl±M<I ia-i-lji Ij rt I » *ilj -(/jVl

lijjj JJ Lj ^3ij «< 1 £ ll* . Jj yJLUl jlVl yi Su>^

«Uiu* piiplU J^a, f^J-Cr l^ilS fjL**tfVl 4 I* Ijjlil (J-*J

^jVi

jLmi U^ Jjj (jt t^jJ(^iAl 1 C^

SU.^at K .tjd^. t- i-~ jLul ^jiUl <>* <4 ja1ct ^Aji <1 jj nj l* *4^1*

J*l 4i ^ U^ yj]t y* <**jum IjajAll UU1 oi >i-i ¥j ^1* ^Lilll

L^i* itjjs pi Od^^ 1 t>ji J! J? 5 ^>6^^

oVV

^ ~ il ^ 11 mI ju^ ^ ^ I ^lll ili^^llt ‘ t

.ill Lm <il L§jli) ^ (JS i"*-h j.-jrjj i Juu

*X$A 0^5 • CjUlL1 \" icjjLijJI * 1 a (.Liiiil jab

I'gAj CiliDl" <jLj£ Lrt->V| .ijiLw ^Lu) £jjjJI

«Au 4_u

jlS ^js (joj3ij ,, ^" “ ^ Jddi ^o llli iHililll biit ■"yf^j
ijl lW J>- ai {J*

4i* o1lL.jS& (^JJi JridVl (ji kiLi IftJ 3JJ l^ld btiA^

tjjJl JjIjSII 6i Lfi ^ CAjS1\ haa

I 4 ] IjsJ SjjJiJt yj Uiljj k u-a

. iilj 0 ^-*-“^ ujaISjj gj*^ W u^J ^jLfl]^

W*t ip-Ajiii I^ M^ al o-lj Lj J\

!jla ^lH i^Lflij .|^

h-Jj o-° ^ uj-Jiij ljJl£ ^1 CiIa^IU

(jkj ^ ^jL*Ti Lftl^lll. J ,^JLt .<iSxtdua wjUlI

«n- r Jj-t j5jj Jil ^>4 L»J SjjjjiJI ji IjJJa ijjjJl Lalj

4 “ ■

*4j* 1>«J {*0ijJ v>> (jjiil (*+ll>i!j ilj>t *¥>» OJ&i U> J“J

? ^ o^U'j f jla|^ ji

1 j-* (jjJJl h—ijjJl [j&

pfLt J ll 1 14 (jy&J -tj^ n . ulj Ifjj itJ JJ" .I IJ J! U^J^J

IjfV 1J ijlltl |^_uj| <Ac- ■■ >1* 1U i{J1a]!

4tLUl |^IJjJl ‘j-“* 1 (TL) \_IJJlll JlA&j (^)

OVA

OjJJU u* i>

y *0±i J ^l p4fj£ £*

J if^jJI |^i^> p*iV Lj* ,dJj Jit j\ ji

J^i *U*j «<jjLJU ^ViJl (jA)" 'uL-^ lj^

:^Ul}\

h ^4* l^-H* ^

Jjjjj ^°J Cu

u* ^Jj .< r) " «*,» U^ (4. *h»* ^ r al “ .

t.A. 1 %^t" ^jj ViUJI yi el^^JU !l*i»J <Ji>JVf
.(Jill) u;l~--*» t^jia ilja-ua ^ OV !f%—VI lijJ Ijji t5->'j y*“J
Ljt V j*]I ot (it* i(j»VIVi) Jjki* 6 ?' ^ >*^' ^

J! ^ tj.-J” :Jlii (l*il—i J-ai >* ijej) <&> !>&•*

-~ -« j . tr) " Lii l* (O-J <jlt <tlll J-> I** 1 *'

(i,>) Ulj ..(p-flJI ^ 0*^4*- nfi W* (A“

gjj ^.Ij J±t l** J -J^ 1 ^ 4-i 6*j

:U4 o—J J! Sjii* 11 iU) * L * iJ ' i*"4*

^ : " r jl. li^3t» UJI «JL»j yjll iijISVl J*Al» pa-iS' ■'

l^ljVl (*J1I IJiA i>j :L “* uiS^jij

.ILi^ill

:u* iUiii o-« JaAjj («**i!' •*

v.ljVl JJ3j 4si>ilt -^1*111 **>«- 0

.l+ila^ij ijiUiSltj

oVI

,( VJt ) jUUl (T)

.(^Jt) Jiuii or)

■I illUU! Si-Jj ^ t

M + F <J

I^j I * ii ^ ^-kZilAAJI fr.14 (jLj iZil j4 Lo

4_jjLSVi 5_iUl :Vj1

Lpjjlj (jn Lu (t)

oi <ij ^jisVi Lj_tfl ciL^j .i ^jiaj v

L. uli *Ch 3-^ a* ^ <*) kilt ^ O* *jAl *^1

frtXA i (^jll V uUjJLa ^ LLdj

ul£ 0±#j£V! J J4J CiU^j^JI 6! .,J*M JtfUj <i] lilU

*■

pljJI U>*I' l> JjVl 1 - ii aJl ,^1 c^jLAaL jjaj Cilj «1)J |»+l

Sj I ~1 ■ y iIlLj “Uj -1 jll ilia .jXj.Jl JJ gi^Ltllj
J&3S j *&! Jfi AluiS™ . r .J Yim ^

■iuju. ijjisi ,uJ <j-° j jiiju

l 4 f\>^*+JLs Ajjt^Vl CiUjj-aJI ^ jLJj

4^1 uM -Od^Ul <>»J ^

(**jJI cJ iLfiflail* ^ Sj^SS yit \Sa J*ij

‘iUj uA* ^ *oJdjl£Vl (5#UJl |UkJ>aj tj-d

u! Jj ijJLi^juJI 4JIJ bjLuJl fM* ujSj Ol t>

J (H^J J «<Jjl in-hti pdfcj^j £>* Ijlu J-i |^|-uiflji i'j -Uv * o^uJl

** iJLfcjtlujVl [jj tiiSiVI tiiijAjjj

*o±*jl£Vl <_£Ju 1 ^ tji Jji 4 juL 3 £ul£

idlj Jii * i Li ^ >il Liji! jjjjlli/l jjjb jjt ■ i, ^ , "i Vj

yi«^~fc <JjI 4 lA^ 0 -* itrt i (ji iJjiaiJ

i' lAJji^ ^ mJI kJjl«J\ L*£ ^Lbwt ^4 >Ltj

j ij i. H iU] yj uijjj »jjSS oljjid *U3 o! J# t - *^
JA .Oi-litjll uaji ijjlSVl (jlS l**> l*S It

01 J, .ijjlSit ilj-LJl f LS JJ ^ 1*5 jL«^ OstK^ 1 ^ J“-

^ .JLjISVl UU 4 o-i UiS* ji «jj *»0 JVjI J*i ‘imV* ■“■'

.oVt ^ Jtli^ll U-J JO Uj <0 <J Jti*5

r 3j.^ *J lj tliLulifcJI <jJ *4j

^j_j Jj3 0^^^ J#W^ OJ& Jij^ ti** Od#^^

slji i\ ^ ^.AlVi ^iha ... **ii

*Y> O# pijl! -A1+V ^Lt -0 *hj£M

p^il Jij fJj *"■«*" <*U' <p4*ik^

Jil 4iJ uahjSII ' Jli u - ^ J*

TLf ij>LJl 6dJ^b V—okiLUl ^ ,j^Jl

(^jjiiH JWJl jr^\ ii* .ijii t> tffcz CijU fM

6- 5 jd4 6 *^ <3*^ - "0

\>.lii 0-ill ajjjj*^ yb b *>

^jisi - iJ Li i*j *>% ^ tkiUL,u * r* 1

d^JL* 3J3L, *dk o-jU* (J ” ud!»*U

o- JA* ^

jjii ( l^ii juajj JUjOm .1 i^t ~ r*J° r '

kil) Lt±* hp rj <JjlSVl Ciki-i StJjliLuJl tJ^l

*4j

ill (^ill i£j\ " ... * l l
■*

\W rJ A-Uj ULkO ^1j :J—-kj^l liUl -OkjL- (0

TA^

A? .Jjft ^ fcill Clitf

i tl k&i f t ^jl (LlAJuE, Ll£ ll^l^i 1 *^'* JiiLUJ ^l^yi Uj$ -i 4 j

JjJj 4ilI1 *JjI -* 3^9 u^ <d-i Vj -iilil tJLA ELp» <jj EjjaVI

^ ^ ^jisVt ifu ^sui T Vi iu^i ^

ub^l ^_>* ^i^AJ

^JUiyi ^ oli -*iW *-U .VmyrJ Ji JljUl Oils U 3

^ *iM t.U £ U3ji ji d-S Vj ul? ^j- 5*3^3 J

P+^ O' OjJ Ljlfti iabtiAl^ jjIjj 0 ^ **trf#AjJl l 4 j^i&t

jl

Igaa ljSS; ^p. 4jhiJl 6A4 tijjb

Jao^ ,^ 1 * jUjjVl j^yu (ji UjLjjf u^

^ oAm ^ ^ yi *<— rti ^a ^hli w> ^ bjj^Jij

i 4 lin t'll (J4 L^jlflinpli <^L&J\ Cll^kdVi t>t tjjpj jl£¥l wijyC.

>1^* 3j £ l aJl jj*.j V ^jll Jjjjj^JI* idJj oi^h*

till\S interdental IjjIImJ^II Ci^aSU

-*lkHS JL±i* J

*

(jib f^iil ,> Cil^Vl »Ju t>klj -U fjill UJ^> Oj|

Sj>i*> Cuts ClV>Vl tl* J « 1 j> >T VLC^I W oSJ .ud^j^JLj
(^ LjA*. ^>J 1 I jSJj ,3djl&Vl

**U Jj«j p |*i*f hi]£ (^All LsJ\

Vj l-U • ^ C|jiaVl UjMu L ujdi .“.1j. -V'

.JUjISVi ^.1 _IJ Y, jLiU J>? .J

.^A\,* taUl* gLjL^ (o)

6AX

6. y«i |-to yi y* *>“>

Jj, ^.lilA j5U yi Jjjll uLi jUj yi <iLa -i-lj— ^

U* olS Lhjj .1*3^1 y» jiLS j* L jSi yl* >' y*

jii i u, SjjiVl *i* yl JjuJI uV *W* *±>«>“ J ' J U ' *> b 4 '

43U*1 (o)

iili Jl UUt *i« .jj <jS*j yl* IjUicI

CiL^juJI fiai :U±.i5J1 ^jjLSVl ^

^Ai! 6- \ j + -W*-* C1U4UI Cit_>ij I4UJ

JL^iM bJui ^ i> .5LJ </* ^ ^

AVl >lji y3» H>L.t Jjj .Ai yjJ ^ ^

.’^LiCS LjI y-\ lyju <^Ui *i* y=>y*=^J • jS 4*^ tW

: jujA jUiW UjSAi ay £?■>' y** • T

yL^l jl*>» yi JJ* j* w y*J W *^ U '

lij . (f.jn.*-^*-) ojjS ^- s “' </ iJI i^" 11
iiiJI jlli .laJ 4 A» ^ y* ' : * i /

OjAis .y*U»— A“'ji -=H»J •■**»

jie jjj .Ujjjij S“JJ <^->1 0“**“*# .lijiil
3^ jlti ^ i j; ^4J JL*Jt

p<> 3 -. gill *i*» lyJwJl *>

*u P y >5 yo .< f %s"f*-rv 3 ' 1 ") ***“ **“"

.ILjtSVl y- 'USiVI y« ^ Ms *W<' U W 1 '

.^1 -ul jtll l«i

oAr

jjIoj U>J A?

4jjJa -j-‘^ 3-~-fc_L* t|Jdi

■L*x4* ^SUji

SjlJI yi 5i4in *04 ^>i3il :5LoiIi gjLUl 3 ?| lh

i*ui jUi i^tj ^Lt ^ ^i ji\

-U^ji 604 J>w vdi*s ^gVi

SoJt <a*iJl 604 Cj^iii) :Sj4h*Jl <JLiU|
jil ^ oij .(^*n r jin)

.Ll*j iJjyi cJ^ j 4ji ^Jjts

^jISVi ^La^iJl Ja *jj>sVi ^ULj rJL^Vl

ii* c*Ujii\ *i4 ojj j^g ii*±s^ isis ^Ji

*iis Osh *uui jj iJiiii Jlftt

^ *-U ttuuli ***111

jWo*-^ JjT**») ^L* ^ J iffjoill

JiUyj iZjluJj ji Lj^ Cuj£ 0$J

*o^ rii-^ ^aJl j^ju *a*ui

L|J$ , Jj 3 yjUll Cjj^\ *jm 4**Ut

’444 4* J U 4^^ "■■'^

^joj< n' ih yi x4* <6j*tlkJl
^jV|j 4j*U 1 iZiVUjtl-Vlj EjiS 1**1M 60^

K^^jg ^LH *i—fl tjjaJ oSj {J ^1 4JUJ1

4jJIj]( EjuJi <*.|U 1 *04 04 J

CjL5lij\^ ^uallji Lfj iIujSj ♦(fVj'^-fVj^ 1 *) ^

44* 1 Cj lut b u j

aAl

i —iibiSil 3—4.it i :L:i3

** -H

Uijjlj 6* Li (1)

Sji> Cm Caji yill JiUft U] y* Jjjuitl iiUI

Jjla. '\mL=> LJ^E (jjl f»^i .iuali (iLill

Cm p+>i Cii |H-=mj utii rlji^LUl (jiliJI jL*i

^JljU *Xi* j—p- . 0) Wyji Cm (V#il J! oj>>i *MAjj

Cm ^1 t< iji*fc1 l hi^Ui *Vjd utj Uj .^jLall Ldj[ Cm p J

C>* C* J-“^ 0* V sijjill UIU^. |kA£ Ja .1

P - *^ uJ* Cjj^ ,^LJI ■Ljlt

"4*JI Jlilji ulS .l_jjh^JIj

lU-J U-* iSfl J U mlli^ll (jiuU

-£jj 6^ j»Li ^4 p4Jj*

0^^ p4 o jj' il *^1 l *J J! ua=V>*N ^JLjj

^jjL^JI JjjjJI 3^jHI l^iii ol u>f^i ^JJljij .ij .t^. Vi bjjj^aJI

j-w (*j (H“ UAii ii^Vi ^

^.Vl Alt *iUl wLjLaji

yJjVl |JJ^-iJI p) htn £* iZl^Ld 0±uhu£lJ 0^

*ij£»jL£V\£ CjjaH V^ t * * Jl kZi^LiA (jlii .jujJil

Cli ^! (Jjl £-« Ct^Ld ijVS Ulld

.d*±i u^J Lfci .ASj *Vj4 1 I 1 UI 4 _^Uj

*1^ jlj ■( 3 i * |J jjiJ| ^ijVl >i O)

■ HY^ A\%\ ,^l

&Aa

U 31 ?** (lj)

■i c -*i ^ jAi ja LsiiiSit i ~i ■'■■» * ■'

IjjjSlt -Ctjb—ill u*b) <=“A »1 vj 5 ,ii43SI

0 U 3 S ^ Jli* jit Jji J-A-Jl JL-i y 6 *

.it oi ^ <W> <> W W M 0 ^ MJ - 3 ■“«

u.,.iji Jl b=iUL£ll .it p.jij CiU^Ul t$*t*i J 5 * 5

.^.jU.. t. L-jia) J** ^

3 .1 T<ll .^jluull JaaJLi iLSJjlijVl ijl l>

J ^ JjJ U. .iij^ l<i. s^wlj JS Jii! Uk O-Sbts <jji^
S^tji Jtlii *i* jj3j 3^1 Jt tjii*l ■“ y*& OaAu^'

Ji^S yi

. jaJlj ..--.I Lj ji jll ilSja- .iUS Mjb) ^

yi VI SjjjiJI illl l+jljii yi JJ»J L^l y-J Jitillj -iLbiS

• jLall Vt jiilt ilj—i JS Uiij .La*i>

iJLiill .Y

-W- TV

<1L~1 ,> .tfjj-JI ^ OiAll ^ y**

jji .UU ^...1 ,Mdl* 1^' Oi-il' r* o^ 1 ^' ■*** ^

-,_ J 3 ; ...-H »i* ijjLi |»i .Bani Kanan |M^

iiln - tlilL ajUUI jiU J| iVanileanan

Qjill yia. JJ 01*1 jU- f *****

J*i ^ jjJiiilt ois Mj ^ ^

jaiS yi JJ—*■ (hJ uA <j^ VwSja *j' < ^ L ^ •J ikl “ 1 '

oAl

JaUuH (jiwuVl jauJl jji

iA>1j 6 ^L*Vl Ah 'U^j3& 1#j1 J| \>Laj

.&1±U

^4 L* ylt (ifJLa^i Jau <ii±iiJ| C^vS,

^L2Jl ij£d aJ (jl£ Wj^

Sj£x H i ) -h I rt l p4 <jj J li j' ifl H ijj5u 1 *jjj .^J_2kjYL

.r

j+j lSJ^" ^ > i &T »A (jlli JjLill ^ (j4 3->fllH »JlA

^,>*11 A \ n\ \ (j^j jJj Jjj ^jjSJl J^iS ,jjjVl

^ Cajbj ^<At jit jlii ^ Oijw

* I Jt-i iiJili 3^§ll f frJL A tjt diLj^JjL*J\j ClLJjJ

<^a1\ A

^AJ ji (jJLilJ i«L±U| S*X 4 u\^i

I 4jLaj jjSi\ ^lAj

I<jjV 1 Lwi

*> ^ M i i*'i^h (ji sj^ <j>mn u^j*- <> (ji* sVji

*

^ ^ OJ—4>*J1 6^ <|M^ (*4^ C^>J OJ fL*

&*14 ^J-ij |^|j[ iJj '3-uLdJt iZililii (jd^iA * I j l na ii

Prcrto - ^ 3LJ SU-5 ^liLU

:^a j^Ju ^iaJULd bJtAj . Semitic

jjt t>a i^jj'.K'XIl y^lb 1

3y.l <Xtl

.3j>l m tgjjn ■ wj ^E)1 CiUifl r Jj! . Y

(cjLldLJ^ lIij^ j ^^4 iiLaijjijj iil tjl

flAY

^Jia.1 Ciits .msw ui J#i 4*1 •ib

.UiJij J-in yi ^ ui ^ yiii bsb£Ji -W

jSUa* ^Lt LiLi itLii U £-i>>

Oj^ajj 0^ *u! |*4*l jj) (> OlAAj l*^i£

uui oi5 <iU ^jjji u «J o- o^ <*4

^ o*t-b*b -L-1j' <jis fX-llj S1U1> f^UI ui ^ ot

,ii UUIj <f iUlt ClLc ^>1 JU 1 ^ [^i-ull *pll yi * 1 * i M 1 -*

jii Jlii vj"J J! V 1 ^ 1+113 ^' J '" : I*' ! *''W-

,> jli (*i*1jjl ji ^ yVJI ^Lli U»j ,(W:o 5^0 "JJi

.-'■-< *^1 V .iUIjifl b^ y*“^V# •'tW j ' ■j^b**

- jSi |J !>j lt“ -(jji-Jl •*“ SljjSl' bj

pK^ Lj^bui 6 lSj .JJ 4 i-taj Ai - <lii— iil UjUbU

^ US <b4-i iLa. _>-»iil yi uilij ,> Lw

IjilS yjJJl ljjjJI jiL-S .piLJIj a^Lall <jl

.L^ ji JS ,*Ub SSU i«lb

l^Lal ^ i*>i. yAj oilJSl' ls-^-Lj --^b y«-*

J*i j-yi .iU«l!t y» yj&* T“p < j * ■*** -(yW*)

, 'lal lj .L*t 4jjuj b 1 ^ |**-“*M -bi> b>^ O-^l

3

,) yi J* IS .^w*» b^ «=>bJ y*

,(USLli^ AitLa)

Jli Ob ^+i ‘Jj* 11 t> ^ ^

J^L -rfAjd jl

^jJLflll t> ^*^...n £d& Ui O) 11 Jdib— !

aAA

(JJJJ oOffc uj J*1 ^JL JdjJ

^ OiiW^ oi i/i *4*-^ ws ^j>i <sii\

L>aj

»dJj J^ajj ^ J! o^* l>* 4 Mj U^j^j Jiiij cui£

0#*) ’>* ^4 6* 4j| jlSSju

Ul UfciJlj wll^uaM (> <ji L, ‘Uji l£ jJt 144

+t

-JaIj) *J“* I 11 n\ uj"* 1^1 jjl *u1^a

J* (i£*H^ 6^*1 ^ Ci£41 jJLJU biJai. Uij

J+* ^ CLMk XJ-* vdJJ J>flj 'WAj Oj n .lilj ,(_£fc) (i-iji)

.(ilja-oii) Jii Jit 4 JY 4 II <LjI^ (yjj^) ifliS tj] Jjii 4..<i\

Ciiii ‘(ijTfj^) ^*15 aIo^J ^yjJl <—*ij ^iinll^ (^^lc) 3»K L*J^

0^ £*4 ^^il l (3*4^4 Jjfci <jlt Sj^j-^-JL j Ll^KK

J 1 (« -ft^) s G^) thH U"d4 ( **„>*) J Go^) (j**-li

<j"f4 - n 'UJi yjA Cxi\S iftii <jj" I4_]j4

fA3^ LujIj ,3jj4i]| <JjJjJ| 3-ilM bL**w U dLi4

ol y-l| OjLij ^ji jSL jj J j JLwaj jjS( J ^jlL

cXi |*AS^ jJ-Jl IjjLS (H^aaJI) HjjjjJLj tjfjLUUl

t3^J Ij t u jlj ► 4*^ p*4jfi o4 4 jL£ ^,>5)1

^ Jaj Jji^[ jijj

■Wj 3 aU1j Jjj^I ^jj Cw 0 !

<j p l^Ti ljLmJJI ijl Lii>t 4ii ^ *U u-J ^o4j

jiliLi-uJlj 4jiU 1 J&L 1 jjj i^aIjVI j'jLulil ^4 '*■'* ■_■

U>^ Ji?j' it* ‘UfVl till ^uUI iImj .Jj h ^ili t^i <ja.j ^j . ^ j

.niu- .«A> .^utl jlj :^jjif .VLJI Jililll .tJj-rfiJj J^ilj_j (V)

.\Tl(ja i^Lutl (A)

. iTftja i^jLlII

oA\

aij jju - jjjSW oSJj .(^M <U1 yl* u^iU— <je4 J!
k^l U) y^LJI «j 1* vj*y (JiS •»" *ia=- '•** ■“J

ul -M.'-<ll y^j Aji ^11'

t^jJI £uu!) lif >jt y*# !*" O' 0*S ‘0““ f.>y JO 3

y^j O-JJ ti**- 0* O^J .pAjM* (MiW' W V* l ^ 1U

3^m | * ) l....-.l UlS bAj. Jtj .^it» llLiSili jaj <fSl—l'j iJLall L njjlc

iii iyoU-* ^usu mit „4j ■ oji-'- ij o» t* y 3 " y*-^*

o±=- ,?iui v*j* Vj <(^jisi*.' Mj -a>* ^ ^

-U O-ji LfjJI J=y' u 1 * Mj" (>-***

ul OJJ •■>■" <> r-s 21 c**■

ts-ill O'-!" >* cj:j—H O'—11' OlSj ■"■*♦«= yi lijl^-4

L o±*l-»Vl J^UI tUi OiiJ |b*“ 0'S* ‘■il'j 0j^"“' » fJ 11 '

ij.LJi JU4, yi L^tjLa.1 Oj^JJ '*•!*' o' J\ ■•AW 3 - i> 0'S

yJiJi yyia. yi tfjiOfVj .(yO* yil"* f— 1 J*j) Itfl*—

U>— OdAl' o! Jj .(•ills ^ yil^S fu-l ) piLljji 4^Lbj

.yiLOS O' (W»J ■Oj—'J*! 1 ' 3*

-■ •*

^jLJI Ojil' yi JS^u iijy - iiii—> <il “ *iW*l'

j— -uf* ‘O^ji fOL-1' •** •**# </'

j_a o-jUit 0 >" yO < ''^- ^oiij all* P >un <*i* P-U!

o^ yi iOhiVt la jJi j*bj .oauiau oj-'j*' i^'
all -AAAtjJS Ijjjl' ijsUi -Ooil' ill y* a^S yjll yiaJI 5lj>il'

-yj'illj JjVI yf-J' yi . j'j»l' yi il*»3— — 15

Oi-iU -(H=) C^ ui tf* J ^' J • L “ J ,J (v)

.rriuo .«ai .j*iiiij

k “J (jjll ijLUJi <ji UJ o^mj ■ ■- Lu

jd$jj ur* f uLi (%4^ ^j^loH

■ i^U! JiU^J!

twIjXl iiUI : 13 II 3

L^ujL (> Lj (t)

*44JjaJI frjgjAil *>* ug^l VJ- 1 ^ f tjLuJ (j4

OSj .Ja**aJLi ih&j^ ^t*jlj ^»_>*d Xj ue-^Jt u*jl J!

Jj J-5* fSjjid JjJj ^IjLjLi^ (vfl £tiidl JJI <1\

M& J* LU tifiLui JL^j . J^LuJl JJ JjVl (jjjjSli AI 4

Ja^Jl LaJ (jAjij fkiJl J^4 1 * j1*l

uf ill Uj< tt.J \ ^IjVl

i'i ^ M uU j J LJ_*-_ I *i jV' ^JU JiOJJ ^LUmd]l L ^>J ."~'| LJj

UJjJl j4 'lU.ij 4iMiJ 4 LiLlj_ui

"H flUM J ^ Ijlk

4^4^ W

J^4j (j-o i<dLut^ jjJ ^ijMM't

i^ii ^*^*(^j ijLjil (Jjj Ih +-La t >a^ i’ 1 L-t~^j i^Lill

OLu llij *. n*1. lTjI^-jI 4JlL11 6A^J

uL>JI A

m- ir^r

-L§J>i Uj U^Jl &U4-* >* 3iUl friflJ JJSi+Jl

11^1 ,.~>U Jj ^ ^aiLkii SjLaJl lil

^ ^>^4 ‘ jL^ 1 ^ 4d (^d ^Li^l

yi liliXi-. J<t ul d* ^

m"lj-> yi <LjU>»J1 Vjj**

(<Lj|iLa1I) 4jcJja11 *1i

.jljjdl v>^ lA ^LLaJl Ij4j

i^LJI .r

y liiikn *.ijj <i*ju IjjjLJi toUJi W v*j

A 41 H U-o Jalf jLluiVlj Vi 0 -*>*

<Uj^AjJ1 *t

Jjujili ojj dAj ^ ajj

ijjhfl L^] Jji ,LuVl ^4^1 hAJ jA

oiLjj^ll O ^H U IjA

‘ 2 *UM ,o

■H

JjaJI (lj4i) pjl*tHul£ oe*i-t^ LLiVl ^ 4 ] ^A

SdJI ^lj £Vl ^ UA A A uAA 1 .JjA' *A <>

. J^LJt JUU *A (1*^ uA

:S i> .A a Jt ,1

CiiVS ^iU <£L*-* ^ — oA

,J**A W 1*S >*A jl!^ A^

Aij jlaj 0 *! *■** (A JA>

UiAJ ijUK 6j« **4* u*A'

\ji\& ^tLAi ^ t> Ujii jl ^ ^ JjaJ -J* 5 V 4 ^ ■- 1,rt4U

3<l.^ 1 jUa JAd

2 iAi^.11 liUI ! UjIj

H * 1 *

Ifrlt a&J .*±>=^ <g jIjj SsM li* L»j^

Jf-i [> ^ J>*1 6- 3iU1 J* Cu«J

CiUU^ i>i5S ^jib U4 o' ^

VjJLiJl t>*j (> <0^1 yji til |*J

L^J[ J .^ J JJ - UkiJl dlj £*jLi 6\* ji

■0^' J**> L*^ 3 J>f“ ^

JLlJ, <At iiJaiU. Lai <*-iU*yL ^ ^liiaiU

ai v i j^yi J J* J^ j 'A» - VW' ^

^ «&J±}^ ^ ^ ^ill fciU 6* 'Ud-ilU 6-3U J!

.Laj^ms ^*iil yi

a>Ji *> t3^ <j! Jl A*

,U|iu jjji <A

w

\_y.\3\ - uiplJt 1> " t W 1 . 1 - 11 ol <> (“J 1 * U 1 *

31-is li3L»jli. ol* - l i~ jk '~ ^ tjt*Li UjlSl ijilj U SjLto

^1 jjLiuil ,jSji ^ 5jl#-Jt -Sjl—»*' ^ <> W- 3

.".;!< J|j jiUjl! siAj, .lAt Jtis £jjU *1jKU

.^311 J .^.1 ...■!» ^Li3 V ijijS «il>sj L*i« o|i '*J&

i

Vj - IJ.^J 1 iljjJl CiVsta* 1> J4 'j ^ *J

jtjssii .i+sjw* iii# 1 «j ‘-L^ 1

4£ Vj .jILJI Jj 6J« Ojill jj^e * >6*1 u 3 * *^w^»

.Vsljo .1*.LJI Cililll -aj-iilj (")

tj* LUiLjdaJl > *11 GjLAjJI tJjb oi

.Ej Ln'hl l bJy4 (j* wialirft

fjA ^JiV tlUJi^ y h m . -i V— »1l LuuJl

xjS. * Jif■ «J ) ^JkLajV\ pSjLrfhtVl 4xh£J ^|l ^

?5 i K *Jl ^ij^dVl tdlj Lm i4jjLJ) 4 jjj.i1)

,(^LJl^ j^I) tjj^l) Ciljrffj i(^UsJlj i^LLIIj * jLaJlj oLlJI)

A^j till

«* u 1 ^

6* U (0

^ ^ r wVi ^ " yu-a) i-jjjr 1 ; ^

ojjJ) Ijjj ^aii -ii* «) jh, i^j|j 4jjji 11 Kjj^aJl jLhu

U^j * lijij Li£ A U'hi a + **i ) i t |i j li la ^ l tU E^J^aJl ^jjj

(*4* dJJ^j p jlil ^jLt ^^ailu \jUal ^jLj (lJ *Vj4

(JjJ HifrjjJpJl Sit'll) Ml klul£ jjii) ^V) AjdJ) ^1 i^JJLjjJ! t_l£JLull L_ljJ|

.1^1^ L.4*.i^~ j£\ i" l )j-^

5^1c jEjitifl jjifli fcit Jl bHuL^ j3j

^JJjc i jl*fc ii n r Jsnj (jj> IujiiaJ)^ <LlllujJ) iljjjJtjLl 'Sj^aJi

yiL^i &j\ji\ ^ c^J J Jl dUaS jtj .juju

UJt J-J ^li AM\ fijl ydf U1L1I o* pijll „Uj

J** !JII i' t II ujAlt jjlui f if“ il^ijylj ft«*S ijljjJjj ,_)!$& l>*

•JS4-1I

(tj)

Oi *— 3 <AUM\ <#jd\ C.U 4 ] p-A

^* 3 LputU 6JiU\ iiiU^I U .^U! -5^LH <Lujdl

? .ol tU *^ila jHl bJLA wjJai

Sli-Jl J+i ^ 0^ ^1 Jl 5 *# U ' 614 4“3 j

g\J\ ^ JiVjU

Ajlt Uj^-j ^ £4jU1 Ci La^j 0 - 0 J

C£\±* (1—1 u^l ^ J^L? -ciiki- ^ U^A^i

-*AhJ y* J 1 ^ *Aj -^JL"

ptjll o>" J! JA ojS" J! WAiii f-“i

l _ f lt aJut *Lii jijjt i>t ^ (J^lj -i^J^LaJl

JL-S ■'■•'<— ,jj 1I ,jlj=J Jil#S oOJ |j4 4 AIa11L

.iJilJl HjoJI . J 11*01 J#i Oj* 11 jjMi * L+Ajis (*•“'•* -jL?*aJI

OljSll L*j Jji y3il i^Ji\ A*JIJ*1I y*i SiSUl iifjJl l-i
.jlLJt JA pljJl 0>l' J! W* W£* tr* r 13 * J J*JJ
!:.». 'll Ui‘l ^iaj J( if-iSII yk lii>« *'“o' !*&,>* o' J*i ^ '-“A*

V 1— -Gl jit .\Ajjl* -sU^' o4# v* ^

IfcilJ IfJjiij -fVl ^>±11 J! Ala^Ul f-jl 4411 #1* ol AA
^ ^jlSVl Oi» -UU Lai Jdi ^ ^LA k r* l J t y'A -Liij
.'\a+ frtJ* ^IjeVl u' J*- Ja< O. A.IA1 J.Ail

SLp. 0» 5>li* ^>1 ^ Oli Vj .W! '-“'j liilJI ^ ^

^ jjjj jf;...-l l jAa.LJI ^>Ajuj OjJj 1 ** - ""! ! LA

0^0

ajAUmj AjUnti - [ T ]

ajfyj L«jl^di yi jt>L3U <i\l\

♦*tja*l* ^ CxAs -Jis ji jiij-^jHfcist; jjIsjJI dlj

.jjJaill l-ifi L+Li J£ LLaJL^J lTjUJJI

i^tlj ItU a^\ > jjil tl j^Jyt t j *

.4iiiL jiiij -ul^j jjJuit Ji j-iaii vi ui ^jLiii

uj£j ui U^4J lijjlijJ OJ^J ui tj£*i Jtfkjll ui IJU
L|jLp. 2lili hi-ij Ujh^ <liljd L^ic ^Uuj .1 mLi>

CiL*AlL* >_jLxi1lJ Ji Sjjli JjSj

ui li uLjIaI AiaIj^ y L**xit ^.il,

,43LJL^ jjkiN J-V <ii^ ^ jjj ^ill yU .*iUL

j^lallt t-ilut .'l
ii^ij <i=J1 (!)

^ %aaJi ~ <a! 4jI ~ iiJJi ^Udt * ^

Jh 4 fOil jl lifj£ |j| <Ldlu > '^ 1 1 ~| ft j .t*j

jA IJjI .fc-fljL^Jl A > rt«1 | u>* j-J-Sju jSl* 0'^-'

'buL

4u*n\ cij^i u^u ky J! (,*ru*) ^ ^ ^ « 4 f

* JsH^ U^ J^jJaJL (fajiu yi uj£j Vj .^laJL

(jjSj ut u^ ft J jJ -LiLaj Jjj u Affi ^jic. HaJl UJ^J tlAd fhjjj^AJij

,<U> Jiii L J! ^ JjjuJI

ujS3 ol C 1 - 5 “ ^ - ijSill »-i*

j! L J! *j>JI JjjJ ••*" : s^ U* 1 -S?^' jL ^ iiV ' ^

Vi Qljj-ll :>au dJjj -Ot—U1 uLt liijt .(jUiiU' .*« JilJ

,l_JI ■> UI-i* JB Ui -tier* <L-i uU *‘M' ‘- icU “ «> ^

- (,r) "^ J!

^.i jUJLi .<!• Jail L J\ Jjat 0* J.«3 J <illl J Li'

^LJI £ L^1 u5k -C-- ^ *W> 0- J“* ^>1 ^

5.K ^ ( yij yyi Os jlliill Oi» ' il *Ua *'ja4
■ -■■■■3 jji .(oLya*) ue^LH us i> l - ii ^ •(uV«»0

S LyiJ sj*^1 jji >»J <(csl) jl^ J* Os^iSi'

Jji. o' Os» ij 4 ‘j^ ' T " 1 -»* tuLs*) ' iljJ J 3 J- 1 " <j' •'

^ JS& jj« Vj ■>** ,*• w «*“ ° ,JJ ^

J;;;-.. If j\Y J* (0W») ^ tf 4 ^

JjU .Jm-*> V s j* <<**»■) ^ yi 4U-i

.Lsji js^

j ^jir >* (oW») us ^ Ulk! ' J-“- LJi

-Jss^J ■>* (u'jsO **1S ^ Mj—>' UUb! '

3-l< Ljljjjj 0»jJ •**j' 1bV J* (uis 8 -) «*JS CiIjjjS 6-j u!

.*» (0^)

us <> j*J U*-)

. j>mJ! jlaiN ^ ^ ^ *(0^)

A

.JA+II jIj ->M' ^

lua lliuJI .yl» Of 0^“ (^)

,\A/r .siu

o^V

tZiUill (jJ J^ill ^,1* Jj Jli. Ji ^ic

CiULtl J J! Jj fl j i ^l l (JjijJl lAj^kj (Jjaj

U**i 4 **»j iL*J1 ttlll Oi

C4 il^| ^ ^Lk:

(v) JibaAS <l*J] ^ jd\ r Vl *iiil ^ (() JliUi ailii! ^
AdLLi J£ J 4 U £* <3^ ^AU^a .^Yl ^jx,

^ J-tLi5lt Jl J-=kj o£ 4 j& 4 Lfi^aj 3JLjj^ <^daJ|

Jt _ij\^J| .Aij p-$j yi jUiV! ^.i h i. j ■ jjjxilt

*

^ ilia L|J *£**± j £\ ^ tyH i J! 3j.Aif l f>*U ^rUaj

o-ju tfj!S >3*^1 oliJJl yi ^ a^L ^

jj^« *1 L* <^>*11 ^ LjjVi ot Or 'Ti j II

s*^ ^LiiU oaj> 4J1 j$\ r Vi uit yj iJjft *L

OJ '-ilVl *04 j4 j jLilcYl |JLd» JJ

art j[ jl^Vij

alSU ut cfjj jj2£jJI ^ji ^ Lsl

^ J—Vi la -niiit jj* ji.( 51^1 iiujiJi ^ E.ij.tm j>ii

^u^* 3 "uW jiw *4j ^ jjLz j&\ ,LJ|

H

lyjYt jaJl ^ <jij i^M.yt

JL- *— tfuuyL) ^ ^

fril t m.«J1 *04 yi <jlj _£& lo4

04d j^iull uiii4i)f Ijjiu LudMi ■"■■.. >1

>» U J! ^*^1 0* jl J\ j~Ji\ Cy, HaJUt j^Lx:

■"vv ,*iij jlh^ tst, :ij *iai .t^i 3 *ji , v ijiii i. 0 Li.j (ir)

.HA-leY^

4, .-^-n ^.ui j^yi c> ^>h ^ t> ^ ^

.^^Ul ^Jki <> Ljjua 1 V^iLi 6 ^j

51 ^ ^Sj Ui .jL#*-i jl>»l V**-* 1 ^ .j-.Vt OlS Li

.ijj>uilL lijs>i S«“* oAl V ■ Li '* it

^UaJl ^Ull {*)

JjLJI -uln OkjSi W ‘oJ“LJI ,j»Lill *Li»ll (ja** J"i
^ ^ ^L3 >, ,41 44- .JUfclfl ^

^Uill 3LLS u-1 ^ -j^l ^V*SU c*“ 1-Uj

^LUt ^Lill J ■»»' '- i J*i 5li -tS^I j>t3ll L*“ »jLitL ,^kLJI
J^JIH 3- 1 ...t l ji L.Vl jic ijjiUI Lj-i ujSj .JLitVl Jj«

.^t V .--J lj S^i/I SiL o3jii5d *^ u

tfjaj L> .^^»n ^ L^it ^UJI cA4" iw' >>

^ s L-iVI *iA5 .Jki» J*-#*

AkiVl ij-ljjJ La .44^-ill LjJli JS-VI 5 V 1 ' -^'

3.K ,511. JliJ ‘^1 JA3^ J-'j* <> iL,U

- t ; .Al aL-iij ,CuJ llLjI £^a. ^ ;C>'ji) lA

j\ c, : t-rf-l l o- J*& Ck <(t)“'jD jV' •*« •^“* - i ’^ , ' J
^—-=■•-» ^ jISj Vj -ty—ill ^ CH 1 -»* liU

3-«.j lucL Cjj*“ji) J 'Wj Co**“ji) >* (i>*ji) £*?■

,> u- ajSi (j»Li!l J -Vi iJ" 1 * Wj ‘‘V s

y^ill (0

Sf* ^ J^IJI £jUJl

J! tfji Mj - 41 aliJtj *UjaJj

^ S*=^ ■'dJj JjU* liilj *i^Li

®>W® 0*^1 yi L* jj£I .lijl *.-H 3- jHI ^l»j

,L,Uj (|? iiAj ya.jUl J^yji J ^ y |i* ^ .-Lati ^^1 ^
Jii j JtilA ;-=» yi Uj^, ij^ki ol ^li» Li JS ,o^JI dls^*
6" >4 IJUI 1 I 1 L-* ^ .<J 1*3^,

■frjjutidJ!

^ ^jUs Jly ^i sf i # U| ^jl*jll

</ II* >jkjj .£j*uO* J) LjjL^i y ^-ij ^Jl ^U^Ji

Jj. J-*JU 11* ol j) f^ljsil LiiVli
ll*h* ^»i Alii «*L*Su sjj^a. ulj *u*Aii

<-Liuij Jl -Wjyi ^ £_>UJ! jVil

W®- ^ ujSj ^U! ^tiVl ^ AiiS ttjlit ,c,ULAi]l

6" uAA^ ul -tfjlt bU*i (ViLiii

(^111 Od^l 0 *j Um jl d^lJl ^iUh#J l>ljLt

Lyi v <a>^i ^ju *y+u 6^ o^j

***« £iL^I (j)

S£>*^ Odj^3 J^M ^A* *0"*! ^ll*i u^j ^jLsIl J^aj

lu luy!\ ^n1? .ll II* jtt[ . JjJ 6-» tA (J

(jfj^ 11* L>i |^U|^ 4iiiL gl Cijpb

*<j "*jj ^ ^ LaS A^iji t^U^J jjjibj . jjAi

ObJj

1*1

iijjiiajyi ^UiLilH iHm^Uj jJ$j

^J^y\ tiuui ^ .l^Vl ill

LUj -SLUt ti4 tLuI ^Jtju iLJl JL LIjjjIu <jLiiJj

agence ^bJ ^ US fij^jji CjUASI JUjlL*I yj <U^Ju
V-v* jj LjdaCl CiUlS CitLij i gateau

U5 <j*UiN jJ^U ^ 0Tl -gallon tj^JLi jji US -SjjjS

■t^Jj j^l *»* jl3$4j t j^iftlt'iiii^ j^jL*

^5L«J1 Ji (jjilll c jUii1 aj CjO* 1 Ai*

US *LbuiVl ^j.iil ntl ^JjUuZJ l~iKj.M)j

|«SIjU> 4J * Gardens j-_ijjUJlj -Moil Safe way t^U

■u ™"

-Parii GaUery (jj^U, -Fasdlnk d^ Ci^-Uj Mobiloom

-dJj _>JsCj (Pizza Hull Cut (McDonalds jJ—JU jaSUj

6* U±L.WI li-Jt Vu*. a*L ( £jU3N IJL|J jSt j^.1 6SJ

^ ijjLLdl *Y>* jSjj! Jjj CiUJ *Lui

*^AaJ\ Jjj &aja^J( JL^Vl jcUjI U-lc4j Lijii -f*-|J

i^^iUI j4 Um ,T

vW" jyi- (t)

£i)U U* tjSu %L^>« jjj (^Lll ^Uiirt U-* la“ j jj

jjih «^uu sj-tUa 4i&^ui Jiij-Ji dij jJj

CiUl 6^ ri ujj V jdt JCS^JI ^ u^u r jj\j djsiij ^->*1
i>“ 0^! (J ul.5 *V^yi Ijl iVt—j (j] Jj *^_>x* *XjA

js^ isr jJ\ ^LUcJI 4JJ 6- <tu^5f LilS jit jyu ol

liuAaJ^ (jijJUlS ludiU fjdjditi yh Ijj.~-k. 1 ^±f

^Ail ^|0«JIS -u*UJ1 ^ULJI 4al ^ ^all jliV^

g j -'.-H Jt^jjJI fclll yi taill *l<x3^l o'

yi 0^1 *b~V» .-W' Jii* yi b“L*Vl J-'j* 11 &

Cli - .'UJ.B ^ Siao y* V'.^' y 2 f' J^ 2 *"

- Jta JS ^ j*Lj

SjjyjJl il«aJI V^J 3 W

0l*S3 o' Lib <^ibi (jjSi J M iUj*lt o' fjbJI o->

i ^ibj jl a.KU <J ^ais ijjjij U o' Liul iw

Iji .'J-Kt lj .Juj LitsSM ij*j vtai Jjj Iji :J>i*

V IjjjJI <=iL»l»il jSSi o^b --oj »l>* lilsSJb '-*di ‘'j 5 V^b ,J nj
j*j" :6jijk* .s^b ^ S y*^

oL-ajj tfjJ L»S la" II* o“ib • \j*

^ r jL ul ^-.IjJI 6li olj.yi li* oii Uii" :JA Jl -b 2 " <***
^ jl -^ l >* u-SJl uiSj L-j < ' a) " l ^b
..•ijlll. ^Ijjl^l y-LJ ,jitJ -Ij-a-b bP-H b'j 3 !' fb*" oj^i o'

. .t _ II. aiti <lUU n-ilj^yi Uts*«' I Ai.1^1

jtliJI r Uii j*jia (j;)

.-■i T i m yi ^uaJ i r i^ jojj .vjljtVl io 2 - o 1 ^ w 3
^■ u ...., ^jj| {jOJI uSa. .Sii-jll ^jJI i^SiJI

o\ OJ J ‘^LJI yi >*Ui W <1 JV“' ,i= ^' tf* UuS3 "

j«Ui „ls ijjjiJI iLyJI Ulnaj “Life -> ^ <■<**♦

.ijijii J J i ^

,0^ ^^"vvis^un ^

^ Li|J>a \ 1 * 1 jjSj

* s-AiH £ od-° ^A>*i -U>lA

i*Juj ijl ol*j j^uLJI Jj(t (jl jAUaJl t>*

ojj) s^jjJj *(v£l£il Ajjpd <jjj) L *1 cluster ^d^ua j^jjLdu

.us^ <(juji

^LcjiVi ^4 bliVl^ ^Iaj y >^£adJl da^Ul ^LaJ^I |‘-^ - ‘ 1 ---Ij
J liLi^lil frlft jali jjJai 3-t-j^flti ^jj^jJl ijSa fqj

i bjji0^ ^~* «■ ■ -jf itjib *oj-Q “ j^L|^) .cLl

f\ j"l » II \J ftjJ UU iJjdVlj

iiSUJI (j)

fc jj‘ ^ ■ * Ctljdidi ^jbU L iijLoll jALloJI l_LLuJ1

j^uJl JljJlj jLdJl {^>JJJuftdil ,jjj 1 all ^~H i

jfaJLj j*L*-it jLftll ujiluj 6dJ&& J*^i >* '( jj—al) Jl*

» *

I **■*-**! JL^j jJjLull CiYliJ . Ljlj jLdJl 111

11a *> Jjift <> ^Lill L^dij

tfrjjlAdd Ul\j4di tj dd iJdLu JJ4J ^4 f<ilLuJj J.*1 imll L-UuJlj

[jLijj c^aJ Sjjlu ^i<LLJl jaiu Kj^h4 {jAiJI

JS_> «u^lj Ll fBonorant ^* m * J " ^“ks resonant

-*1jJI Sj^4 oj*)l .Ijt* i<f ^Liclj <jLj>4 1 *)><

jAj ,%uidiJI AjjjaJI jjj jj.^j 3aU^^t|i tIj^y kZj<^jdJI L*dl^j
0 -^ .Alii jjJojil IJiJ -Uj ^ 4 j ,3DLb-*Jl lh jj^

1 Ia|1 jJjalil ■>■ *tf ^Urlltl ^ilil 1 i.j-^- till]

Aji *JU £jA&j .^JdjLuu r\3j ^(Jjtld)

^g *LA1 bl4 < a..i-^ %LUt ijj ^*K~i (jl ^iKl

^ij

j>&) X (j-ii (USj V n>^' CAj^

JIjj biuj! jis <uIj t-tiJLaJl \*1* jl—i - p^~ V L J jrft S ftl lj <0* fl
j±, ij^j2 oi Xs *4 iJLm^

ji wu*i\ j\ < 5 ^

^ISJI uilSH (Jb)

VT

CiJj ^ u*j >Cil*U\ <> jjSS EjjUb .-ilill

^i^iii.1 JA lE^fcUall bJyt t j> *Jlj .JijsJj Jj*j

3 ^U; 4Jud l JJ*> *x3 (%A£Lu>) i*i£ (jL Uj£ju 1 j-4j .CiIa^AJI

*±xua 4^ AiJU Gr 1 *^)

-O*)

i<J uJ*^ ; J 4 tjdJU jil j4^

^ jA.1 lI iu^t <jJaj ^U1 (>4 Itifj * |* (f l) '^ i liijjl

6* ViJ Cj*L0 JlA -^JsH^ ^W Lf 4 «=A*1£H

-0-0

<^LS*il i-iUft jSi tffi J1 u>*^

.jlL (j-J 4~A o*j*£ <^1 j4 Uj)j

Jj^jt o)

Jjt3 <±\ji\ JS* JJill ut */ ^ *> ^
u^ (4*4 i> u l£ L*J d*LL£iH) ijilajj titUjjjj (*4*) (jj i>*ii

jUvlt UaJjj ^J>|huJI ^ij3 *j-£i*

li^Liyi *v~i* 4*iiH *U j!4 43l^i 6*J s-W' ^-1
^4 v4 s j4j^j * M *XJ4$ 4'&*&A3 * I**- -iiijL^i * Yj\j ^

. 6^3 tr,rt u4

1*1

l-bj_>* 4 U (jit 3 <1*1 JS SjiSS 1 *j

>1^ |yi l*iAj) ,tjA*j ^ vdlj ± $

■w *■ ™

SUjM ’Jjji IjJj*^

LjSJj) (TjAd uftdj IJl* - Ia^jJ frtlJkjj ■ JjjSII 1.14 tJJj K^jftLia

i^>j ^j^ji lia ^LAj^Jajij bJul Lai* liji w w 4 _^*S (jl

UJ ' jl Vj <lf*j^ljj UJ>taJ jd Ia^UI Ai4 ji (jtLii

."/.Kt jj Aj£]j ,4o*J I 4 JI ^ ^jJI Citill! ^>£

ij^jaLJI <jJ] ^jJl 1 JLi&_g ‘Cijiu

.IjjLAhiJI

i>a Ej^Ua iCildtlJl tjrf 1*1 t^iJku

^ I ’J^ ~*~ ij JL ^ j^jij ^li f| jL*j£uiVl {>4 L^ij ^ tut

j£j>jfeLtaJl <• Uljji J ,J ■"** Ck^jJl iliiXa.jj

.1*1* JuZ [*j EjALtall CtJu 11^*11 gw T (i |llj^

£J3j ♦ t_i^lj|jll lr "EJjL^JI 1~> fj-Q IjiLldJt i’ J i t fc*<u ju{^

IJLaj .IWjJIj ^>-J 1 LjiUt ^\*J\

{> !■• sj**^ uW

4-*44 jjja.ih i^Oia^ll £uS tj^ LI jjlfn

^Uiij ,*04, oUOJ iia Jj L IjjLs jl CiUjiH

i^Lull l 7 ijfej^ jj^i '■ ^ Ejj4 j jj.u j - jjA jLdJt u

i jilj <jLu 1 JL4j «4*rfj-ijj

1-0

IJul 31^ -»'t Jaj V IJL4 illllu frj^'" fL I * 4 j!I jJu Jlil

O*-*? LjA_L£, lAliil t'kjjJl (^jj jjftftll kZlJyidJl

(jl jljt (jkaJlj? ^LtJi^ **LLlb ijLaJI) 4jujV 1 4iji->n ll hZjlj*a ¥1

+&j* «iiUt > A^b ol ^ £-**

*UaJb uj—^ ^LUj jLdHj -iS^h ^ 4 ^ jLoll ki

.jAi <J jLaJL U .JkJ 1 *Ui. *UiJb -JUI < 4 ^

•U*- jkJb /vij *lui x*b M jAi

<> V* 1 ^ ^ *> jLiji -*1 j '^b

Jkl^l J£j J£ Jiji *b** -<jk *•**# uk* 1 *^*
jL>A 11 J {( JAAj j ^iQiJ U»b -jJ-^Jl k-iuaj ^ h^ilt

4jV .i_jl^dJJ Jklkt ^jjl 4 j 4 jjHjIi ittiil 4itSj tjl^

jWJI AjjLaJ jLEa)l 1 VjJj" j^Vi £)\& jJ

. ,f *li

^UaII k5 ^kij ^ jLoJI j! (jj^iallAil ^ob kb

J JJ-J ■■ lij^yuC. (jlS U 4 %£Ua£ ^-iVl jjli ji j| .tuM

.J1JJ1 (3^>a *1 ^Ua 3^-4 i£jR (j! l-Bju J

jLaJI LdlaJl Cik^JJI o-s _>jj 2 £ iib^ Cb JVAjjjitj

Ul> J ^ ** * (JVaILluVI Uk <, ^ik*r4 <jV f3jiAal^ V jeUa

4ji ^jIjj V A_i-h,) ijji rtll t Ia* llwd ^iij

. tjjuid tUalb * jLdJi <J-Xi JJU

. jkaJl I 4 JL 4 _>^Aj pi *AjJ- 1J1 C»b*aVl <jy±JL^M j&J kl *T

jUj u^J pJ SyVw -ki^j O^f (j ^jl t^**d

ludill <ilu kS E( J^jJ 1 ■« CijjAti

,irVt utisi + -m^ (n)

jji ^ Lu (UjJ uL^I lA*

*gVl L|l ft .i mJ ^iJI il!l|^iaif| J ft * ft ^>J jLoll

L^jJLj ^LwAJl 3jla, Jjl Ojj T (j-a jLuail ^7jj=kj fjji^i *T

+ bj±L ClpA <UA 4J£jL£j V jfrij ^ ^ J-I>>aV 1 {J-d

jL ^jjjtj... 4 jLoj ^iJl jLoll ij>\ (j£pU fJLi lJ£ ^jic

djiSj jluiUl Idhiid jii jj Jau |u 3■ j -* tjl*uUl 4ji.tflj* Jau

j-

_^Ja £djJ j*J * [±a jl I \ JaI Ujnilj 6! <J-° aI^J\ Qj^ll

*3U~i* Ljla ^LuAJl

<Luj>Jt]| iju JaLyU filkidj 454JI ^Ayj]l (jii <tZ^Jyldll !Jua O' J±&

^ HaJLtaJl 4xli\ <1 U^J »<LjLa]| ^\~k flltl C±*3

^H! jajJI Jj. jLaII ^JLj IiLLlu

„ IjA 3jJJyuaJ\ Jwii jA ^iVII ^A *<J£JlLuj ±Amj

4 jU ^Lo^kVlj iliUijill JAA *LL]1 Ldjj

CjIj— aVi &j5u Alt ILtt-flJji 0^U>* ^ k iirt jJl \1a day >Jk J | ? *
Ci^uaVl (^u 4 aijV^d JLlc *1 * |_“i* l |*imA 0^ Jr *^3 * 5 jl ># 7 a\ \

a.. vu ^ujl jU*yi V :jto

Ijjfl? * tLDI ul ^ JW1 <ji

t L-u jftjn £xuali .3 jj^jJI Cili+U' jiSi ijj tLLJI
^ yi i Jl> 4^ *IUI yi? Jjj .Sj^LuJI %****!! yi 4 j Jkii

.cliLa [>. 4uj2)t (jjill ,jj '6 jjW ij^*J y«»'» -iii ila+UI

.trr/t ^jiLJl jijJl (W)
.lYiti JfLJI pkjJI (>A)

J-J yi jLAJI jkjj J J7- ^ *LUl ^ijAIuj

IjAf E*lj£)1 (jjjA-i-Lj y44 yj tljlll jL& A-*.j jjU

■ 4-ijV 04 ^ l ^* 1 *lji£d ^iULaII) ^tjjV {jw" j*

»

lt T U ^J l ,>^ O* ^Jjfc I(>mJ 1 tllL^fl j^AjJ yA j\jLhQ ^LLJt jLi

.^iUI

^Vj^Vdil 4jlj <A*dj a3a ^_iULT^ t*|

V yj L at *\ |j 4 jL ^ /S

r^ i/ LJitl* uj j«»U < J l '-r 4 *j *J J0>^

kjlill <jt |^|> A>i ^4 ■ La l* ftA^P

J iSj_L£sLt*Jl 3_i^Liil hiilsh|lU joj^ i-fl f^jiVl jjJu-i ^Iuj o»S

* *

jj^Vl l-"j^--^ 1L 1 _4 (jV *1^ ^ ^a ! A-4 o^J T ^>Alit\ |^aJi

#

fiAAaJl ^iUJl <jjii L*jj C|*AJ .fuaJu 4£jdj if jJl L °l fLaii

J JJC LH oilj -Sj^aUJI JU4 LmJ A4

tIiLi*l*J1 L>alJ yi (jiilj If jJt ^-aU 1| OiaJ ol Jlif

,3jjdL££l

lJIbII J*i o - **^ 3^* ^ j J^ (JLfc

™ * *

fA jkJl ItlAj .Ijjm..* > j<rtj £* JiL t^jil ^4 ^JaJI lA4 ifcjfaj

yj ^j3>*daU A^i

tjV -4* p S^" * ^LUl J L* 3 j£j*aI1

Jjii o^ &^LJ1 ^j\r J^ujJl ifJJl ■j-'^ —

■ tZllw&i I AjjJ i ^Jlj JLuaI >bj|^ jl jJbwilS tli^w |>J

Lux, Aaj J y>^ fblut\ ^j^*; if jJ ^\5 li » « 4A4 Cul^ aj^j

.trt/i ^1 ^1 (W)

ijlj l>lAj viCjl^r JjLt jULu^aJl -p j"fc IM J-i£r

clJLS ^jJl l-jUuJI -Ij (j^Sk j V-*-_jj <jt jj --*■*

rJ tuLLaJl (-U of -p < w (jL“J (ji l-LuiIjfj <j-o

" * ■

L^ljJ Ia^j d L«kg4jtjj -3 jitiv^lj jjJ ^-itf£ 1 j 10 tj
. LflilJjki jil*nj <JJjjJl IgA ^ ^J^aVI gA ■ -l U OjSj tJ^ J
oJla Cut£ . iiL* cJjaJ ^j*JI igi L|iSJj

. LfJLudljMt <JJ ^|i <^jjJl IjU^j t>* 4jSUl

;ULi

a-V\ ^ (ji4) ^jUi as- (j^r*c) ^ IjS

lj4j *(jUul) u,#^ .ij.Lillj (lY^Jn) u^J-4 o!

(&. WilcL o^l/ S-ijfll =L-iVt ^ 0>i

Aill 1 jj| ii a j (jl j^i |*J_j >0^ -1 ... W \) Lo-A^jLi

j^jli aJ^aa^aJI SjLi^i |«^-ui gk ^nill ojj j j. uni (j^

1 A ij l ij£*£ Y Ajjtcr J j A rte

t(t)lj) jA JjAdJl SjLiYI p-uA o^ ^jtjniH til J-i]

JjA ^aujJ jt>AC ^ IujaH d (o>^) J4 <lo uU

™ *

,(olj) >4 l*ii J>JI SjLiyi (wl J Ijl -LAil 41 j Jus L^jlS Luj

Ij.l- 4 ^idli (Jju U*l jji^ (j|jij) jA u ' i *ftH irlj

•{<yj> r u~>yt

^Lc 43iHj (tj) £ci*ati (ijlj) {j* i 'i hL ill Ajjj*]! ul

(jt j) £?Ji iSjLiyi f^A Jil, o* <^^.1 W J* . j>Jl

!yjV1 jull ^ Jjtjll J^l>* ij“^> Ci^iS • 11 J 11 *'' Cu J

:ij4UII n-i^l iliLuj ■(Vt) jjloStl .>™tjS~4*» (T*)

.v\o= .«\v

oti •*

|j 4 -<jlj :j>JI

y ^ .v

tULj trf ***^ ijjA+Jl t>* < ~iki i u (jj)

JJ aj l i l *^j 4j±& C*\ t*\j* ^ ^1 - OA*iM

(>d ja *jjj£ 0*1 S*l>£ (ji ( 0 II 4 ) ^ u>il^ *i-iXtl3 ui l? fAj

.S*L>iil &A4 y4

Jjj Ji jjidJl SjLi^i jvufl ijl LjfJJI IJjI Jjjjj

.tX±a Jj£ kluj >|J IjUl *frtjjL4J "SU-i J-ii dilt

4 * » ■ ■

t<AjA44 — 3 A^.iaN <Lujdtl! ^i — (pJ*) |«a« klut£ JjU

(u .JJj >U J| *. 1 'J** ‘U^Md

1 Jul J J^il Lb ,jii JJjJIji .^jSLmi («aaJ 1 CijL&a i^ ^ i hi^
JJj Lt^l* (JjSj J J * I rtf l

^ «jp^ Lui ,>4j

*Ll4ij1 ^4U

dillj .Sj^ftLLJt ftA 4 (_*\t»kll) ^>JjS ijj\ b*l>J Aflj

(^iJl >ajii JL* »A4 jji 1,A

{^J-c.) yj Jjifcll fU |*^=» <*j J *i Al l LMJ

,j1Uj (-*\A*tii) L|j (ji jij Loi « (| » f 4 ^)

L^j jju <0jIAI1 La|j «(V ^iJI jaIa L** i>aj

JiAti 4 -jjS HjjSL* bjjJLi <(-*YOo) E^lji

p|j^ ^J>S 4A4 ^jA*±

!L|1a Ejjj£ n^ yi aL|JI (tin; Ijjij *(Y

^4 JJ4 UljHUiS Lalj -j1_u=Jl A«l4 (ji

(j^LhJU tjuS^ljdl! (1 mjL| oi iAJu Vj .^IjLmJI ojjli ^*—jj^a£

V'&JLA ^ic

l~>I <j klijjj ^ JJl pjjyutt yJ

ijlS ^ g'Aij o! Jj (oj!) i> ^ (^0 U^Ai UrfJ^ O^?

*

*U&j 4 ^Jj J^JU IjU^j , (p-Mit) <>fl Vjj ( p rt. ., 4)

[jjo VjU j*JJ**^ Qjl*JtILM.fl <-i^>aJl (j^ tj^ 3 *

*L^>jld cAs (L*jjl3 4 jl£ ^ n*l1l (ji (jLt JjIjJI Ujj
jJkl yi 6 lid ^jaJI [jj ^ JLU ^j\miH QJ~»H 1 ^

jA '~'t ^ Kll frjj& |UMJ

Lai « (jJjlAjI) CAilJl jau p jfrflUl iH ^JjLhluil

1Z1U4UI l>aaj ^4 CjJjJI l^J *^Aiuait Atift LjjA Jjj

LaJj :j^i jn j I i »nll^ tp^uijjl) i ^j I jAa ^dd

t^Ala gj|1 ^4 <L jjaall 4 AfUI ^Udll frjyl Ciljti

.l+ljlxS

^ Li ,(JiU3l) iL-i ijjJ ihjSII 6'j31l -UIS Ljj
J\ (^liUl” ^ -UjSj .(VV SjiJI) ‘V n—ji^ljli 1 ' JL3 <Jji

0"±tj (j * aU LSa^) jJk ojlldM Oi^ UJl> £i\ J^d *^3 .{V A IfjiM)

r i \Xk o^i .(pllctflll) oUj* L*^ji ^>kj .(l*iLclijO

Ll£ U^l JaV^i iAtJLlj .Lfad ^ till*

m

Jullj^UI &AA blud^J jJLoJUmiVI <J4 U">3mi f*J (jJl o* ojiji t ii lia

«04jJl >dUj yit Hlj L-ijJfll^J

l»4dJl J ola >i3j .(p+lJ!) '_Lmi\jjJI 4 A 4 O- 0 ^

■I^J (_j^i JjJL o^- oAj^ *J** ^ 1 ^ *J■ * * *

L _p=kiJ ^ aIj U4 Jjj li* Lft ffrlji (V-f-LH ■(jW^tai)

L j ^Kli ij* 4_*l£]l hl& (ji Jl ^j^idlLaJI

j\ji\ 4^ ^Vi yuL - (<ij) <*isn ci *J^- ^j X* i^

CtXe j*j i(|«4jl{) ■"■'^* pjuiafjU pjjnltl M, j <ui£ —

(fH^O u^ <a]j ttltfi

4a 1£H bJL4 .^jjj J- 3 ! (J^ <^jj|

.<j!c *J!j

y

^jjJI j^«' J d JJ>^J'" •iic Jjj La LajI &*14 (j-o_$

>j) 4 jVS

l^^La. ^ij .^*il : (rf *il ^ li^ljid IjjlS tilt <->•'
:i^ j^i Sji J* aiVjJI IJj,j (,,) ^t>

4^A nihlii I tZlLfcifJl J^ipi _)JAJBJ (3-* 4*4 J La <jj

4^1 C jlii, V pjl M t 1 —A4 Jilt}

UJJuji^yi job ■uJj v-l 4J Lfl " i mj 1*^4 o! ^

3 -^UI ^ 4 LJ ul^ ^.USU ul JJj JIA*. V <il

JJj v (^j) j*iH oi ajjd 6 ji*y' ‘EL.JI bjjii (jAii

,cA*isn ^ jlj\ *(^j) <i-i d ^

Jji -liJ_>±Jl tZlLkgUl u* 41 0 ^

JiltVl J) *_ijjJI jii-P 41 AJ JJj -OJJ*i^ ^ t>af?

Cju J jtijj&LJI uLi*iSJl OJ 53 od-KJ <£"

^. 4 ^ u-*

MX/ T ^tSJ! .^jJLy- (T\)
♦ 'lA^/i JjLJI ^bi_^J 1 (VY)

jjJl :iuii

jLxaii * it i*\ju l>j M 7 1 1 U J*ki

,> II* jJj . r 4*ll yi i*ydl ^ (Je!) UiMl ti] jllj

Jy^ .JjjlSiaJ y* ytj

Jl til)! tj ^ Cj I.^.K bA4 SL^jJl CfJa

■ <£jd\ j* J^*l J!

Jtji V 4 j1 £+ ^-*. a JJ JL>*M SL=^I

jluti ji jiaul\ £jlf[ 1 ^ JU V J^mlLc-uu! ojjj Alu

‘-ij-'jn^ jj^ ijit* yj ^LuJl (LllvVI b>l 4 Aau,

\j)j*i |J (<lifl y^Ul Jiit AiiL ^ Slz^ili <jl

ljJ j^j- tji £» oi k?

ul (3^ IaS *4l rt?r (jiaj V <iill JJLi y4 o^ts ^Li_^J!

. Lk^u^pi

ioejiiJI SLulj

^ U t jjltLill j jju ■L>^j <-j«i-uljj (3 d ^

JV, .(im^Sa) "ij*it o-jji ^3=111 ij^U" -jm <*1 Ji- JJjj
,Wl J*3 ^ .(YVioiUI) "(ML, jJS lA-y ^ i* 3 " :*W
."jl^ilU JJJW iSsJL, ^ SJ* <UI ^

:^LiJl J^j Ji»j

iftjM Jjiill *ljlil ,^i ^H>o4

<i\ jj-Ult 1> .jjjoJI II* <i*-jZ j «^l' -iliil J*J

■UjJlII ^Iim'1 EjLmII ||m L# iliij yi talilS yjll ^Ijjll C**

J1 JJ *iu 1-iu.ljj dn ^*M iCiijl i^*Uall ^uaj*jt i J}a.

0-0 ixull \<1a ^tJjlj

nr

JJj (Jt) JLojI LA,i ^ ju) I || |H mIj^j

ij^L*J! Jj 3 jll£p

<1 AjS^ p^-^; t^ul Lb

Y (jY !^pjLAjJ\ (JjtilLi (jjO (JLoJl j 4 Li* jj ^ » * n . \ \ <j!

jJuujf , J^fao^aJI fq^Yl jiiuiii 6 jLa Cjl) gt j- fc ml lj .JLmiYVj

^ijjjuil fu ft* jji (jA-jIl ilujl (jit LijLap 4jli jltal m Y! 1 j-*

bJJl Ajjlr iJU *-i*uLpj L^i* £j^Ltiil

:< W

Lft t->L~ 4 j jjl tjiftj I4J ua (Jl>^ oi Lf^rU

(>4 Lili L#j HjJ Ait JUu Y UuJLi . LfL»

(J-t 4jlj hAUlS Y Ej^LlaJl

djj-j. ■■ frljj U ^ *<J JjJtAfcJl ,JxLi)1 <loj liuJl L*l

JLu Y njjj i-Li ItifJ . jit* *-^£11 ■ J>^d £*** <j!

.frlj. j <j-# aljjj *<1L3 tjj 4JU (jLjUitYl {jyB <jfb

1 UiojII bjdUaJ! ^ji-t

JJ c ^ii pJt" > 4J! Jjj

\jY »_i. v ljjJi ^>a

j^Lla j£|j i>* t*Uj Lmj}

U £*— ‘Vj ‘(|*J)

^ \ip (\:^\j^l\) "

Ajl11>pUIuLuUU1

jLSt 1} CAA-AW pit

<Lai C&*± V r^Uill <> 3 jJ 3jV yil>aJl 6* wjjJjJIj

JLJ^j 0# ^ d 6^d ^ ^

JS jU £+s -<*U tfJ^

iLala \ja ul L"' (J—*H t> <j^ »!■**> s ^ J!

EjyftUa l4jLiitLji iiill ^jJu f^jLkuiH (j^j jJI yi jtLaJiVl J^jUx ■ 1 rt < +l JJ

(> y^ui o^j Jj -t*“ tf' ^u**« r^i

4jJJ| JjLjj ( ^j)^>iaJ1 CiUiLJJl Ul .yjWjVl ulSji

,£*j*-JJ yiljiaJl u-° 1*3* UjLitl^

a5j ."J^fUl pi*; (^jil^LaJl CiLjluiJI 4 ±*»»'* J1 I M 1 ^*. 1

i> 6^ ul ^ yi w-sn ^

ji - r -n - L>u c-ut-iM 6- £>u ii* 6j?^d

^JuJl 1*14 u! Jj .jJ£j CjLa^ill |*lc C*+ tliLuLwUl

.OxljyiaJI iltVjjUulti ^JJJ-i

j|j^ j£j yi ♦CiL-ui^jJ! <j-s Jj-t yifi J^Adll \*i4 i-*J f ^

Cambridge £4>wi ^**“*>* : W*^ {y*J ^

yi Sj^lsL* ^ULJ»\ 31 -^-j -Encyclopedia of t^nguage
,'{ Jir ^. l&j±y*Z* jti\ Current Trends in Linguistics JjLjL-*111

JLujJ ^ Od^ yJ ^L^y\ *1UU C&3 -Thomas Stbeok

JiS *4IJAj .y-iUJl O^iU U- J! J^*3 4^! A

*UjV ,-illxJl

^ ' ,*il^J! ^UU!

Ujjij jLltL ^ili iiiljjjVlj UiljisJ'j *6dJ^b

1W

l^UIH jas, jujlu (ji * Ijaj^ UjI^u nL±tJ| CitjjjJj rr -\ i \ n

usil^' JjLfi" *ii J|| -uVl ,JUI ,J 3i-.-s.-ii

pi* 1 ^jSj L. IjJjSi ijj-tl.,.. wUU JJ.JI ~-K j 3il 3-1. ij

3^] r i lit *i» Cuts lj| L. ifcL. 3*UI yi C 3^]|

Uia. yi jj,Uij V Lfjl JJ . < ' ) '' t*>.l 3*1 C 1 U 4 I (>

31» «- .i.«H jiJLfc] 1 iliLiJ Jlii |*^Aiy JLij / T ^LiJ <_iVi 4 juj1

I*j 15 jgtXdjII jl (ji 0 -a j*j!j ^ uiV[ itj itiifi ju ^4 ^jJ|

I ^lllmfl uUl Ljlcjulj ijiii J ^ JJtfi j l i"f i I f

-uu ^tai yii>U(

J—ii >4 £J;UM jXi ^Lu

iLiLJJl uLlc fj\j Aii ^ Uj

jAj *ujLL*J 1 yiLJJI jtLAt 4_Jj i^jyiij jJl ^iLaIII ji

^Lui (jJAJ ti^Vl £• «JjLdi yk tZlLiUl L aj.^t

^ L#i* js j^i j) sjl *\ji\ *4^1 ±\x

£b^jeVl ^jniATi AJj jjlwVi (j*t - 1

ijjiUI £>L2 aH ' l^!Lhyy ^lf ~l L—A ( ^j ."Ar j.■>..

Zi i * a jS\ cAil 0 ^ u^ooll ^Lisll •>- ):••'•

™ w

-Ar^ <MAV 1 lAiIjI* r %j|j£tl ^illl 4 ai tjCta* jL*^ {1}

David Crystal The Cambridge Encyclopedia Language :jki| (V)

Cambridge University Press, 1989. p. 285 ,

Roy Gallant. Man Must Speak, N.Y., Random Hoiise T l%9, p.6S. tjJul (r)

"HA

(JLJaISIj U-®-* - < A £ ji Sf*^ ^

sjluJi iiiLVjii .y^\ ^>*ji c>* b* "_^ *j^

jtj-i<"j p^j dJj JAb A o*“!

Ij^i .1*1 j^u. V JW-Jl I.U ^Jut u\ ol*j liia^b <^>*4^
^A jji { <ux« ^U*J J\ 4j^buJ! p jM ii l 6l J! L»i^i

i*Vl jt ^ oip jtf^b <> £d> A* P^

kiUj ^jlUJ «_a^-Mij jkl^M iZiLjJjV bliLa^ <jj [ ^ it JiiS l i'l*

r Ml\ J—Ait ^ <HjL

<jLLu ^1 jUl*L cjiluaill Jl 6b (Alhii

61*Ju 6^ i /^ A J <_f jJI * fr ji idlll jA jl^U ^tr S*i^b^ 4.b»oflN lZjUJ
pjU tijiLcajl! Uul ul tb*j' 1, *~ >1 J Jd u*A® *ul|

bJLb £-»j! J! <>* Ji* (J"bJ A*

iSjiib ^l_u*si ^j3Li_>*-JIj *L»lil 6l <UL*uJl

AJi y A ^jJb '-ij^alb ^b"^ ^ «W^ *A-1j] 1 W*J AfS*b
kliUJ 4 jL cAJdl\ &A4 d *- -'•“ j4 jAj p^iImmU 6^ ft A ^ O^b ,4 V±*

^. A.,. l .“i^... >1 1 j■ -*« liAuuJli i^tLm

i 0 ^, ; jjuj t Sji3S tULdl l+^jSS! *=il*ii.nl1l ^ *^5
6^: ul 6 jj -CiliUl 6- A* UjL-^V Ojj

. J^jAj ^^miiLaj^^j 1 <ji i n\ j» b^i * ? '’-'bUI *b-*^ Sjjli

1.14 il^4 ,iL«=kj 6 jjh^^ jjijt ji 1 I 1 UUI wAld

♦;Vj ^4^4 tliljbjj L^ As 5 ^ (J ibjLiSIl

-w ^

yjH iliUt u^X» A 1 ? t6>^ A

. Uufca VLai! Al 6a^A - ^j ,n * lA

oliJ (jj Lluij ^jjjJ^JI ^(jtill ALuoi (^l)

sJJJL& il^u j3*ijt Lo jij jjlx. ^b j 4 ^JjJj ^>d - " j4 l*

*4_uVl j-u#Vi ^Liadll bJut i^ujj <^jLj£]1 |>14 ^

lm*l\ :lpVl cAM j^Ln Sj^Vl :VJ

.^L^JI^ .^IjjyaJl , 5j<^ -I I ^uaaM

Sjjj^ icjjLijj Sj^uVj *Jjt OAdiuj tZiLiil! Ej^bui ILijLj

■ ujLxUi

CiLg^ ^ K^ntlj yjVI iil ^yi j Gazi 3jj*aJl ^

,^. Uuill i...j~.<U iUjlill yjjjiVl ajU\

wjLqa <jAAj ^A I4IL3JJ Afar ^jjUVi .T

-IjJj tjjji f .e j b i t'l l n.1 J >~>> i ^ [1 ) S~L >3

jaJ ttUl r t<^ .1*^11 ^ l ) -t- J ._. Alaba L.VVl .T

.Iili O-iji

CiL^a* ^ Amasi i^uVl .£

l|j ^JdJI Amharic ‘U^g-aVl ,0

■udd^

ju 1^4 i3 M i ii t l ^ Arbore «n

avf

Aj^Jj ju L|j (jj Argoba Lij^jVl ,V

Lfj fj^jJalil^ b 1^1 LaJ jLiJ Awtya LijVl .A

i^iVT <iujt

lf j « » > jlll (t)

nr.

ijjaLUH jjxj Bako jSL . ^

w j .*.f 3*. .ii V-j-±

5 .*,-^tij ^Ul JiLkij L+j^u-J ^jk Baasa LiAJl

,iilt <bL* L|j <JjaW-1H

IjUjU u* * Barea ■"

,Ul1 Lu (jic Lfj JjaLUI jj^. *ajjj Vj

■Benesho H

♦ Udl Ljj ujiJatjJl

tjLLJI ,>*f5 Upll ^ ^iiwj 'Berta -^ r

.Viii jjjjHiit Lgj jbLc ju)j Y^ ^I^mJ! ^

(^ikun jj^ JUje Yj .iVJ' ^ t^kw ‘ Bilin OiW' *'*

,Uil OjlQUj ua"l W*

^1 Lfj ^ Vkw -Bisharin OijLi^ *\o

_ Lajl «1*

Jijj Y* Ji^IH ^ c^Aj .Damot <j3>*UI1 *M

tLfJ (l^lkUJI *>JjJ fUa^j

yj JiUiH ,jiju iil ^AJ fDawro jjjWl *' v

/liii lfj p ^U J

L^j nj5"^j Lij (Doko ^ A

iLdtf viji

jai X£i=J1 Uit>pj *Dume Ji *\\

a *;- n .jiuj y* Edo jkiVl *Y*

.tpil! ^**-1* LjJJ LflJ JtL&

jj-tj .Ljjijjj Lf* J'hS 'm j .Ekoi >Y\

. *■

♦ L^jLd ^^u^IaLjJl

L$j VKj* j (FaJi <LKaI1 *TY

r loti [Jjj - - * -*■ jaj

— j rvj il i l L|aLj^*j *FangO ^aJUll *Y1T

.woti ju

jju L^j ju*Ui'.Uj ,d ,f ..~iHarati k T£

*Vil| od j** ,r j> 4i*ui

IjlLjjj jKayla *Yo

3jL* L$J

” jGaragaiiza IJ^Ltlj^dl 'VI

. JAjJ ^La^I Ji^jj Yj

L|_t flju£j)i l^lJ-ij4j iKumam ^j^La^ll *YY

*OJl ^Lb

— ju)l fj* L^ila^ji^ <Koyra \j±£3\ *YA

rL j]| <jL

jaj ij■ Ijp jd 1 1 iKucha 'TV

.liii

(juaialll^j mpll ,ji Lflti^j tKunso ^uijSJl *1^'

™ *

.lilt ^iliii

I^jLLjYI ^jlliJJt Lfitj Sjj-uVl llAltj

bj^Sit jm Lg* *Lijja-ij J Chawi ^

*^YL

ntY

JSL3H iikL. j Tamasheq .T

UL^ilaliUj .ja-Jlj JL* yi 44

]<LlIV 1 iHiLxiJi J*■*~j 4 jjL^jJ 1 iLijij

;^jV 1 diliJJl L+juilj 3*>J1 jL£ 3 CiUJ fci (t)

ui^liaLlHj iLj^ujj jLij Ngizim [H.H*- 1 ^

•yi oJiiij **-3 4

jLij Lfilajyaj Kotoko ji^yijS ■ V

lUrit >aJ 4 j OjALUt^

tj^JUaViti^ jLij 4^4 m? Angas ^Liil .V

*\j£\ ^uLb^J <x>J\ jaj 4*
jLIj yj jj^ji 44 Karbo

,yi w*a .pi v

o^jiLuib ^ ^ aw 44 Sura 4** 6

* 7

«uu o j ^ ‘ *> j ^4 4*

jAij *4>w4 44 ^Lanie ^

" UJi 6*^ ^ 4e

^ j *^ u* J^aj 44 *Katagom .V

»yl ^aj 4

:<uVl ^UU\ 4*4^ ^44^ -A-*3 -UJ ^ (v)
jrj '.llj r ijj^\j *jLij ty^i* yjj :Hausa AiJ
jaJ L*J £^4^-* *£jtf4^U ^liJl^

.VljAd uhjj^i

fLuj oA*i^ 4 y^ AW 44 Musgu .t

.lail ^aj 4f Usf*^^ Jic

■\rr

J 4 X *Mubi ^jj-a .r

ttali AlLbw ju Lfj jjjfltJ *11

jjit j4aj Sukur -t

/l^Is tttf G^Ul

pjinfn Lfib jjij :lndo - European j Jd|Jl <JLu^aJ1 (Y)

.fjAjtljLj (jLlulj f(jVl fjj** *?"■■■< j**»f I^Lb Ejifir

:JL*l UjA* £3*

i^\ :Yj\

ilf&di 6 JUj ^il oji...l j ll^i I4I0 m<n^j y m-hl ii^

<LiUl * j_^J (jLi .Hindi — Urdu <j ju^JI . \

.Jcl^L yk <^J\ ^AJ! Urdu iLjiVj! OdJjk# - "

iiill < Hindi L*.^LujiU 4 jJlajV\j ^- i i 5k 3j

yiiij ^ i> >.L fl 3 jJL^iLj i-uSjj r^Jti^Jl |^1 * (j ft 1

.(j^iLa 4 jL*AwJ jm 5-iAJ1 tjjililiNj

jjx |ji fljn i n jJI <*JJ1 .Bctig^di ■ Y

jLjjjL* 6**»*^ J

Jit .jLIm^L ^ .iu»11 pMii) U) yA5 ‘Sindhi *jjLLmJ1 -T

Kj-it jii V^jj il l

jitjj 1 Jo^il j w 3*1 iyjij iRajesthant 3 jjUL ^7 ■ £

^ P j) 3 [ 3*1 ^ .Gujaratian ^j|jU.^i]! .0

.L^jfLa <juui o& Jij V U Jl If ljjaLIAII Jit

r ^ t c*Ij Cilii <il Marathi L*j1jLJI .“l

*

Jiifj #JL^j ilLu 4 ±«mv>H <*U1 ^Nepali ^Liili *V

^\ <il ^ \^uj ,6&±+ ^ L*

4> jS£i {# <J Mi ?M ^ y*-* ‘ Bihari ^ L ^ JI ,A

.LijoLa

EjV-a ^ ^Aj jK ashmiri *±***^1 A

.C^U 1* u^Ull

i«. ^ Ui-ii- ^ ^ yrAJ W* 11

0±L>"^ 6^ JLliLiSh l^u^L

sji 4iLLi*-j jaj L+j OjaMiII jJij

*jUL*11 Jjj *

Iranian family S^*VI ; LuLi

* l j M <iZj Lilli jjx Sj-LuVl *j-a

^^9 KlibriJ ^ ^illl LfAj ^

<4*1. L* ujiU^

^ 4* ujlUdl, -6^^ Lji ^ ^ Pashto jldAJt .r

.'LtjAo jJ* li-J

^ w£L£ ^l C F* ^ Tadzhik jL^lU! T

L^ j^aUill jjlcj jlaiVl CjLj^^ L>“

jjutj . jljjdl JLk*£ ^ o^j—^ <jAj

■ _■ j . hi

M - *_

.J hLI iLa h i ■Jjfc

U. /. .aLhtl

IVa

j jlcj <il *Ossete ■ vjfo ■ °

-OAf^ * ** rt > LM jssi

^jlj.mjj ^2jJC fc 7 51 Tatski 4_utlll ."I

jjllmlltii (jla^Ls ,ji fTalysh J *'*-^*^ *V

JaS L^j JjjflLt'.tl i^jLujjjlj

ujatUMj oWi jjllutiUri jjk *iliiillm Baluchi .A

■ujLi^U 53iU jjJ L^j

, Gil yak 3^jLJLaJl ! ^aa J^Lu* cAil .

.--•Vi ^ji J»i Jj 1* OiitLJl

i (^jJuVjjLJI.j i^jiLu^jJtj 1 iiAll .V

. ( ^4 j ^ .*1 K. .^jV I j

Slavic family iiiiLuJl S^l :LUU

-^4^ \*±A$

:!Lrti kiiiiih :4 -j 5^IJI iiill (t)

L^j £^jiUl;tij *<u^ia^ 4 jH(R ussian ,\

> Uj^La ^iLa-Sblj jaj

iiul^ yill ^*J (Ukranian . Y

«U^jLa ^- L jaJ L|j jjSU-vtij jLuVI lZjLjj^i] n^

j*itj .L^yjtj^Lu <il (Belorussian .T

J^a^j Lflj OjitaLJI

l4±iVl •IiLxW jj * itilj !4 *u£jaJ 1 {<—i)

Lgj (Ljlilj ^jjj|^ a£J • Bulgarian <LjjL*A_JI . \

■*

1Y1

jiitj ^jO ] i> ~‘ ^ iMsccdoni^n JtjjjjiaJf t V

.^V^lAja Lfj tjjflUl ill

^Lujd 4 jj^a 4 jl ■ 4x1 (SdtliTl IjJj mt l -T

.LyAa J*lx ^uLu jsj lfj

j-^‘i im■ ^iUItl ij (LuLll 4 j jjlil lAlbsnisn ^LJVi .£

^ J| > ‘ W

-liih :*Lu>iJl iiill <£>
i j -t | j l a U1 it l jjj; *.*.~1l 4j it ^iA 4x1 Czech 4 >lLi^mu11 < \

-Ut^^ £>i* ja*j

l^j ijjlLLiJl jj-tjj (LSL^jJLui i*> 4jlI Slovak m il . T

li-Ai ^aJ

j -%-1 Ljj JjjJjj 3-iJ Polish .r

*Ly±L» O^fjl

Beltlc family LLlalJI S^5fl iLulj

#

iLfla wUUl l> 4 jjAf J flJ i l jj

^ "Al< ^j]l Lujjjt iil .Lithuanian Lul>lUi ^

,0**^-° jaj t#x o^iLLxHj ^Li^xJ! jLuVl

M

<> ^ LijV 4 jU Latvian -Y

j L$j ijjilalih JAey jlijVl

German family OjLoj^II 11 mol ^

IdLtj oW jLl I a .* (jlluo ig&J

IVY

Ls bil4k jJLlUahiII ^LuLtj^Jt tZilaill 4 j£ (t)

.(>u^L *Q*n j~i 1 «t| jiic^ Danish ^jSji ■ >.i l l . \

<LLij jjxj Swedish Ljl^uJI «V

'o-u^L Uii jaJ L& oj£LIiU Norwegian , V

y ■ ^li jd£j rt. > *1 —jl Ejjji <>i t^4j Icelandic tl t nj VI *£

.[ill Cg3il» J»J Lfc

^jilaUI J-iiL-ji ^ Faeroese Sj^Lill *a

/liJi 6 j4jU

C*UU1 iuLiUUl <1* ( V )

, JjJj *iL+*^ Jifcj 1 #j ujUaljHj ^

ijjA* ^jU L^j ijjlialitl German tuUVl «. V

^1 twi t Lf 4j Netherlands T

*V^aU j=*j L^j

UUa*l jU-i (Friulian (*j>j>I 0 4Jjd>H - £

, jll jaj L^j

Romanian family AjjUy^lt ;U,jLr

C.Liill J*JL^

'UjgU uj3jL( (4&u? 3Lu«jjiJl ^

* _

xLjjaLi 0 ^“^ j*** f-^hsj ^Li^yi *r

^ JijUNj JU5*)1 ^ yAj Portuguese ,i

’0*4-

1TA

4* .LuUjj ^ uA9 Romanian ^uUjjJl .o

.LjjoLd

, ij'tjjj' ■' EjjtjA- lil ^jAS

■ 4 ( Ij V M I tZiLliVl ^Aj -^uLajj

. \\T A 4iwi IjjjiJJ-uu ijftn ijH CiViUi <>n

^ m uAj (Province yUJjj_>Jt *A

. Lbujjj

(Ul^! *> ^>^1! Catalan ^£U£1\ .1

****-%- 4 *

Celtic family <Lul£11 S^l ii ij l * »

:dJj £iU* Uaj +*k^\s <yjLaJI -U* Ojjii i>

liuVl ^LilU -Gaelic IjL UJ1 fcil! (1)

^ 4, .y—'^ 1-iiljJ ^ Tosh ij^Y! .\

.jlijuiVl Jj 4Li> (> yA* /lili 0;H^J
.^ailjAl j>=Jl ^ Chotland ,Y

:^LuSl 4 jUJ j^4 Breton y*>Ji Hiill (*j)

ji 4»u 6^ ji ^ ^aj y,Aj*N *'

4 * iHj * 4 ^!

H^ljjl 1

i <1—I t yi Wales j-i w pJil <±1 ^»J Welsh _jL>U .T

•oAfU (> Jii l« ujiUillj .^ILi^Jl

Greek family <LuL$JI llialj

u^ikLiily L$jUJ JujSj

4

Armenian family Lu^l :ii^Lj

%M43i Jfikj LjJJ iJjJl^Ulljl .33j.l,-J| 3-liDjVl 1 jlllil

Caucasion family uliUI iLdi (f)

(j-ay Jl J*aj 5 jjjS CiUJ jlijSll Uklj

[jl 1« w L>Ul bJ-i ^_jdJU t>4 <Ltjj&4 ^kl'witl u^-i

Uljiu {Jjl JA Jtjj J l *" J “* CjUl) ks^ |j5lnij

JjtLii La bj££l wlVl (Jj^ f \ jlk^ J n I »J cjljjAJLi (-A V V ^ wj)

, JLii ILuLii yj iZiLtiil ^

bj^LiiVk) bj^uVl »L*4 0-* U J^TT

icA >* U fji 6^ L*S

North - Western family ^jill SJI-.ftll iVji

!3jjV 1 ^iLiiJl l *j^uiVi 6JL4 n ini

Abkhazian group LjUaifl iiiH (1)

jluVl jo_lLaI ijJ !^jjljjVI fjJJltUl b>i4 (J-o-ti-l

^JaLti itij .ijrf 4 j 1* Lfj ^jUsLdlj jLllat L^>>^ lIliJ £4^1

.Abaza

nr.

Cberkesian group (o)

<Adyge ^ujVI :UU ^Uin Ch» U*£ fcill 6 Jut

jaj I 4 J u^&JaUJ^ Kabardian *i_u)i 4 jL« ju L^j ^jj£iaU]l^

w „ +

.Obcth i Lull liUl^ij

Ingush group 4 liJl (^)

Lgj {jjjJaLillji 1 Ingush ‘L^jijVl *4 jjYI ^iLkJJI 4j£ 11 bJm J * ■* "j

(Chechen ^uLljAltj M\ Ailo 3^

ju 1|J (j^AJaLiJlj Bats 'h-oll 4 jLmLm

North - Eastern family LlUill £^«Sfl :'UIj

JjLxLti I ' ij ^ SjmuVI * Jut 17

44

(Lesgian <Dargva *LVif j 1 oJI3 «Avar HjjLiVl

dj.t (Karata (Indie AjJluYIj (Tabasaranian \j 4 Lak

iBotlikh (BagY&l iChamdlaL * ■ *~Flj *Tindi

iKafirl <LjU=JIjj <Bezhb *J~_^<Tsez aGodoberliLijjj^jLillji

(Rutul (Tsakhur (Vandih

( Budukh^ii,j J3JI3 (Arch! -Kapuchi *Agul

. Kirgiz

Southern family iiijiajl i^iVl iiilU

:UVl iiLUl CiHall a^dfl a^A J\ !

LL^I :<Sil 1 ala J) ^3*, :Zan (Svan)group LJU3II Itill (i)

.Chan ^LuLlllIj (Megrel

,<iall ajyS i^iUJ ^4^1 .Ibero il^ujiVl iiili (c_j)

m\ AaiA CiUJ ^a\ (jjS ^jiljyuJ! AaUij (Svan group ^iill (^7)

m

Basque dLuiLlk 4il fjAj n <jiiiViW (0

.UL*i.J >>

H

a« 14 < Firaio * Ugric 3jj^£jj5fl — 3 tliLilll 3JLnaa (®)

!a i S^uiVt

- .Ci\ >t Uji £-“ajj jJt L*i

Ugric Family S^-Al :Vjt

)^j^| LjtiiJl Sj*kY 1 frJut J <* I * i

^LljlL^o ^ Hungarian

jjJ V^j cbj ^)-* J1 jLL-Jl Lh^aj !j*

*

jsj L§J (jiaJJJ *JUjl ^ M 3118 ! Jmri l nH

JLls. Li|j |jijltajl*ia<hll gAij 3il uA$ Khanty 4 _uA&J1

. J hh (-ill widt .uj Uj m.K'il O

Finnish family ijJLiiiiil £>-*5(1 :LiU

:luVl liillll CiUoli iisLi hi* |t^i

ULiVl ^ C.U1 4 ii (1)

. { Jjj'iLi L^j ijjilaUHj 3£l ,j4j 4ji t ihal i +\

3jM 3 jij l^j pK^jj j^klJl ^ tj* Samoyedic ^TLJt . Y

^iVI

(jj <^ulS Estonian *T

nrv

iiU jaj I* JitUI Karelian A

. j)t

,?*lUil Jii Jd^yi J=H u*j=> -l»I t> y*j Veps •“

4ju«j ylt *ij)j Y Lfj 0^*^^ JJtaXfl

Perio group <iili Cj)

:\+*a] iUUi 6- fr-U *=“

^ OjlkULj lA^- 6 - ^ Komi

t Liit JekLH CiUJ tf*s Udmurt ,t

.<dJ.il *j& 3 sL*jjt >a-i U*

VoLgfan group (j)

jj jflUl \W j (Mari ^jjUi IjtjjjVl (jlSiUl 55il1 &1a ^^*iy

.JjAa 1 fl-f'*- >aJ -LiJjii\ jfl jUaA 4*

,l r ^ ^ J jAiti L*j (Mordvin iiLijj^lj

.LjjJj u>A

S&moyed languages <jj j*irt1 1 ri l ilt l (1)

jj^ji V 4L*aiH fcJn* cL^umi i^i bit J 1

CiUl jJ 3 L^iH 6 jLa lU&hj

3u/rj1j"% *iitf uj>A*j l—i ^ W* uU^^U Newts ^ ■■■ "j'i ‘ H

<> ■■-Wl ^ ^ U* Sd k “P

.Enets J V'^J ^Ngsmsa* %jjL«LLuU

irr

(iiSjSlO Liljjkll *UU| <JL«i (V)

:LhhaS CiLill! jjjS jj* fljirtill »Jui

4j u>aLU|j 3j£_£JI <il ^Turkish 5j£p]| . ^

* ^

’U*A*

] jjl\ jaj L|j Si) yAj Azar SjjjYI .T

j‘*f

"S j 3 SiJ liAJ Turkmen .V

■0**^

<L* Lfj ♦jU^jlzi <il Tatar SjjLhII .t

<U ^“ >a u^ilaLiJ^ .UJjill jLj Si) Kazan iLjljLDl .a

■6*£U

^jiLU^ tjjlaiiM t>sj^ Ej—ilij Beshkir Sjj^&JJI t *l

iiil^ ^ V* o>±L^j -jLi^ill SiLid ^ Altai ^UlVl .V

aWl*>

W? o3*^^Vj **) Uzbek %£ijj)t\ > A

^±>h< I44 ojiLLiJ^ njh**.a\jli ^jjj|"7 <ii tjAj Kazakh UljLill

l^i j ^ Si) Kirghiz S.ullLwjj,jjii1 * ’l*

a^lol^ 0* JJalaJI ^ U^J? Yakut S^Ul A\

.ail tuMa l*

in

U>Uj Tuvinian iuUijill .\Y

. iiJi fcU ,*Li l*

<<^^1 <jjJjil! iiiUU! t >4 Chuvage AX

t^A, jsLt \& oji^Ub -Mjift jV

-uaj^

MangoHan languages i^Ull\ < 1 j^ a (^)

aUUl SU-aiil oia Jl

^itM.ll Cm> J=^ b* p^iJ Khalka iSlLaJI

.^iil AjUi>»i ^aJ L$j ojaLLJIj

^ u^^Hj ^yJ^juaJl ^»All 6* tila L* iJSij Buryai T

,*j]i fcUiliii

4* ■ uj'V^ iiyiUI tjKy* y4 U^J^J .Santa UiL* T

.^1 ^L jaLi

rtjitl s^AJi iuui 6k>- j* - 1

.(_*]! <jU jaJ LfJ (J^aLLiMj
/ml 6i*JjU U* (*^W *Kalmuk 4 j£^lASH .o

Mancbu - Tungus ~~ ^UUI * b < rt *

US .OjjAUlb *J^ 5 ^ njllijjj.V! fr«i 4 Jj

■ b 0*^
Tungus family Lj^jiill b_^*yYl ' Vjl

l^LidklVl jllllll ktl4 tjfc

>^3 -pjlin > a --..'j <(if JLJl L»....l >» U*j .Evenki

.Ltli l* fJ£i±» .Tungus

irn

Ip Lamut <j2 . V

Manchu family Sj^VI :L^U

:^Vl ^UJJI s^Vl *±* Jj L ^ !

>* <iUI ft j^j /ij,i^l i ^ ^

0*4* L* a^Ulj ,Khalka ISIU
,»_iV! Sj^li jii ^ t$j Nanai ^jLsLJI , V

,Jaii j_p SlLwi L$j j*i£ia OduJ iJj j^Vt T
.Lifl ijJi (UiLj Ket ^ <ii . 1

Chinese - Tebetian ^UujJl - 4^udJI ill Lilli iU^i (V)

>4i!iVi tlitjlll ^4 ^JLuaill bi4 t■

U*«ii jjjS jj-t o* 'Ujid Chinese ‘LutaJI

. li-i^Jj J-j jLi* Imidil UliL JJL£ »l ijj 3^.|1

^j*\\ i_a_^JL <Lilll bJLft i-u Sjj , Dongal ^LJLijjjjJl

. LjA* ijyy^ld ^ Ljj pKijj <UJ Thai

u jjj-u jaj L$j j^LlLij 4 jJ ^ 4 j Vietnamese 3 j*U~jalj

»UjAa

w

(jr)

W

'Ll) j4jlI iij^VI (_a)

0£j ‘ * r j l^j Burmese r.*\»~tl

Dravidian JjUUI IUai (\\)

j Tamil 3j j>i~h ll^jkjli i>Ut] yj^wt ju ^Lditl bki4

«

«Nadu jjLJIj *LjjA» uj" 1 *^ , 3 ^ (i I ^Tu *Tdugu>a^LsHj

in

.Tulu jKunikhi i -jijujSHj iGondi

> ij-WL. .itil .Brahui

Awstru - Asiatic (\T)

Ojj jUaiV^ ^1 ^ ^

*JU CAjiI [Obij ( 3^ >rt lA? -Ljlj

pK-^ j t \, i^< 4 jJ ^ *i4j ^ Khmer jj*ij .Mon

t^Lujdlll Jjj 5*1 0^)

^ ^ Buryat lil ^

-i. ? dtu\.w Ah ^ s>i£-JL -l*U' i> U£ U ^3i'

.liil^ VjU* 3U1I1 bjjb

Malayo - Polynesian OjjlJyJI — yjWi <U*aa (\ t)

%jJi\j ^ui e>J :U* JujJ aii-ii! *i 4 j\

OgJpuiVl OjjU i> >**• Iaaj -3j3Mj*h

J.... i\ j .tAl y ^j^LaJI ljUI Ejdiil
:a^\ s jJlt\ *1*

t/Uj^ SjtyiUi-^ L)JL tf* ^ L — y** Malay ^ VLJI

jl* jj^ ^lUi^ S>1*4***J Aj^LL^j

■u>A- ^ ojSLUJI jit

cAhl\ fciil frJufc J\ :*oW-Ji

L$i yi <ill^ uAJ

0)

(-)

irY

<jf^ ^ Achinese JUUIj l^l.

jjSi L#j o^aLUI^

fHjjldUli LpAJJ |uiij Yavauese <L^ULJ1 (^J

4* r ^ 44* ^ Sundanese

™ ■> ™

’ LjyxL* (JLj J.t.f J^U

jSfii Ljj fUlutf -uj^I Pilipino V^Ull 4lil\ (j)

■4»4 6j—^

Malagasy ^iliYUM L^jUJ ^4 ,£ ^ 1 ^ i^l j ^ (j>)

»£au£>4 feUl bl* £jj>i (ji

:LiU

,j4j (Maori £ii IaaIjl^I jLlli

l £>^^4 L#j c^ljj j 1 jALjj^u jji

*■

*■ IjjLl^ 5_^j^a, ^iia|^d Lfj ji L£jj ,^ill Samoa Ij^jL-w AaJ

<Lili jjiU ^u ijj^LLli

Australian languages 4JtCliJLtl IL^m (\o)

*jL£mJ 1 fajt ^^AA 4 jjAj < 4*1 ^uLa JkiJ
.CiliUI JJj ^ £jjiJJl jjl^ikJI <jii±j Dixon o"j J < i A> *SjliM tdl^I
^JljLi»Vl <-~ilil h ^jj ■ 1 Ui^j Ljiljj jJud

iiiLiLc.LJ^ *Mamu rGirrhal (Gimunay

jj 4^4 ^‘ JT1J JU^aJlj DKuwal <YidLny ^J ; J dNgajaji

.Aranda .Damin ‘44*1^4 jDjani

irA

Pap uan languages iHiLxl A Ijmi (\l)

Liai ^ >ijjj -iil iibLL- ^ t.iuft

o^L^JU J>ll ^ >i*3 (j>U Vl*j

ljl>1 ^ ^l^Vi aii-u ^ui Uma 0v>

J^Vt U ^ y^iid L 1*1* .ail Jit J*i Wu*' t>

^ ( L£±>i1 J1 <dl3 jjj .iiiU “ iwUJl

Uj .aLiU! dh 4 j£j -jSsItj js^' J! W*d> —*M*
j K^J l c*Ul 3Qjri»i ^ tlfei Jjill J—ij ol ^ 0" y 3 ^ <L^aill

jV^i gjdA bJulj) -O jj l

Banto languages jlLlI LjUI iVjl

:<jjVi _>J ^-cj .4j.*1 I *1* J! ij^is

l^uVl cAiUl <c>«wuJl trJjb |uj iJLu^Jl S^M^i *\

JJU, JU^J Vj ,Binga Uujjj -Fang ^ .Lutidu

/Uli 6uyU Um. cAiill bl*i

oUli\ ,> IjjjS Lji SjML-Vl *1* |«3

Ljjjijij jaijjSll ji ji*Ti*jj * Abu an u^Vl -^

C j\j^s < e Ufl ^ Mj ' Abure *±A«^ * Y
^iVl lJV! 6^ 4*

IjL&j jijjSU 'W'J 44 MsH^

-UW -/ ‘ Aderi ^Lk! J ^ - 1

1 H

yi UjLilH* lAdyukm jjSjjjVi *o

u^Jf 6* 4* O^ 1 ^ 1 Jii* v_rf±^ p^Ull JaL^ ^ijjSil

>uii

■ O&i yi yl*=»^ <Afu j&\ »1

« yi Uj w o^l>* (^*U Age *V

.l^V[ < Uu M ^jjatUH JJLc Vj

gUJI |JaL« (jLaVl L^iL^d^ lAhizi .A

j±> j?j tti yj >iiS5^ •Ahlo jUV| .\

j.ii Vj Lit yi >£u]j iAkpafu ^iljSVl A*

. 3*1«.*-^j jjLc Ljj tj ij!«i*iH

jj-t ^Ldl Jil-Mi ^ >£2 hj <Akye LSVl 0\

. till U^-*-*' yXfc LfJ

yi 4? JJi jL^j iAIaladian uljJ^Vl AY

^Ul| Jalw^

jjj. flijg .Lijda^ jLA 3 yi j. iAngas <»UjV l AT

«Utl ijLitiii] yjiLlitl

j*ifj jiij&Jlj <jj>j±*L£ 11 yi S^iiL* y 4 j «Be then ^A;H 01

<^V| l^j ^iLUl

(ji Iftj *Bestinga Oo

*Lill j£*. 5j^li ut 1# j*Lt Jij Vj

yi jif.iiij <Dan 01

a ■ ■■ n i_ilt 4 ±Lw^Ij

Lfj <jg£LU]1 jJdtj yi y4^ Aushi OV

-Uli uiHji

It*

.^UJt Ji HjSJi yi y*j Avikam ptliiVt OA

• till <*jjU j-i* y^l Or“ ^ ->■** £jlAu

jjl& JSj Vj iBafut CijiUl

.lilt <jjjl>jI 0*

JjL Vj y* Mj 'Baakpe <jj£IJI

.Litf ^yintj Lui ^ 1^ ujikLlIl j«i&

^bdl J^Lutj ^ *Bakwc ^j^L^Jl

*Lil( LfJ ^jSLUJi jj-c j4jj

jail ^Jluj yi 3j-*lillfl (Basa L^Ul *TY

. LaJl oj }£*-$ ^ o^ 3 ^

jgjt ajjj* J^Lmi yi yA* ^Baule yJjlJI

0-iLUl .Lj^ yJ y*j jldoma jLj^l * T i

*0*4* 1 * ** * J“ W*

^>3j lilij jilaal yi S^-liia iDagomba

-Un jSSi oa^ui •*** t4ru

J 1 \£11 yj yO *Kikoyo 'T1

■ ijA \j ijjjl-* o-* u j^k t il l

:y* iuVl aiilU m^-Vl to* tiiUJ (Vbi ^5rt .r

Jjiijtjj jjmjS^ ajjli yi Sj Al i* yAJ *Luba VjjUI

■ L#«lj y^ £**lj jL &X il y*j .Bemba Lfufll

L^ j^ikLiM jjlc iLtilJ yi L+iLjjj :Subia L&}*#

.l-bVI

tJua cAjl I LsVl aUlJt :<J& j^UI A

u* ^ &j 1 * 1 1n :Swahili 4jlOj^ J| r \

y

U^Jjl Jl LJiS^Aj LW# JJ-t

Va>4“ ijj iilj-LiJI jI San go jJuLw - T

jLuj ^ jr“-^Tj "Shambala VLuLii .IT

^1 LgJ uj at -l-U JJLk

■rw

6^ uL>

Ijuij *o^rf jl uA <jLe V LiL=J * < UlLIIj {j^aLUJI

UjUAJI 4 Jut j^jjJaL* J|^

.OujiI! l^j tjoliaLlI JJ4 Ajjj Vj IAfflti <LjLLfiV| . ^
,<Al\ <iiil 4*144 ojiILLiLJI j4x Jk^3d ^ -Ewe
Ji- jiuVl ^ ^ :Atur jjlVl *r

*0^4^ pj ^

, Lijl jt*j LfJ ugilaLlI JJLfc ^u iAtOUt ȣ

Ifj i.tr. ^Jjjj jjiA-v lAvukaya LlSjiVl *0

*t-dYl 4 ju»u>

%uji ^jli L|j ij^jilaLitl jjx J :Bai ^LJl , ^
jji L|j fjjjUalili ji£ ^Lj IBarambo *Y

/uti

i (jJl L|j JjikLJI jj^ tJ^dj »Didinga UluJlj jJI* A

.ial ojSHj ja*i l*> Aluy :Ga lilt . \

*

*W tj£dUjL4f .jaj (jJJaljJi J*JLt :Lotuko jS^j] A*
i^jj j - c j UL* L$J jjx ^laj iMasatit j j"jtl ^.^11 . 'i ''i

SJL>5rt JjliUt iLu^i (U)

* L* glji) ^lil ^Lidlll frJUb i w i t it .lit

tj* Sjjii 9JJJI 4 I 4 o-a ^jiuj Bushman ^Lw+^JI .^

^Lilj^Ij^ LSj^i *_*jia y> t^L-aVl ^La^Ul

^ jjjS jj-l I 4 I 4 ;Hottentot «T

+1 ™ ™

lujM J*LiUl 4k4AA (tt)

* I i’ll il ||^{j «1 jj_LL1u (^A JLa-iUl yi 4^4 J m I. L U

. lill ^jJI ju 1 jt iChukchi d j^

.^iY\ 4iLJ L*j ojikUl.5 * Koryak ^LSL^L*

^ ,-iU l JjjLjj ^Luj^ iKerek J.Kamchadal JljLlilaih

.CAj-4

jii l«j <jkia3 Yokagjr jiitSjJl
J^UI > *1*1 (Y.)

H-

M "■ ^ ||

^jt=J LkitS If J -" \tlA *l4 *Vh* ¥ ^ jjjli rt l l l

mr

f fekiiim ^uLrifi ulil 4liidi (V\)

, ljj| ij^uiJ tfj uj^U .11 jjl*

' \ - jjaJI 1JJJ4II ” jLilLaywlt ^jLaJ d {T’Y)

JjJLfJl tllUJ o* Jjj£ J J-fc IjtlSj iZlLlVj^l ^

lyjL L \+*Jk\

<jj Ua-c. ajj ij-:Alkongian ^j^aJVi o 1 ili l .\

yjjutjjjLttj iCree *Fos CiLiill

jiUljl^Hinos ^H^uLJjfOjibwa

. \a ^aij-Arabakho

il^ld e^jjS JjUJ J t‘*Tj IbtMjuoiAn <Lul^j^jjVi CiLjtljl

.Toskarwa .Chiroki

t Ofo jkj\ ,Biloxi :l^\ CiUill J-ijj Sio C.UJ T

Kotliba , Totilo^Luj^

^rjf-rt g I Natchez - Moskog ~ j£*13L wUl

1 ■!.Alabama LAiVlj Qj *-^* *Lfj*« CiliJJI t>*

Choktaf iChikasaf

:5jVI itilll a-j- T -» J-a-. ;Atapask i^UsVl ^.UUI .»

^TaimshianuUJh^H^j *Navajo j^litj -Haida IajL*
.'lAjikj Matom .Hoba L jaj ^Kotinai

Cuj& cAiM\ **>^1 tU J*-iS :Huki ^a ^U1 .1

LjJLw^ .Bumo^)^ - Yana LiLjj ^Chasta LLul.tj j Karon

.U jjlLj Salina

- Y - CiIaJ 4 {VY')

I<LjV1 cAjlUI ^Lhalli 4 I 4 tjn irtTt
«■ - ^

Maya LjL# tid ubd C >*3 -Mays LjU

. U j±Lj Chool tChorti ^jj ismj -Exbd

l4rjt_Ti »Utu - Azdik CiLkJ -Y

. Ujj£j Hotn tShushuni

•LlAjaLj Matag&na LU.UU 9 + Mi$kina cAil .Y

Hj yaj uliJ 4Lidi (Vi)
' I ^ « a 1 cAaUI ♦ ^tljinih b .14 ,jJ)

. 1 ] <J ^ r <li]^ iBanu juL 4 Chun j^iij 3 jJ

I ] n Oi- V>£ Lfljmij JjJU ij] *UJ

^iill fejut Jjll Lf*J[ <LijljAaJl <JLfljJl iZu\£ Lb^d i^jjljJLiJl

L+JL5 iUu! <Ull! bJJ& yi jjdu |jj£zLm i LiL=k.

[ubj^Aj 4L*i JLajI J £u& LaJ^j ^ I 1 2£\&

Vj J £j*\£ LoJ$j 'Mi* 5^1 J+^Jl lA£ UiSj

*(^^aUI jjic. p jpl^ai -h.4

La^t *p IjJjAj (ji yib La 4aJ jjil (jLi ^ 1 - '■ tjjj

jt^Vl oli ^A* Alai cJj L>»

p^j^Lua JSjj tpAJjatf A*ij ^.ttl *jAVn tj\ (J-Lt £jjli

Ji <J£ tit uL *i Ci+J .pAjjij

t\ 4jjJtUl JjjaVI yJ jaLi tliljL^j ^jic. JjJLi

Jjlfcj * «j 4*lil frjjb ^Lui t>a ^-j-^ - L>jj f<IV_J^

t3i>^ u- 6 - lwjS+U iji^j

*jkVl <iaLk||jMi3 ^jj. Jj4j^ J ^Ijli jj^' j^-.H

■M>*^ 0±jk\3 'tjj=*\ U-° *J! ^ W 6i>^ (3^>

Lu <AjJV*U1j ^ull *l|*** n l in i^yaiJ >yi}j

w. L ^j <4 aDI Ah ^LlI L>* jt. i ~i^*~!

iijj yfl ,3*-j 5jit p-jj rladljiA 3iy L* jaj UmJ

OjSj |«j - J-*Vl J! (/JJi L?l '-U

jm.*i..A 1 jij jLL| yi SlLiJa i .1 <ajjj

in

CiUJ J! >il]j tfjid Jtii 6* jyfrLiUj OdjljJ!

^jiju jjtS jli chilli udj^ 3 J! ^ *^A9

.Lb LdjJ 1—kiilll &J-A

<aU! lZjL^J uj“ *W»Li ^ OdJ^L$

a*U £idj\j M ^ ^ ■fejii* >*1

5^ft] Uiii \ jU ftj ^ * * tl A;Uj*Jt 3j^j1U CAjuJI i>j AllJit

uitJ iJ±*^ ^Lkidj LiJd^ U J J^' JLo-i
Jj]... ^L. >~"~ iZut£ j[ -U Lbjj &Ja|j ^fi U^an^lii uljLi tlulS Jlj

4^D^t uApN Lh> S*dj Jiij ^ OU^

.£j_sAj b4aj L$l£ ^L4Ji J^4

0j>1 V >* u* J^l ^ u! C^! Ji^

^ Ojj 4&u+}\ Ji^j

■ ^<lyi]lj <|u^±aJ[j (UHi ^Ij^Vl

Od 1 pl» <J^dl]l o 4 ^Liji JLL iiUj J-hj
' .M^j^J Lbjsjl^j Lij^a^ Li!^*fii ' m &3^ r

■ 'V-^1 ItfVfl ^La^ill bJJk tjjj ^

6 j_* ^ J ^ 6^ -^Ulatf *j^=k lUoI^

(*4l *»1A (jLiliVI CfJt ^Viii ^lfi L»LLj^.j

jLuluVI lVj>l

**

jIjJLbLi cjLijjVI (jj 1*L*

4*5^1 laA—JI ^ >i33 <Lji* ■(') J^ill ^ CT.H ^ ‘J 3 ' A Ui^

!> »Jilj JS ^jaiLai OS <i^u f>- (ta) J (!) i* ji? l '" 6s“

. fjn\\ ^

"liV

0) Jiili

jl i w mMj

Uj^j ,(>) Jiill yi Li^Ui 1j)

UjaJI .L>. JS Ji*j .i.fri.... Jit <^>*1* M iiiiVl

^ >U ^ JSj ^ ? -;ll kli; ^ U^JI 3.L-U

u-ii ^ ^ifi kill ^ jlxmJi ^^1 .jiljili -ui kilt

‘UpA Jj ^ '■Vi'T l ij »a Lf^ ik^kill J JJU i^a |uc.jll kill

•(v) J (i) < j jr» | IH jji l*(i ^fLu

* * »

iLu&a Ij' i i^ 1 v tm-^1 JLd rfSjAljtl jjkaJI ^LU^j

,j m l m-4l l * jl y* dtAjgc <j$J qIKtJI *Ui ^i~ij

U^ilisll ikii ajjSsj .6#Liil uiji* yi Vt w V ^ jii\ ^1
i^\ji\ ikiji u>s= oi jjSki' (> u-i 1 ^ .,,^1-Jt i--?‘" ju jj yi«
J *4ijj -Uii 6i&\ 6M V .ijJS l^ki gklfc
"WOJJ - tiJas! alSill lUi -01« ,JlS*Jl

la>£** yi* ilAuJ jIxiLa IjSj*

fljup i4l4 ^JUal L 4 jji

<jjJj Lll^i .u n'Ef l H [j^J r \ ^JaiJl ,jLt CuL£t

w Lil^* LbtjjAj fudJjJ ill* ^jjjVi Jlfcd A ^ji *iJjj

tLfJ *Lhj"a nil ij*a LgJj Hjjtia

Jjj-ni HiiA l ^Ui Ju^ijJt ^Lii-flUl HdjaJl Jaj U^H

IsJLaU HuA ^Jj Ld t_ljji bJlA .Ja^AiJ

■m-

Hjj JGu JuBj i.laljtl JcuJl j^JUcJI 1~^J Aii .tZfjdJl CjA-^J-4
fJ U^l JadJI ^ 0^ L*^U

Luji (jti O-a ‘JaiJi *Lul ^flJjJ JLA1 ■ b J .> *1 ♦ ^1 ^Lj^jSa j

OjSj AJ *(1) Ha^JJl bluL (^j) u^iij

.IpujL jjl j! .*lii»Ui.i jl j! Ul> l

Jlii <a^l Hu^all <‘'il *> i-L.11 .Jjj| ULuaJI btiA yjij

jl iLgluJ^'p J * fl”« ‘ J " Lai cpiilaJl ^ t^Lulj ]1 jiLa ‘iJJjVl

JLa-ill tlv* jlS Uj JLSU 3^-*

jj <_jjjLJhJl ja>u (ji o^ti jkiJl Ijul^ .*0 J J^

bAA ul liklaM ^ Ia>aJ-4 ULf J ■UJ>

UUjjl jiujl (w pi yi iLii ^ Jl

Jl - -*W ljl» l*ltli]jl £—u iji Jl ilaJjJj

^Aj -4jf*-• Jjlji 0* (*ijj ISjaJl »jj> o!

J ; -=-l<» yi ilijij LfjJVS .(JSlJI *13 ^ iyibll tU fUj[ JU
jAj .ji*U1 JjjjijJl J-*Ut i> tfji J-U jiSbj ljj[ < 0j^‘>l "J l

.yj.j *11 J**i\ 411- yi -olulj UJJ^' *Uji li* ui>iSS

5 ^4^! i"^.... iij a l lj

< ; ai i jLiiiVt :Liti

W

^4 Jj-aljiJlj jLiliVt Jl*

■*■ j-; l&Lutj u# ic **jajQj ,LJ1 ‘(>-i) ^ (t) jLilil

a, i*LjUbu (JjSLaI yi u^? j

(T) ; j *

(V) JSA«

jLtoYU ^liflll

jA j li* > iVi ^Uitjj (jj /rtl i l l tAjjjl (jC j 11 kj L Jji jl

frjJ&l jULiaji I n Jjalill <jj£j jjJi AJLa JJLlJ

cjfUL^i ji o* u®** ^U^iUii

^iJ! ^u^aJi ^LsLi^ LuLy a^IjIctL y£fuJt jL&luVl

^jaLJI iAbiAt^ ^ildLdUJlj i^uJLJk i~** il <»i i wjaJI Aji ji

yj ."ili\l^ ^ yi jIjLuVI \jJb JiaJ Lp j-gplal^

3-^ jl ,J5] +h-i^UaJl wUd o^» i^UVjJ^j ^ytn llj ^Ki ll

kilJ^J yd£jj ‘LmljjJl jt£j Vj .ixaLJl yJ L^J <J J>1 la Li

.^ii^jJl iljL^iii jiUji ^u La l>*

* 7 ^ Lfljll 1| I^ Jh ^boljLftli yi <Alj Ji*

tJJk >-iLk^i Jlilil njj .&yi Vy-f^ ‘JjUjJI *

^jg jJlA l^jd 3j >l<, v '“^■o xl ^|| p (j-*** ^aJU i ^nal 1^ 1 y![ lZj !%^ ll l

■-

j^l %£^A^aJ Ijlluid ^j al l y Jl

tJLft JJJJ JJU ijid fcjjint I ilila^ill kii jj"

*Jut tLfl ^L^SuiVtj jgjfcll uuA^ dJj* «^dS3 „jl Jjiij

Jj -fcTi jj il jj^iA Jl^iVl Jj£ -Lj^Uj jt iA^I-jiVl

6 t« WjjJ' 0-* u4) - 0 ^ Uj - 1 —Ull

4-lujJI ji L*jLjJ 1 3^idL&Jl Jj - Jr i^...t| i*.*-\<li oj^u '"*^1^

.vt&n ji

i^a! kdi ^Jd^| (L ^Uj ^uiU

c *3 jn-iJj *UjUb« L^aj^ ^ Uj*ii CiljSJdJI ijuni

Jjj-ill 5 i*i t .i.. j ^7 ^_Le J ■ ** ! J—-aljlllj JLdjV\ <tj—« oi

Jjjl dUj J-l* 1 JaI^II JL^Ji ^1 {j^ iJrflljillj

Jj> y- jnl\ CiLJ^u u[ jj SjL-jJi+ll kjL-jVjlt 1 JJ 1 -fc

u-*j J) (> JlidiVi d*iJ CiL^X^ 0*i

UJ^sl C^ cr 1 ! AM S?^ >*^ <i^Jl Jt^li ^ iUjdt ^

lJUuJ\ <LL(j ^jjd j#! jfj njLS-* jljiuiV\

,<jjLu *ja> * i jt47 j *»aaj J\

UjJ J-S ^Ai KjjjaJI J^LII J>nLa-i U *<^Uj u-4 tjnjilli ^ic^p

Lm jj^_* U^l «jj i-ijLid tliJA L*4* ydli cA^fUl Cm* <fj»7 *

jj 2* ■j 1 4 j[ ^Ld^jdVii t.i ^aIi y-i ^jlu

oW *1 ur^ JiiUi <tf>U J Hjj u-* J-i£tl Jj

1 *j^~; £jU3l\ d *7 _!_♦ JjijJi (jju CiLl^L^Ylj

^jiJt jLiid^fi : tUL 3

gjji jLidjlf ijLaJt *14 yi CHjSsJtj

j£j« ^^ 4 ! (jt f^bjifilt jLwJjYt JL^ yi gf jJIj . J*oi Cm

3 >ft jjJG >»JJLJS* Lfdd gjiS A«

E*i*a ^in ■ tlAJ (Jjkjjfr J L|J^i CAjbfcull CjLk-gJ

jSj^H i^iL^Ul «JkA i-jli—»1 JjIIj J j*l £>* -j 1 **' jl Jj^~
yj jaJl ^ 3^>*JI t> ^j^jjAJLj

(r) jjlui

(r) jtui

4j£jAjJ| ^iJwaSyjj C1I&4UI

•!$£■ Lfi ^JJl-*t1 giioil 4lllJ L* jLubilVl ligj jLlj

^lTLjVI . iyijtfJ l Ail 11 Ljoc *^jj3 ^Jjto

.Sj 'iilnl i *■ j'l' ujII yji j l|l^

^j{ j«ll i i l *i,* H |i| T frji |^i (jjfciJl ?jl"->.*Jl ^Ll^HI #:llji tiL^l

jIajVI <Lu La wllj *Mjla l^j*iii jJt (Jj -pn~l*' ^■"*j

illti fc JI Ej^yh^Ji (Jjkb 1 Jt.v tf jj-J ■ -ll <4^ I^jLI^hJI

<L*JJ

iJLaJl **i-4 ^ jLUjVI

11* pi L«4 j - ju*a u$ j Jjkii J! Jioid 4a^J <jV

t I j i ^l t ^fl ' l m <lx=k jSjjJJ iJ'Jki (JU^ L«JU&

lor

<j**>*lt IUjIj

n

^ -*M f jiL >ilj (jj^j j l miIi VI Ia4

jjio~h l "‘I c j" j ^ ji I' btij ’ m^* t J 1 ! oj t h l ' ll

jLul jit (jl liUj AAJ JlU <L*AiJl

L|ji L*£ *<-ii (j^LaJj aIJI oX |J-u»Vl (J A 1ijj-c £AjA& 4a^J

,LLi 4ibjl j! jjll tZlLj£ll JjjJJ p J~ti1 ^>£

l_u£1jj]|j b-jJLuiVl JlIVlJ iptgl* 4lunUl ‘LaUmj} ^^uLdiVl aIJI
,j ua ol ^ <ju\ iUJ\ aj\ ^ibi j\

JaL*j] ’ydJj > .lil^ Jj- (j4 L*j}^ t*YjA ^* . 1^1 .. ^ tIiLhl£ ^1* jaa2&j

,^£\yl\j 4-ibJUVl ^>4 5 ju ja

y^j js ^ 54^1 Jj j ^ tf>?4 ^ £ j>" ^

JUujJij ->>4^ C>* 5jj*£

jit p^ aJI jy*V\ i^«IjJ! iZiUa^JI ^LLi ^ j^Vj 4 _>i£i
^ LULmI i-Yjjj jiLl jl3j . kiLij ^LlI ^j-o 4lwiil\ £* j^iLid ^Laj

V*J 'jLfciS 6* wiJLmVlj

Ofi Ail J*j . Lfci UL>i-**! ^ J^4N ^

t . nil; -jj *[l " {J_fl Lt

(jV iSjja^ oWl ilAij ji jjj! *X>»

ijjidli J*L-M Aiji A^| o >*f “J

.jli <j)iJ Jj—i u- £J> jj u^jL-Ij

jUirtl :L-li

M-

5 j r^j ^jLbIjI ^jj ^' Iaa " V i -^

I^lLL ^l <j* 4**^ Ch^ o**i ^*-Jl ^

.JLuj^YI Cj\ rt \^\\ ^Jrtiu.i ‘(ijbi fV^A* A»|>U

1jjiI£ Ij) IdLu dt jJ - ; jlJ jpkSL lalilVl *j-4 iJ-SjJJ^

ior

a£ij

ij

JaLftlVl oJLa jULul EjjJuJl ^.. ..Aj 4jaL^JI li^Ua

(J^Llu^ f^JdjLurL (jjjujuljj ^-jilLJ! jjl SjjiaJJ!

+4j p j p ^ ^hw La p^i wJL^V w j_9

"lot

J* llaj ,ius VilisJ JjLu (jt u jte-i ^

^ L^l LgjLuJ^ Sjib ^A (jJJl

.Ljijjb Jl*j l^jLulVj il^u^ J 1 *j * 7 jl 1 . 1 . ,54^.1^

yjlt CiUfatJU »£»>!£ oLu Jl tj&ll CjI ^ Cm

^ik r Vl liilL L^Jj^L Uij . Lifjxl ^jll ^4 jli*j

SjU >4 j^dLjjLill jiljJl Oju

,*iU Aj&jjW UL>Jl

L aj.^llj iZi|j*dVl jj il§J uUm It ‘^■4^

H

ASa (.> (jli -CjL^ili Cm* Jifi <j£>* ^ j£ (jij - f*>**^ b

ri * 3L 4 . ^

»,jlfc XtLuu *yjj& Ja3 \ ±y IXb^mi iiiJ Vijy

jhz J5 yg ( i±u>L=JI UjjJI 1\+*a\ 5j£j£ J-*^ ^jL^*b

i64^b1j 4 j^ 44 l^j] jl*j o! ^jhW i Ujj jUail Cm*

J+-J! -LfJ^ ^ t-ibhil Cm* uA*

^ ^ ^SJlSj ijljiil yi A*\x 3_*£l_^ JuJj jt

jUj j^i .(jA^l Lfi

OAi .*ju>dl jUrfifl jit- V 3 c4 U^M* t**

.^ajUI bA4 ^Jla| u« ^LlluLlmJ^

6^ ^ v*^ 1 £sjj^ Lf 3 J^AS

Jjij JiaJJ Cli *Jj^**M J J“^ n Cwj *“*^4^ U®**

j l Ua i > CjL^u#^ 4_ljjL»Jt jUuiL <AdlA 4 jl " i\ n t u

\j\S IA^A\ CiU^Ut yib V <1S liAj J^LSJI

C>* L#** £ JJCS yiu Vj

II4] Li* l m*j Ld bJLklj J5 j^*J u<uLdu

^ji 4 rtj.l 5 i-Lljt 3_j^ j f ij^ual Ijjji J-i ■ Jpua l trtl l

*1* ^iUu £JjU? 4+e\± <_£j^U *(*>**Jlj JU*)A i*l*

<Ak j\ 4a^JJI

Ljit t iflj jjl i4jLiAl| l,-> i (V^tiSUl io4 0-9 llfl

jit ■ aat.-j ^il>U <l|l£ Jjj-dVl

^>*11 tliljSll Ct* ( ^ ? | W LgffLd^

^fcj>xi]\ ^ijjill da^lll pj'"*" ju& l **“■'“ «AIj (J^^j tji

l^jjJl pit 0*^1 J53\ oil ,(^la») «(^4^j)

ojjta Vj p-UJl JlSy V j 4 j (‘Uy* II <ife» U ,ji ^oiiil

4^1)1 j]| <Luiil| ^ J^| p ■ “ ,a ~ ji j£j| ilil .4jlj{iAj

ojj 4jL^j 33JjL J-*"-»j Ia|^ liwl nAJU^

tjjj iaij -3-i^iill jA^laJl tlAi-jlIl

L -*^-lj *Wj*- ^4^ u# CiUiteil Lgl 3jJi

L? J nid ^ UjJi JJ CiLi-jJJI ‘U^Ls ■‘r‘,^1 (ji L#J

*jd?S tlikLa (j-i <Ll*A£]I bi4 o“*LL 1*^* ^ ur® J!

** aJ^jlj 1_# CiVjjV

L*^ JS ^ uMflj)liii oaW ^ J ^

^faJl

CiJ-tLli L &44 *\f£* +}& ijVlllu 3 jJ jjJJ pljaln Qj~i?h ji Jlu

«(JluL^J V EJaIj 4a-0i LulSJ Vjj

jau Ojiu yi Jt_j^±]l jjlljiail ul^Ldl tj JjaJl J4j

™ p- **

jyJl CjL^JJI pj p«it ^LJj 4 (JaIoj i.-i^i

SjjloJl <1.0*11 lUJLu ^ J (tilt Uu |jt$J ^JX.^3

.oo-flf ^ t^iljjll ~'*T <jpj-jJl (1I4 x^i (®)

y tji Ji V->^ ^

t>* -ijiJl jJadll U^i !_»ujj !! [i jn ' til l yl* jU3tVl j>^J

,»LUjj plill JiL— JJLz yJbJI JiVl

<Lj^ui JJ i^Ajtiitl Cib^* ^. n ip 1 ^ t-*A

^£»U1 J '*' T ^ t J-4 t jirfi i>4 i_ijjiaJ\j t Vil lj *iaAi

3^jl.A-*.!}^ ^Altjl ll AjLLj**ui aJ

^V>4* -^>^t bjgjaJl ilv* JL-Ut ^ AluLwdJl

O-A »uU^>Jt pla Cu*u Cull yjll ^LlJt

wjji .*¥p4 0-0 J! ^i+Ltt >ltjJJl j>c J^uJI

Uj£±j . Jj-lA^ jIAjIj “ M* J Ci^ELj

I'^buII u/^1 ILij] Ijil*—nj t^>f*-* IjH^ O'*

'0^44 ^U^ JL4 -*J iluVS « i j i nt t

J^L *>t ^i* i-htL ^La J-t tjjtl *Vi*4 *jt

«

Lbj ^ jlNf) i/“ u! u^t* [J

1.1*] ,4*i bjib ^ Wt oli .JLi^Ji a*>* 0^

. JjLUt ^tJjb Jl a J .r*t 1A Ii A j-1 fllf t

SjjSS <jjiaj^ * Jj)j Ailaii Cull Jj-itt ^

J>i ^ *0^ *> lAiisJ^ >*“ >H 6^5 -[**" t>

W4 u*J» ^ W* J! jp^\ *Vj* *S) -Jj -=Ji>M'

-4^

Ul ^jjJU C*^ ^ ijjUaJt JU^Jt Ju

SjJjaJt ia+*j -(^ 4^Ui ijl yA \

*ujIjAj i (*^J ^ Aj

tyjjlj |J (H^J» Jl j *^iAj

tjjll |*fj| ijMAj *^JjVt CiL^aJi *l_jj*J 1 (Vflt>i.i t> O^j*^
^ji.ii-ijVlj AiUl^ jLaliVt IjL^j |«4^t Laji I 'ljurt j l*-^^ ^

IflV

jx£i\ JjLi* j _>**£)! Uj 'lniil Ljjij ul>*^

p-gjJjXil *jl£ l^JJB^ (%-JjljJLii ^ii <jl kitlj

»tjyjiJfuA)l ^>4 JUjj^L^tJl ^u

i^uii L-y=Ji > 4*- >jii

H

J (| ■ »' i ijfl jdl^la rS_ydV±AJ| Cdl^^Ul ^1 *^>^-~

Lfilj Lfjjflinj \ji\Z *iij IlfjLt j Spj..l J ^1 A^jj

*UJ1 L>* ‘- 7 ^>a ui ^SIhaJIj ,Wi L fll^ll L tin

./ch/ i_i£j*Jl (^Jjl=hjVl L*5 (jiilajj^

i

<j^5k (jJj L^l£ ^iLJi tjjl ^gll l gkwJ

*Jaii J jijn-s V bJLA

m—iL^LII _pS| 4 mLJu1I1 aJJ l ^lj ^iLi4 yj ^a)1 ,^aaj

t±Lf»l5k *LliSLui£J1 ■* 4J -(||£J^ >■ -i ■*‘tli '■t. i at,*" "gijl jitl

C>+ Hj. 14 Lfjj. Ua . j Cxsy^\ ulj ^^3 lU— tjjj^lj ,J

-JniA J^hll ^

ji j\ j&luj (jj JfSj *p**J AuiLllll J^at ot r fl^V iJJj

hZul£ A <ji (jxp frJLft jjjuj «^^jLuhl _>t <^1

■ Uf+a *VjA

jL^S ^J| ^ j *" Lijc 6 ^a^1I i_lLj ^4j 4liIiJ| ,Wi<> t*\j

* JL*l njjjVlj < jjU*kk! n jJS l^axj yi <tjU|

jjjjj ‘tjMiAj *p“ J[ I ^ l+l>—! 45^

ui u-^ ljA; Je %-jljiul J^j V it>l* j 3 *I 1

- JibJH 3juJl JL ^ 4i*iidt

.VV^il^l ji iu^ll ^U*ll! Oa^ pi* o*J (1)

loA

Lr Lc.i JmII Ljj v-vij jjkj f- U-i'tt.i iVl

>> jJSj .Jljdl jj 0-*>b 0±~b ^ ^ jeiS / -

^S Ltljt tjpj fv^loj *uaaI 1 ]J\ p a

ji J 1 ji .jjV! Jj jl ( JjiA JJ Ui> i> *J$J Ui J**"

oi <> ^ Jj (V i>k->i Jjj v hi* j>)i 0 L(uVi

.JjLlM bJdl 4^Ji ^ LfjiJ ClilS 6 Jui

3j£swaJI ■" *7 jjfl %lj-ul\ ^ic >* U-*

* 6 ^*j : ujlA* Jiill fL u £>—£j |*-^i -u^'

<pJ£u^ ‘[Uajj *p±~*$s ic£^*±9 *J^i*

.<!£ <Alj jA-I jJ! ** jijHkJJJ

tLaill Jj Lilli 4 j a34 jit Sj^Uall bit

:^jLJ ^ul£ 4^11 j 6 jL* ji (jjy Jiytfl 6 -oj * ^^lalj 1 V^i-j

bjufcj .Lijjij '[“L? U ♦udK*

H ^-».;> JLh" :^-IVju Jii -^ai o^U &J*

fJd " *-Wj -(od*^) lH U>J 1 (o:^ajU)l)

tl ujUflh (>* j^Ij Ji Jji *(v*i JO

CiijJa aIi (\\ ^-Ll^jj) r U*ts V tdJLo" !AjUj-uj ■ Jj-^j

ji .jUii J! <4*^ **** ' ll +~ A ^ Y

r j L*S ‘J=^ J JiUflll *i* J[ 4 n# 1 H J>

AjPLit -7 JiLill oJut Ait <iu^X4 < 7 | 1N frJ-* ul lA*

^ JjLltl bA4 LfA {£y? a! ul jjLJI

(jVl ” V*i 4 tljjiiU 4 _Al — i n Irirt Wl Lolj

^ <^xa (iijLll) l M ^jU*l " ol - 6 jj " 1

^ J&& ^Ji Ju, bjji.jiJi iiiLiiai o- j£l

klu^t aIj “^Jii! t~n iil ^LiJl J^4

(jj tjAj L)li /n«fc ±3-*^ ^1 Ha^UI fr*L*

ji^a Cbw^j j)U Jl iij>ij .4 jj>±]I

*la JLAti ijjoVI Uj, .AjA k_|^b&l V JJukj Jj .Li^iliJ

. ^L^aji jj^i ^ T

jih < 3 * jjjl &j^Ua <JLyi

(ji fSjMi^ll ju bjJ&Vl 4udll ilLij ^jiLijjdd ■«t|

yuj ui ,*ui j=li aiVi yu ■^jv^jr ."<u»j .iji-j .sjjuS" ji-
.OtiJ* jl^Jl ^ <JLiLi ,yLLJ! oU£Jl ^ L*£ UaiB

A* ‘gd^l <O jkn .l ^ J 'U*>_>^l UJ ^ CtV4aJ^

*i* 0 U 4 I yt-yi j>3 Vj ^>—ji ^lljl^ji

^uis ^ s^Vi 4*2$\ yuj t ^\ji\ ^.m i ^ ±*ji jL\ ji*.

^ »■; ^^jJI <Zi\ ilMl (j-aJ ^il nl^ Lg^lLil ^jlcj

u jk **. U ^jk I i l't'i a u jL^ j V ^j]| <A$ Okl oVjjSj L* *bH*

iSjLuj i£^aj hi^jIaj rE* 1 jJu iSjjd iLd^i

jAjoLaIj^ <<L3LL*jj t iijjiaj (^aLu^j ,J -> l - - j i<^<=k-iJ£ a~j

^L 3 * Uj uilftiill frl* (jt ^lt .<iu^ *(SjU ti^A) 4jlw^

*^LaJl Jjj ob*^ ^ £>±*^ JUj

^JJijaII iHli ^jll l yJ >^ilj tjiUa yid^Tl

L^dJ ^ 3 ^'' **•* t^-*^ illLai^JI yJ J^j jLu d ->-^aN a

<jjaj - <^\" L*£ 4^luIj]I jiLi 6.14

ijudj glide *Ijj AajjIu l lj ^ UU^ CjLoJ^I

i»jLii 1^14 yL*[j ^ Lt£ ^Ud^U

[ uuj] 4-j ifrjpua li rt \ |

l«^d ^sVa hj^ 3QL«j ^jji A .[belt]

,3^>ii£*Jl 4 -hj i n tK yj Lfj 3^ jaji^ (jli L^ijlkij

jisl Jjk j^JajLJI yi i^LiVjjl j\j* Cul£ lj[ j\j}\ jai

* 3 L ~ll A. L<U \ yj]| 4 i ll*i til l ^JJI |,l£ L i <m*l\ ul^Uk

Saj*aiM yi L*£ ,T f

jUJ yii J! *iL 6- ^ *1U! <^j J

"<t*b 'Jia J! *^*11 J>“

UJ^I *V«b bb*^

tuillj ^ *M bb ^*>J

V^jJLuj Jjj u^KP t3b*^ b*^j* J! b«

Jl tfL* ^LysVl J! b^ikii fH^ tfi *M

\j •

d M * Ldji LfM>4 i - iMi"hi L^dLaJ i jfl'f.»l a ^ilVl Lai
^ L$J <JL*1 jglab ylJl L*l ,L$L—#j L»|j f <ul£Jl ^

rl IL^jL tjl5 Ljj i<LajY 1 ^aL*A£ll ij jljnj .^jjtunlij (jjiijLi

CuX±+± (l-*i H *«* yj£*J *yr*Js> 'U^b rU^b ‘W*Ll$j i Lfei*J -Ifcij

JU^JI cA**iV jiSb <if>« 3JU1 *Ul ^

i^lVl a>l4 jt^LaJ Y (t^al tnH

Lg^lL*} *LlA ^jljjjrf Lgli '-fllVl U»b

oj^4* 1*4* ’iJi> Sh ^^ tA> ‘Sjjj-* J 1 " u**t <j* ^ i/jw

Lob -SLtaJlj iblfljlb tfr^Lall *<Jia jb^ iiLi-d 1 -aJV^

<JLal t.\J\ iij bbku ^ >»to

£ o^Ltjj ^LmaSj j'—uLSj? i^a\j -Jj-# (j4

ijjjjJl CjL^JJ) <_d_c. L« (jLt j-*l j?,.Lt l (jj ULayij

ijjj JL^J - ±JiJ ^liuJt ^jifi U^ Lm

wlSjJl jj! Jli Jil ^Liji ojb^i J*i u>

^ *jl«j» >1 ul - iruy^ - ^j M :(^vv4

4<£l\ jLj jitLAi (j( (uu ^pjj *>* jVftjjLi

^ii ijl J^Lj Oj jSy

UOJ 4j! gTirtlj I Chaim Rabin ^jjjjj p * ■ 4jLs U - l >c Ut

kljL^J J* <L^- 0 Uk (jlj j—> j Lr it i_d\j3cV!

^ ^ J **— "ll Ailull ^_ilVl pAIji ^ 4 jJj£

» p-

Lbjjj ^^liluLda ■“■>» t *1 Kj .^J n Jf Z^Jj£. ^ULgVi ijJ

UiS LuJj .Lui^j i "in i jT j ujd^Ji jjlL ^-iiSU Fj** lt*

«■ h »f

frjj*o tj-l ^pJLuJlj »^jjuJl j.uii ^J) (jjj3 V 3JL*Vt ^jV liLIj

V,-uJ£U ^jjjL-u j^JU vdJJ i_j] ^lj iHa^uaJJ 3jit-ti

■* ■” *

.^jL^Vl |uu^aI 1 (j£ ^lilmj LlujI > ..I'H-H ^LidJaltl bjjjall JlAj

OJVu ^ JJU*1 J! tjjp V jivi *JLl CiilS u*

jj LdjjlAil j*Jj 1 j 4 yilLuJl jiC Lilifj (J>C ^JilMin

lZiU^JJI L±lltiS Ljjjiall ^ 4 ^ ^j^LkAJI ^ii^jJl AiL^^JJI

ilLaVi (jl tjali [jj^ Ll'imll jlLJjlJI ijji 1 <jaI Uijyt L*j .^uj^ll
oi T* Jx ilutflj Add (lAJj . ijr AX*ll JJJAJ

jjjdll bU |» ■ -.1 I |~H »| i^LamiVI jii bjlVI ^ILdJ

U\oti) .yji (jj jj-o-c Li ji fjjj jii • 6 jj i j«*i H J - it ja&i

uis <W <> j^Vi ( ^ 1 ) ljs ^ jiVi yug iji jj

.(vr aIj^vi) " 5 U- Jtlj ijiVi yi »i. yi

JjVI (^i) 0! :ju JlJj 0*. Ji- UU .<*1511 ( ^i) yi Mi*i J-u
|Ma 1 l_i!| |')- ^-J V JIAAJ (j-"'"* 1 ' [M«7 * i l ft j lulSl^ jAAll

ijliuil ^ |. * A J^laJ ^^til jljjirl jLiVi jjI {v)

.U\p,\\*V <*UI

u^jJl ^Jx J.*a ] (A)

i J »^lll U^£ 3 ^jji^jJl ClU^UI pJ i M (^)

.TT\^ . Y**T j!j : jUi 1 - bA ^ * jUjSJlj^tx

‘HY

tfiJI ^i\ ^ dlj :JLS « :<1 JJi .J*-si3lt

T+ ™

lJ lc. itLu | ^±LaJ[ <j ij£jj J ^ *" <UM Sjj*rtj1l u*i Lalj iJ-u^Li3 V

-jii J-ii SjiVi ^ Ej^uuU ,j*il LjjjJI yi OlS (> :liS^

nr

jit jAAj V L

+^Jf I SjjjLla (jt jLltl jit rfiitLiii.Y! lZjLjLmJUI

jjVI j| itiUiS vtLw V Lu jjilj ^jj jLitVl \j-k jit

Jil .9AU ^IjiaJl jajjSM Lf^ -^U** C?^ J

j JJ ■ v ^>4 Ll r^d^t^l uLuLuili [j * iLjiUI

.4JiS

1*1^ jj-fl \ l-h n-y j io^ Clljjtiiafcll JJJU bjdLta AJu

m-

bAJl Jajtjll ljJaJ£ -SjJjS <Uilu jLxjI LgJ ^iil ^Ju L. yJl 4 j^iJJ1

O-fl jUJl L >a. d « .> *Lgi^l Jjj 1 —ijI^iJI

^1 £j^*q ^■i^’iml J-3 AgiljJal i-0jJa j\ <5jHtUaJl bJu&

t^LkLIt jaAj ^3 0-< I rt j 1M L* jit i-AjL

Ajij jj j,At J n mi jl t^r\ Uin^tlj JjJ* jffju ^jfrlu ^Ija)I p | J ■*' 1 ^

hirirtl * La J t^i p j 1 y iV¥ ^ 1 mJ JLlj) .bjAUaJl

>*'

jjl Al *jL* Jut 4 LjLuhl 3K^. Ai bjA jI jJ>j_j

*

I *J - * ■ 1 flJ J |jj JJ i 4 Ia^jj JJL .AL^aII j| jiijJ 1 L^uaJj

JJJU j£ jJlJ jill ul^ikiuJi j^J 1 **11 <j^aauJ iGj^a

./iijall ji ^LjLSj ^uil diglosslA **.\y\ ■>!\\ <jji!J1 CiLylLujJI
<lLLLi (jrJLi! bilingualism ^ila ytdua J| LAj] *diglossie

. bilingualisme

Al uu^Aj] ijj* t -t- A tl Lff-ljjdl <>4 jLl=»-l AJj?

4JI 4j|j -jjLSil ^JJatull LiJjAj] jJtl JjJjA bjll^l Id

lZiIojLuiIII ji^<Ji >lAi a U ( if > 2 ^5 iAi

|k^LJl tiiLiLJJl ^>*Uu ,L r i HJ*^ l_u 1. 0* jjLall

4jjLj±IL fcj jlijj digits ^XudJl

|Jk L.1 ^>11 biltngyalis L>j '(kfriW)

[^JL^ *^Sjj CA#LJ1\ ^

t'j- LA ^*L^ 1 t ^ fl ^£j44y« <Uid^ t*lj.l"hll 4JtL11 pit Cil -*h1 h i rt n

(diglossia) *1 U^jJ1 lHijjj: JtJl i3_ujili ^il i *\ -y\ \ t>» j»Lt

.ijjLlStL (bilingualism)

^LJjj jjjiJl 4J1 l_l*j J) Jj*i

JL*j£*4j * (diglossia) ^lLd^U JUalwiLj

<*1S jlfiii -jLuiVl 1JU4 d-ijtkj * (bilingualism) ^ rUmn s H "^juLill"

^ju (jAi) diglossia uj mi i

.i&i <jj£ £*) lil Cjj J

yi JjJli-j <Luij (^^ 1-^5

TLrj ll» j+ixiJl JjVLi (jj 3Jla ■ ■■'"J (diglossia) ^Ituni \\

C ”. 7 , ^ 6^1 JUjoJ -W v ,S^I jUJ jAb

ju ■ -l L lju|j i^lluuJl ,j4 l*i^J -

- ^ Cm u±Jri^

J| L^jLfcHl yi ijjiill Ciljja.■■ nil ^Ui i rt ih 0 *“-“*

I. J-s»VL gjill <3^4 Lf J* 1110 ul$ 4ij

^VjJIj 31jj3 4 L 0 AJI

^ yUJI iLJjJt jti! 00

C. Ferguson .“EMEJossia* 1 . Word 15+1959 ,pp.325 —40 .

R r A. Hudson + Sociolinguistics , Cambridge U, Press. 19B6 + pp, 54- 55 .

P, TrudgUl. Sociolinguistics , Penguin Books, 1979, pp. 177-J IS .

"H*

u [jJ nL=k *ila Jtllt^.«

0*^ - <3^ Lf-~j0^ jl r ^7 ■ ^A

^ l -LLdddU Ijaiaj (o^ljjijl) <aAU 1 Ati^J <jjJiUI <UVjJla

4 -Jjl i<-J-£. ^u>j ^jlc. O^i ( diglOSsia)

^^iluu, ^jjjJ ilLs. L^jIj <L_^ljjJ^tFcrgii£on cjr^'j^jj* i_i^e

p-

iuJJ *£lij t-uLi, JJ ISu JIuj Jjo.o

L-ijj^ail ij* Ej>ij£ ^*- -j * j j-Ajlin^ CiL^jJlj ■ *j~ ~ iJLe ^jlal

-(jtJiaiH) ^11*11 4-^aJJI Ah ^a

yj) La ^ 4 ] ^ J ^L*Jjtj *iIJl

jjJiljiVi <LulL**jj i^uull (jj SjJj£ ^.a.Lt' u . {■LiUl

£LuJi 4iLiuJl CaUAH V \ ft \i t iwjJi

-^-- -A\ JAJU bjjidLo <\j* 1 _ # JhC_J

a 4

l^JLt U»*i dJ-Jj~i III n n hl& ^ <jj£j LolIIe f JaIj) {_£_jiJ jUaJ JaIJ

tbj±L ^a-I - t J LqJlu f£a!LuJl ^A 6 ^j£ wUi *L»Jjuj

tjLawyifl o4j aIj -u— ILsJl hail! IXgJ Jj*^Vl ejaju ij* Jjm

jt <j2i iJ-A^lkji wl Jj Joshua Fishman

liA ^Ljjilll jaJj JhBj / ^ bJ^ijJI *La jjj-ll drA.fc.rJi ^Lll (Jjj

/^<jiljjjl 4 juaL CJj *UJ JJj ijl yJI (_^Jjj |t£jiu V

y-k gHI jpjJiil jl jAj AijiaJl Jj Alh

Ferguson , Ibid h p. 325 . : jkil (\A)

Diglossia with and IJ. Fishman + “Bilingualism wigh and without Digtossia (’iT)
without Bilingualism . "The Journal of Social Issues . 23 , pp. 29-33 .

R, A Hudson „ Ibid, p r 55 , : J±i\ (^“)

rn

OSLoVjj Jjt wL>L-Jl 0"

JJ ts J jj ji Uj J ^

CtM^ ^tL*ja.Vtj ^jiliSlt L+Ol£-i- 6- <J\j

J*iij ul *ii Fishman u^ UaW

pjlu jAaJ u\ gjkL^ j±A**W ‘0*s+* Ol>JJ £,W*

£ C^ lAoii

(^J^J JUI Ul ,OJYj J1 tfjJ* ^ Fishman ^uJ[ j

l.i j t <lUldJh kjLJjJ-H ^ t l I nn ni l lo4 Jl * T*in 4 ' i ^£ J!

U- EJ“W ol £-*W1 t>5

■ I I *

Ji ,tV^ JJ U jJLa ujSj jl ¥j ^ ^ Xi

^ y?-,^ fcjUliiL <j>il ^jiUaj *1^ *iii

4A4 (>* <_£jiJ UJ^J 6^ jl

44 p-

A >i*J\ jl ti* t#jji5 -L*—*

|jj ^Uai* (> * ^* UJI

.^hfSiUti jtji -Uj Ulii- 'j****

i(j^jJ ijUU^j (Jl n a i n ^/) 1^4

Ah jifcj ^ ^\j^\ ul fc*^ v ^

bJk* j i*Ui <> U^All ^4^V»

i*yl I*! ( ^aJ 1 *r*j r* 1 ^-^ ^

OjjbH > X* =ULaJ 1 ^ ^ ^* Lb ^

^iii Jl*al«1 J| t-

J. Chambers & Trudgilt. DLaledn^ . Cambridge University Pttss, (S£)

19S6, p. 6.

■ *A jH jlj ijIjJU + ^>tl' O* (*Hi^L* 1 ^ J 1 ** A * a ‘^

,0^ ,UA\ 4> lili

nv

± -h ig* 3-^ | Hi ¥\ jjjlrtiltiij ¥ ^i^UL

Cs*Li* 4*dLaJl <L* .ijl5lN **LiujJl p j - ijF ij f^xD^jJI

J! ^ IjjUi cijjJaJl ^k *|«4uj W* Lfi>iiU*

^J jl *^*imij ¥ ^jLj^iJlj sJL*jlLi^1

<illl jLtal jji jj-^f \\\ ikiUj u^9 ^j*-*<jji-Ul n_AjUajJi

Lb! .(jLjyuJI fiL& ,ji JJ jjj pJ

J n t1^>j J SJ Jl jjj pi <j^d (jJj <iiil bA4 aLuiAjI

p ■"

Laujd jni~ 3 j]Vj Jjkua^lll QjaU^ltt

+ , * *

jjjSj < J«,A n| i!a|) U^jj ^LuiiVl tjiyA Jid d j^ ^g'i"

d^jLUftJ JLaJklj^l (jit J^ili £jiUi LfjLl <j^L>jfl *LjLu]! U

<^i Hfwdllj Kjldl U 1^1 jl jLl£JL 4 b>lA^ JS «" f j y^ ‘j

Aj^ojXs Cm «-uji

u 4J tjj rt i o a Jj-m( jj (jJj y^JjiUl joJ j ^idj Lil^j

l*lj.l ■** H (jit rt < U^J + ^l^J! tJJHhHQi* ^AWIJM jjM p (|

I^ujILj ^luaj ^J4 t-ulj J£ dul£ Ijl L*ht jAult (_>4JU r llrj"^”~* *

(jJJJlJ J-i <jj Lb£ .^ Jiiid V, Sjj^id ^i-uj^ ItLfcj) pi pJ^MiU

tfilS .-OjK^H ^ ^ L^l Ji

J d^uil ^JJl jjjJLi kAJj <Jj L 7*^^

Cm V f<J lii 1*4*4 (J^ (jl

pJSjJ u^JJl Jjill tjSlj [Jj**^1l ■UjjAa iHC^ ■<■ #

Cm Ll*-i -J" *** d ;—^Lai ^jJ ^ i JLalj l£3&

^i1a[ (JiduS ibjLiaa*

L, Bloomfield Xangtwge NT. floft Rinehart 4 Winston,1933 . (H)

P. Hdmby. BihogmlLsm. N. Y. T Academic Press. Itk. J977, p r 3, ljLi\ (\V)

VIA

*Ci3J±& CiJ^J-t W-“J J ^i>*^ CA**lajil ^A ‘S_hP^ JjV\* ^ 3ft mi o H
jjiJI <jjlutl jjii tf jil Wallace Larabart CpjL^V

, kitfillj Ulail

Jla jJuflt £dj^ 1 t/

i^iUUil ^yjtj 0±tw*iii *L*^l w

^1 *ii f iujA\ **Ulj ^jd» j-i-J! J) imJ^I

■-■-.i Ijjillt luliSIl <ji yAj *W> ^ijia. j$ii (jt te 1 ^ ^ >**
oi yi£j jj .^UL^lVI OjIAj *Ct1*X> n J- 1 * 3 S/* l ' "* U ' i - . * ^ t,li ^
tjj^Ull »Ulc.j ><Li>all *lnit S-ijl^ai O* U J - a^J ^ (ji 'A>* i

■ N. ,yi I^Lij ;j— <m.lA.nll ijljliill tlj/l ijj V^jlS .yajL»yi

I » ^ I I

.La-li 1 * 4 ! *y <jLe»l lil ^AJjaH <*>* lirtlj

L*S ^llrunnl

c*^ £*j** ^ CiW>* *“ O^jAUsJI 0*Aa

nZiLxfc3~> ****^

ji ijJjA aLlii JjaliiM ui** ^l**i*-B

j .1—LJ1 3 jj*U 1 OUjL-*i\ Sjuj*!! ‘^ J

iUL^l ^4 tip ^aJI

LtAAfi JjU- lft> )1 bA4 c5ts

^Lqjjll ^.pJl Ojj-ili ^ J*ilyyj (0

<Lia LfJLtl aaIuJI

w, Lambart, *The Effect of Bilingualism on the Individual Cognitive :^>lkil 0 A )
and Sociocultural Consequences"* t in PJJoraby <etL> Bilingualism* N* Y^

Academic Pttss, 1977, pp. 15-27,

-ni

UjAc ujUnli hj i_a£ljrf yi p j^tj

^ill jj jjAlj (jJj Q^rtlt~_j

ij*j*\\ J1 ht~wI ■ ^

<-)

u\A\ ^ yUm, ijla jl*

(li^aJlj a i ,. : .<U ^xl 4-ijLflJVl * ■ Imi 1 ! i (J j 4 ^aUI

^ .^jAiJl pjLuJl L* Jiljrf (ji

f j J*S ^ ^ ^LfAjJl 4 4^-h *t ^ 3*1 ^

" M

^aU( t>d {jjJjILud JLajZuil i jA jJ^fcSS ^JVjJk <j£lj -yJbdl

11^4 3j'' * l^|

. Standard German 3 -Hi A

<> jilkj -It <jjUV 1 JU*ill , V

*U#Uj A —Lj u h ^j ,4-hjmih ^LuLalVl

/"^Letzburger Koine

JjLjl^ioH jJju ^AjiLutt {ji *al~^ ^ Cij\£ i jJj

ui J-lj .LiL&t 4 jjsJjJ}YLi jj.inll AJ pAftlflLa lu (J^J j 4 i^jH 1

6 JL* L JLlLuJ JU}j .AjJfcljjjVL Ijll.rt tjafjj *hjAU*JI frJLd JJL*j
» 4 ±^\jjj¥l L 41 C L^u fjjJl ^ 3 _>kU ^fiij l _ f it iL^nAJu _jl

L* Ail jaJA £j>ka £j>-a » pidgin "ojrhjM <JLU1 tP vilL^d

.3al~^nil LiiliUj!!^ ■ ij*.-yj) [jii 4-i'*-tm m .L^jI jjjn^

<JfV Ajl^ l 4*1 A*1 V j3*IJ1 ^4 Ia4 O^i j^Ua£ (jl£ jJ_J

; (U)

R. E. Keller, “Diglossia in German - Speaking Switzerland ", in Haas + W. (ed.)
Standard Languages ► Manchester U, Press, 19S2 , p.73.

Robert Half. Introducing Linguistics „ Chiltnn Books „ 1964 + p. 376 - * jLjl {T *)

jjSii ol

3iUI .^jjfljJJ! 6 - J& LL*Vt *411 6 * -0*^^

.^JlLLu ^JaL^j ^M» jLaJil V^j J-oLxu ^jjll <iiil iu^Jj JVj -i> i>

11 > ^ J lSL IaU ^ 4 jjl\ <iiil ■* f ^. ^Jr cSJjJaJI b*14 ^ijS'i' nl

* < " 1 Creole s4j*ll UUf =u*lll *1* ji JJJ* ^

3^*11 iIiLdUJl SjJjjJi iiill *iA j_>fi L jiSlj
*<A\ Li^-it ^ 5 4-Si 6 * *4>* ^

^ (qu^^iju h tliliij * O j> i ^ *a!1\ j4_$

<(^jaVI CjLiLililj i»jjj.< ni l «Lul

JjLflAl icreolizAtion pidginLaation Cj* > jl li <ia*>d ^ks

lfcUa|j 4 jlU 1 0-* SjVjtlwl W“*** j*“!

automobile ill- AIj ^ SiUL

3 ■ ■-^ Vl tl £jii3 11 Jlflj mobiles j ‘LjLj^J! autos <_>*

2 n .q-s. ioJ> 1 *■■ * - -j .(jJ^jJi oJl?^

Xujall Jlkj ilpujUj

■<Luj*]| OJ iHijJfcl Ld AiJJ Jia b^altxJl

(U^JUuU J ‘tj* La£ <ilSU (jjiklj

(jt - / <^jU]l yj

■Ji, tiUjj t! La «. / j /

Derek Bickerton . Roots of Language . Ami Arbor T Kaitma (V^)

Publishers, lnc, T I9S1 , p. 2.

1V\

"u* t^”

■*~

— OUHi

>WI"

—

ukj*

"jOa.*

♦-

— ul5li

Visl^t"

*-

— jlUt

<— <3^

-»- <ialL

‘Lm^La iliLkl£ 4J f«^j| Jj

^ 1 U-x j 11 ^^1 | ^- tliLLl

^LIjLjA ^.

i*.1'.I*...Jlj<

"iJiLJL <iU^

jj* ** 1 ,! CA*iiIjaJ1 ilJLiAj

«4jLaV\ UjjAi jj/i^u yltl ^UdJl ^1[ ^in iKoine

jL iljILjjii^ .\ <*UL£

jLLd! ^LlS^^aI

J3l\j jU^Vi ^ UjLlSii aju ^^*11 liiJ^ .SLySn

iJ^-ijH* (^ja| ^tijju 1 1a tj .kja j j -<ji i J.JJ1

yi <^JJl ^jit + *Vfrl . o | LfJ £i>* ^jJl (^4*111

,JV» <0*

tJ-atjiJl i>* jl iJ-aIji^ frJL* yj <JliH G^Lllu iuljl

Aiill jlifiTiVt IaA ^Ajiu ijjijj jLfr"«Vl ^Lt ijjlj

.liUl &J_jJ &j .ki~>i> kZi l-jh gl iJJ j fT'ZJ *CiUlL)I |>* jJuu

kZjLiJjLj *LijJ <_4^t|larL ^ |J iJS L

nvr

^IjUluLiUDI

^IjSlIuluUUI

(3UfiU3?Via^l)

^ v v aon* *iU! eu ^ 0*1

yj*j L* <tiJ (jtjt <|0-t jjit Lu (JS "^“(ALS ■

^Iju LfJtjj jt UfUi ulj J-^O^ £ >1 J U*Uj

«jV±U| Jjj J Cm^S .J-aljjil 1^5.0 4±"*

4ld J£ ^ ul> lM** 3 v* jilij

u^l i*4jjc <> ^ uj*^ Wm^

J J1 ilitLjiVI jiLiLJJl £j> ^lii j^LOJl

{0*11 Id4 ^ * II Oil jjbj »L|xo^ ^ji\m<UI ^5^01 {**1 C>*

r3«"-l*tlj ^L*J^V1 iL^i* j\>Lt J&j1\ jV*j i>a

.jl»1i .~.lj'.l ..AW ^JjLodJI tii^LOl jJi+ll uL>

JOaj jut Sjib t-i iJjliOl Oh _>LO J*au «-ijLtJlj

*3illl ^ iOjdkjLill

:4lJ ^ ^LiLOJl ^

bjUitb JjiLM-Jl Lfcutjj stjLOl *.>4^4

uiljiii o# i tjW*ll jJl« *jLl*4 ^> 01 IgiltSj l^iU* li*!4

<**L«,l ^Lt ^fJJI >Uu]1 jjL-u OlJ£ frjLitLj -J—1.011

J ■ bliilt^djOl J >nflll

4 ^ 1 ^ 43 lj_kl l ^Ji^jIjjiIII ■ 1

J-Ol'j -T
O - loiij ^i^*yi - ^

JdJ^l

1V0

uLuUUI [ 1 ]

Igkj #1 jl iiHi (ji (j# LT* -A?

a J jj.ju a aJ a - < i^jiumfc. IN i. r i.viuii.

*SjjjuaJI V^tol U je oh* 14-^1^ jjl5

JLajVI tjV ,Lii J1 aJ\ V (Jj-sIjj 31111

ULa! IjJj JJiS ijtdj Ch* JUJ yifij

<jclfci^V\ I^lll o- 1 Ji& j4-S |_fl* ibeljSH ul iiLJj fj\

j44 ^ ^jlftiSu L*4 jI Uaja

jaLIj I^j 0 ilv>j *Lj^*Li* ^>t L|j j^su jjj jjj£

IjLj dJju f-iilij ^jIuAa

™ m-

ijjJa wJJJ bb&Jl p Vj Jifl”, ,. fcll JIa JLtt yjSjJ t^lli~inn^

fp-4jL5Lilj Hip-AjiLi* LJ^jA-Vl £4 J CjI (j^ 4 j V Jj *

uj&j Jji..* (jLcJVl) "i (J-«s\jjJ|) ilxAj t |»4jIa.1j33^

*^Aib jUj ^1 SbVl liiJI

Luji 3j>£b fib?! Jl Lijiij 1 j|j

£a £*fi\ >4 Hill pJAi—J V^jt LlL^I JjU

■iUilj iZiL^j jbii <iLiLJ ^i^UVl^y u*

r 4^ Lfj ,jii *<1* * *j*" CiLtUai jf\ pj*i bw d]j >utj

(^Sj |«i bj 1*44 ^ILcVI JiL-jl Ijj4j jjtrt n (jt L*JL»1 ^ L ~imJ ili

l>- UJJJAJ u-a 1 4 |j » La Ji -Al U^J

jjjS jdi <-ili «dJi5 ijj$j (jl J1 tAh* ¥ j£iaJU*

J<15 £* viUjS i*\ *i*Hj JrfdijdJi l>*

nvn

pJ tjj JJj <1

^.£+1y nil \*lfJ <5 jjj ILd ij5u

*

<-fl.i.jj V (SLjaJL <.>* UiUk Lf^d JJLjj ijijj ■ jT^j ^JJI

<1S idJj Jjj <j[ J! M^Jd ut Xj -ftjliil t>i jj*i (J1

bJUl Ijpflj Uj 4£J ■ &L*=JI Jjrid u-* &J>-* I^^jj

iiiJ^ j! m^jidj t-ii^ p^Lu f^il^JJ Uj>«aj fU± *mj JJfl

C&* |J J-*jJ 1 tJL* ui J-t JJj *M— j! *-"t*** >J^MJ

Ll!lij Jctiu * *'tfrj Jj i ^ f1 * 1 UJ! J lrt j ul

»*iiiil oLiu j-$k1 (j-* ( J-tLij]| 1 a4j

jjij ^i li^~--J dmiu>]Qguc^lilaJt

jLiltLi Ajljklj ijIalCrL LijJa tj— * ujSj jLaSjj U^ili! ^

jLS Cj\j iLij^t Ujjj j\j*> <j\ if* l>* 6^* ,j±\

b^k* <iilt Uj -Lililj ^ <Aijkl o=>4j *blib

. LL^iil *lk fijl&j ^Lt <ilb Jj rUaAJ

^lil *ii aA jU* *b»l J! Md <Ji=KS

^,iji ^ JJ*a Cy bjjd db jkScL <<3U J-rtljjJt ,»“*>

*ii oi ^ (jlil-iJl 0j5ifr

aTlIil* LlLa tj^i C& u? (Jl>*

| 1 <^~H^ laod 4 . J .> ? ■^I'h a CulS

Jib JJ-*I* J—»1 jj Jb. JS uit jj^j ^uuk^ (UjLI*

jjii* jjjl* -ul Oj] Jlib-Mf o-*

6XuAii\ t^jy kAii 6* CfW l*

V . 1 j-*l ^wii ri*^l l^jl j»-i iijM <jh* ^ji biS^t f^b-*

"IV V

.JiA t-iij ^ ^ix. i-iij ot Jpi-t <1 m» Vj i-4jjJij

.^UljImi ®jJaj Ml tr4"' ^ H t^- oi?

M fcJtA p*U ^4 ^J>k5

-ljAij (jt I j<A<> <jvLij L^» JjJaJI ^jkij toij L&f4 j *^j

JjdljLitl 4yii£^ .f*Jju4tj ^ LJUjSlt\ 1*14 CiLiLu j^plaij

-0) ,ji £-“=»>* >4 Lai ju j i j I fl^l i 0^-4

(3^a!_p

P4^*"^ Lf* J-iXlljjJl

Laj[ plill^ p jtttlll ^1 lLu ijl 1 *f
3-*j pJj Ijji *Ja3d Jta-

yic l_jIjjjj pi* til pj <jJ-ws 1 ^j ^Laiwil

jiS^ pLilftH oj^j oLf i (^—ujj O* jiSi pixaJl olA ui *|H*^ ^

oa

jl lijLiil J-niyj pi**Jlj jJ 1 *"— * La^La *JSi

O& l>* 4 i^Saui\ La tfl t|jjft[t~iftiL Alfl jM* j Lti*_ i

yk p 41 \Jl++j .L-jljji^yi AJmS\ p^j lj>**-*

U^aJJj o^aIaIaIIj 3 ^*^! EjIaIJ +o*4j <*jLaJ|

p_|*t LkJ jpJjLaJl J .u^ J ijLaJl OjlfijjJ V-J^LWl^

J^iA 0-9 £j^d Jilij]^ *l_JjLujVl hJJjJ t£jl_*Jl 4*14 £4 i jfl fll 04
oji* o^j ^UM«d £pLu*U Sj^uS jijJj j £j^u3

1VA

AjL* < L^cIfcjUii *44 £* J-iUli]

jjit jjixJ Li^-# jl <4l£ iJJj JlJU 4J *A$j jj iflTJ A^ixa

'i0rr*J ** 7 *J <Jyo£l_p kZll^Ib (j^J ^U .<J>U kliLjjlin £jL*Jl biLdl

■-

iclij -ti aij ^>A±j JijJ 4 ^jjLjj CiL^pLx* J| Jj

■i

^C^idl <jaJd| 1*14 ^jic. jtLull SjI* £* pAdJuJl U^ Ijjj «^Lal&U

■ tUC. An jjSi jl^Vta ^U*4

W \.i yj (5JdJlj *llj jj>ili [jjj U^AjJI 3lj>-n LjjJaj Ijb

"Mj *<-ujIj fclil AjSj

^ u+Lu U^Utl tiij* jj\ ^Uiib J>11 0* J—^1 ^

(Y) ^ji ^ b*5 vdJjj i^ili\

4&UI

au Jjib JlS ub ^ta **UaJ(j jjtfl A***

jjiLill jV -43iUi UJ C-Jsub A* tfjA iJjiW <*1 itLiaJi
jLltL J ^ iJjill Lf^ J*

jljij JjSJl jji! jj+j Ni -IcLiili pLLi]l J[ ^Ljjt

ot (JL*H ^ Jjil Xj ^ ^4 b*Jb ^

£uuJl u-° Jl>“ ^*44 Ail g^ i lih i M X$ ‘tjgfc lU j 8 </*

^tH 1 tf* i—Li. 3-jJu d Jfci Jii AJ31* <*. o-l“t o'
( -uj 0^^ A* Up^ 0^“ ^ ^ *i&&3

1V^

y+JI yj LjjUj J j\ ^ks <tiw j\ i£j?Z

^inTi * yi jl| 4jjLfdt iof».» Jj yi *0 |jj ^-■- <jV fCiLdl^I

*'*j* jl£ I

1*UJ1 =Uli .dJ*iS aUiVt <^Ui % fcllb ^LuJI 6^J

JtilltdlSi

JS lil J* IujA J j ^pilll ^Uaill yi J! J^ur>u# t-i4J 4Jj

,jl>Vl .bl J*», JUU T U>jI1 jLJj J| l _ f ^±i ^III 4cLaJ1 j|jil b. Jji
Jangage t>J n ^j ^Ltull I *■*■'■ - (parole aLo^

*nVl lijuli CjIj 3jjaIII OW*JtXui^U Ij^Ja 4^L«aJ1 |Wl»jj

hAAaJI ^Hjjlflt (<Lim 2 Jf\ <tLaLiJ\ d-ij ^ 34^4 »lU tjjjjflljj

b>t n^iAti jljjYl 1 all^jj .^*1^*,Kj jjAH jjaj (j-lll ^*!^Vi

dJj la^uLl <>* ajltn-%1 t£»Ul jljJL+itj <CiYI«j2miV\ bJLA yi ^oju

H|>i>* <,111111 jJj j&Jl=Jj 3^.»i fvfL^ j|j^iVl ojSj Hi .‘UHjJI

nUaJI ^ji nli * 1 y* i>* ^jki^j C |H^^ t>*

c*J LLil yi O^A-* U>1 ^ dJUj .l*Su y*Ui*V1

d^Jl ^ UUl oLiili *YJ* <il yi .i^iU

i4_iiji]l i'^LiJlj -Hjj jiujllh} - Ul t.A tVjj)

<Am. jiKV i <>• (jit ^J\ *lj^b KJ-ij iEjilb

<ll]l aJLft iIiVIajLLuwI yi y^il^j ^-*Y1 tZiLjljfi j

i^Ltl

l>* {jjflLlu jv- 4.5 (ji SjtjSS lZjLc-jjl^* <mit a*l4 t j^ ft l

yi -*bVl ^ukAj (M^ uA ^ J! MS J!

.Hill *>^4 (>a |4t|4diJ ^1 i^jjajdiilU ^jJydjLaJl ijj^j jjj «L* J

AJ ou5i ^ 4^1 yi JW-j in^*# r*4** aA

JIaj j"*; pi'** Oj&i kjL 4J fcJL* <>« A* jji <ljliJt s-iaoLmJI

Jjj ■ *1"^ » yi Cl lij^ b iIjjJjJI LZjlTal^nll ^ JjL3l1

V fti* jljii Os# p—L aMj -(JUI

Vl {< jiujJ *p t.l^l ijJ ji I inj tjl \j n * i i rt ljS

ij_j^;*T j ^ X# o^i —hjj p*|J t Jjjj

bLpJl 3» j>M ^L^JI will i4jLJf IJLa ut pilij

m

^,^ 1 j Jj l^JLjia >-^~ o-s ^tli

ijiLa. 4 iat\ 4A4 A>k o *

.,j-ljll jiLui f *X>» (**J) tjj-il' jVyfl' 'r'la-^l ua

U 1 yi ji&Ij .I 4 J) J^ajStj ajaJl Jljjl OHJ (* 4 W (*4^ </'

«L^-Jj .^L^VI Jliill „ 1 * 1 IIJ 1 iljUl'j <ail »A*

(5=^' iIm* ^ j i o-^m i H p 4 *o 1 ^<-i J! T *** 11

A

*1* ^jic Jj<na« <jS1j < *XJ* J—»L>»* ujlarflj

<> wij^ p*J—-t>-^ tA 4* u*Wj W ^ ^ ^

.*. + ^]Luu pili J^4 *X>* *Mj

IJui \+A Jj ^ 0l Jjill 6-J

(jLiSiV^ j^jiaYt Jj; ijjli Jlaj— pjiM {5\j ui IjU t*A^'

&Lij jj'~ liaiuHiit ^jLuajjVl £pl>ll j hjMM

iijlj-uiytj (j-a ** 4 ^

yi JfcL, 1*1 uSj |*1 liliti <J» J*tsi itsjilll flljJt ^ Jllj jji
,^LuJl Lfi £jAx*J 1 SjJaill itiJaH *4^ ^ X» ‘(H 3 ^

(ji ttjJusJI SjLyiaJl cA^I £•■**■' i>Aj

.*■>1 .1^ 1 ^jJut b - j j Lm liilluJl jLojVt ■|'+ | l^ i

^jlrt LaJI l$JLU jil ipjA £j*3 iliill ft*i4 o^

jjjS jji ^Vja il^ ^iJ

(Jiilsj JL»Sb J-*JU jd\ te\jft\ i>

^ ^jlinltVi p,g ^1 1* rtn

1A\

<jF® ‘U^yi 5*1 J-t Sj hjml l yj jflkj -J

5aIa JleLmjj Ac. j aJt (JjLujj

LrK? «yj4 iJljdVl ' ' ^ ^Jj • ~il j'''i . A cl I

.ibu> <j-° bjjj LoJ iJ^Jtll ^JLcp f fl~j ^J ■■ JL^b

I^Lb 4 > u6> gjAjiL l AjA^ 5jJ fVmj} *¥j*

jfcjLijJJ jtLfc**l yj AyuaLa^

d* tj< ^jjjl-^ iYIS 1 <UtL L«[^ 4 <ujXb AjddLc <i_L Lt|

uic |»jL£ (j^ l ^ll l ^ L^ll Jjlaj L^ji yd Lb jiulj

(jlc <dbuAj tLl JhiLa l^j*J L>Uup Jaj (jl JLijd Ljjb ^^Lul J 5 jj4

t t-s n->1 ylll ^JjjJoJl ydlj (4j|£^L^Li*Vl <AjjUL

i-^UuJl <ULjJaJt bJut (ji fjix*S\ 0 -*J • AjjL&jII ^jLajJI

\ yd*j " ^ Alt

AjjL«JI ^iill r uj*j'"^ Ajd ^u ij)l

Cil&l&Jl jtluiV [xAj tjj&± u» ('£jaUI ^*-11 , jjailll

V>*J A^ii — <_^ilil jjgiltl 1^j*uaj J fr X>* sJ >b

01 IjaUoXluI L«J fllifi <j ^jyuLs j^i ^pLcr £^jj£ AjjLbjjIj

hAIjJj + ftAJLid Ejj nilJj (_j;ji LbJj ^*14^* ^Jj I^Laj

_jJI CiL^LaJl yi U^dAtj> ojj^JI

JjU.LJI y4 Ajjjlj AtLuEkd yj 5 JL 4 yh IjJdiJ

l)J>— j >»t J*J -wijM-Jl wlj

, AjjjIj JjL*j yd frJLA bJujj JJl j a Jl ljUAjiil

bljAh yi Aj^Ull jJiU-ujJl 4*14 ij^LliJ

SLa. yi ^iL^jVt ^ (^1

■ *11

Slj] <ki J! Ml fci* ^Ul v UuJl 0i

<j^uail U ^hul]l ^LtaJl killj j^iU f^hkuJl yd

J^L^l <jjb^ jV liAJi yi_j dA jI^Ap yj A^uLyiii

1AT

t> Li Uuh .Ljli ^4^ J« Jjill oliLJ

**** oj L* <^i Jj ^j- > mH L^Lu jaL iLuiV\
JJIj^ .LLrfj Ll^dj <£j***\ EJ^Ij £"=»JJ

(jUl J -^4-iV) £iUii jftia 4jV Jit lJJuJI

■ >i >*-H <j tjJJl ^-jLLiJl J-fcaj CiLJ-aJl dh yi

Aa-J ijLfrj JjI i_jUuU

A-1l ^LsUa (j^ lj£i£ \j*x3 (jt ,(^Li^Jl) j»4 nIiLtj*&Jl

*4^ ^U£j £L-i| ^!

1j*i; ul l* uj.jh-i-u y5)t Jji-Jl -UJt ^la^t Ijb
• <
i U-L-i ^oS Jj .pa^Li ^ 3j>ilS ^3 a *(*♦''>“' u±>

,^»Jw yi i^ilSlt ijjjill iViLsJ! ouSs .yeLJiVI |»-IJjs-j

Jjii J^lj3 ^li! yi J( ^LJt «=—J1 W“* y*

■+ ™

^H» ^-jJLaJi 11 ^.,^J..> JL wlluJl ^ hX^aj

Li ^j^Ja <LjilIl (j>uJ |*-#^ dlAj J j .niftl lj .

pjS3 U ^ j-i .SjSa j <3*L* £JJU4 J! c^Lill

irr L 311 ...jU ^ '-“M^il-Aitl <U?LAj£ ( 3jj^Lc.yi ilt L mu j-oJl *u

^LuSjUll C»ljLL-aJl jUi Lfi* v*^ J*V>*

* 1 * Jii , I j U>lj S^JJ I 4 A 5 L> jLij V

^ ^Ltjil waj^IU ^UL^jJl Idju tliVLaJI

jinj ui L> ^ -‘Xib 4^3

yujJt ^ ji^a\ c>* jjfi vj*3 z**y*¥\ *\^\

>* J*-d *<j ^JLujj Uli) ^ y 111

JjL ^ t> 14 *-^ <y*ti >4 ^

"IAT

1 J-Aj »jjjilH *juJ *jLj *ij£ jJ&fttl iyX-^U 3^ j" ■

4jj^ig ijlm giUiU ui J! 4 jU utjJi ^UuJ\ u (

^ -tiff v ^ L*jl3l jif ijliis ji 6- jj£| >t Aj) L^iiJ!

i£* (**l* *OjiN * M iZiL^jLaJl ^ ji^J Lfjl jj f J-i

bj^uOJ iJ i Jllij lJ-jUI ^jLJJI J^iLjjVl Jjfe 4%JidA U k^J( *~J n

,^uLil ClljJkUS ^ic iui4 Uiliii4 Clljil^d

■3a 1 r* i l l ELpJl fjjii- A? SjIj * J£

*3Knull ,jl *Ej4LL11 (JLlCt^ ^jlJ jLalll k-iLLat 1 ^Lt ■

til^LVI Jjj kiiU^lill ^£r *. * -r ^ i^Llajj rl^i ^Ull

jUj J^I ^4 iJ-ualn^Jl iJU^ CjI tj-qj •E^LtaiJ

^jjaIajJIj i j£lll KjUu .‘Lil JL4^ fi4l jJk ^ U-lIt

ff^ji ji (jjjili i^nj,^h*l|j Jjltl jj^dj

^jjI jj *|*4±*iajJ V^ltii ^3 l,»-> aJ Ij {uaII uL<aj

* L^]\ rt t*i i^l (ji. Jaaj j^Iaa; %&LwJ1 (JjLuaJ

^jkUj i> U jljifcj 4iauui

^iailiij *J \ P(jf IJLkJU j:V^A jjiu* ■■"

f4tfjYLdJ^mf * lin^ij ^jAai Vlllj} £vJLa*J|j

^jl {jdjjAl \j&& ^1 <f l jjLoJI i^jUt^ i jk (^lifLJi *JL* ijt

. JLJI ujif

0-* ^SiN b0^ jjUali l J L-Ltt fiX^Jl

* ™

jLJLc ^4jUuaj ujj* V ojSJ ibjJiJl (^jUfci *ulSji

^c-Lkl^Vi K^jftlJati >- Cjj/OL i (ji .LL^ ,-LlqI^j l-iLLAt

* 4 -p

■ pLijL^I Llla^ <jj ^Lt ^Lilo ,31 m.'t^. ^^Lc. Ej^IjJI

tj\ *5*^^' %-kfcLo (jt 1^* ^<LfciajJl U*j*j i

Lu I d"^*; Ci^ 0|^ s ^*-^<jij ■ '*-^j oi 0 ^ M l Ld ^>jjlAj
tjJ *ljV * J^U JLuaVU fJL&] 'll i^JjLj |fj

•\ V LjUaiJl I n \ m lIjV*

.JaU

3 ^ jj~ 3 t ,Aj x .i Ijtl Sjj^LtaJJ l_iL1uJI JaLul J*iaj

i> ij^t u—^ o£-Ji ui ^ *#** ^

(r) jsjji^

(r) ji-ui

^IdyJt yk JLu&VI

:<iL**Jt *i*J *ii« <JjLuJL ujSmj

r C + Y C + V C = f

|J*4 «±il1aj Lu^J .JLt3a-Vl (^)j ^ (jO w*J^

t*Uj JLIaj .(L^jjluJl tZiVLkUiVi u* L)S*jJI EjjIj ujij

£* <ljl Jji3 (^3 4 ^i*iU EjiLaj (Jit ul
^ *J -i^ii £L«JI uA MS -^VU^Vl aJ dij

|^i (j> o—> JA <>5U W 1 " W« J* uA

Jjk tjf u&HJ i_>k*il J>JJ ul J-“»d fM £>* ^5d u 3 bjJunJi

T (j. = r ) ti*i ;us->-Ji ^ i£i\ =UjUJ 1 oA

1AO

ji iwi ii ivi^b ji^Ji ji djj i^a '■«■'■ Yj

.>Vl U*. Jli - CitilL r liJl 1JL* ^ - LjjiV J ; a ; -H

m

^L^V! ulilt* j-ypJl ** 4; ^ * ^ tL&JJiVI Jju

™ + J

^LJ Jtj> hj^l I^j^j

^inTi *<jjaLII CjY I fttli J )i\ <u Jjjjjj (_£JJl JjdIjlJl l-jIIuJI

j <<j_sj>j]l (LiYl) Jw [ji lu V ^LaijVI (j^j

H

J! (uW) Ji j^T i (L^l* Sj^jiwVl 0^^ .^tLajJ! (UVI)

j<Ujj|J^ <i_fljJkJl j£. \ >t».» J i*"-\ .. ijLfeAijyi JiaJ j| llgJALiA

& jj& J Jaj J j *lvr<Vlj jiaL^yi^

jj ln i t i i nf fl LidJlI^I Ijjj * fltllVL i^U^I J^JLuJl

l-Aj^JLa iii—3jrl aTaI <1* LfXi &JaJ ^A LiJAJ} t LfcLjjS J ^jlll

<JjjtJIj -*Li-c.lrt^l| (VjVl) JJ^SJ (LiV\) Cm ^JLui ifl^Lc.

<J J L jji^ J| £r^!* I** £-=J j J 4iLi

tjil wjLla5V1jj 3i-1 a-. Ilj jjill A^aLj <aN-c.

■Ori^J U^ ^_>LA3]| »~>1 <Jl ttLiyu - Ji j, -diijl

, Jl U-) V t k flJluM l uic. jlnjmftll jA (JaVI 1>* Jjit Lu^lI^I

<^IuJ . 4-4jS {JX^M !>« hJ\aJ 1 ftJul J uliu |J^'*~JJ

■ j f l iM i i H JLb (>4 blilxJl j£ ^ltAl)/l Ji ^ J* ■ jjl uljiilJ

c

J( <jji uAi LaJ-it^

bJL* Jw (J^dijklU UJ^JJ ■ jaLJuaII dlLi *jA (JjoiJi J

$$A ! [ j^Ajii (jia ^ Laj^JLi i>a J 5i w (JLiJl

^vajl t^a ^_jii ,J «<Ji <JJ^>a 11 (UVl) JU^u

JL*xVi ^LdyuVI ^LuiVi jjJLa <jj ^JJi ^*ilji

ji>Vi J u ^ >i Ua^ .ij^g ^oii ^Vi

mJtjJ |^g |i^lj JxUm IJL^i j4jr1 fl^lj ^LiVt) <jj It K~ij

4±lull ^1^1 jUii^i tJljj ■ -i* <jL=k^ij j*** jUi

ijj £3J=*- Cj-4 — Lai — dJj ' LfJ

1A1

lit JVj ..jflJU. «.USt U*J .UiUbJI ( uVl) Jt (liVl) f Vi

L«i HjjjU. OilS yril SUjmJI JUjiJl yll '■>>! J* *UiiV1

J VI ..

<J| U Lyla. SjW J! U^-4 l-U*
jj.Li ^ }LU .*jki ^ *>Ll4> .tfji-Ul jl yiiJ' £'-4>' JiJ-* 3
jjj j*» -jiSS* -sUj 6* i3“^ .“Lipj jUilt

<ii ^ V 1JL* uSlj .«i. Up. tf ill *UasVl J! uUiltj ^uil

. ajjp Jli US cLi ,> tljjLillj OspUkaJl Cm

LiVl) UUlJl [»«...iii yLc Ijfpj i> tljiill ./>

j..— ^ tjilS ,> .(SitUaJI liifl) (»*>p t*U.»

'j--~ UL oilSj .( j.-ti il

^Ui ,*u 3 iVij Ujjitt ( l5a) u-ii u* ^aun ui

a^ -L.-VL ^Laill «*-&* J! Jjill *Ujili .UlU» ^ JijaXi

J*tj Jplt Cm U^Aa. USUI OjS 3 U jUi^u .3 j . r,A .JAJ

jjaj y...ii ^jl ^jVil.iii Ip .Upltl l^ lljSj .1 i-illiail

^ .UjilifV yill ilisS .i-iaJlj Jjll JiUli

1 ys-.j dJiij .^UiaVl diili \ jUl. o=p»i .tf tlilVl *1* jl ^ U

jljii cm r _— lMj- i> u 31 ' jsM 1 ** ejU.

j .(^ii) IUL ,»4M J-Ui <Uju~ li- LfjUJ .j^Jl

^a*t jUJSj -ijUll jIjS i>»j (/jUjj ■(y 3 j*^ t ) J C^*0 J
j Lai uU l.Lii. iiUlVl b jj» oSj |J j!j -CjiUjl ) -> (bA-U*^ U;pU»]l

.f^a-Jl J! UUUi U

■SJ>JI (liVi) u* WUM jCUaJ ijiiS iiliii

L ai»il «jt& Ut iA> .tfjiill tftj5--Jl ylc .UtUaJl
jyti .Oii, 4^ ^ J* lilll ^ Vl .ouplll ^ JUJI .JjUll
UiH I Jjl- Jjlk, J i> ^ Vlj JiiUI ujSiS

1AV

Y| jjd y4 S^d Aj±* jibj

4j^]1 o\ Jj J*j -Jtfj

(* J "*'* JLiiLl) i^uij dal L^a . t^al I 3j« *-^.\\

<1 b^S -iiLut (jj J 3-aJWU pjk»ltl ■—IjlLwJ ^>* '-ijLutl jA

LL a^LuJI L 4 I& j^uijll (jSj pJ jJ ^duaJ^jJli jIluYI

yj jSjJ^L CjLuLut <J nL&JjYi fjl 4 J 4 |«-Crjli Lji-CjJ

(jl U ktUj Al^J AJ j_u ijjflll

t L*. iAj .^LiVl ^_)dju yi ‘Ljjill .Ml j^Laj j.5 -*-H

Spoilt ^oiL 04 OULi. jl , V L>1 ji C*Lx*i jl^Vi <>JU

^LaaJv wljJu ja vdJj CiJ^± jLuIj jj£jjJl yi jNla*t..Vi

ui (J1 b»Jl ** {fjj Ms ’Wl ji Swj* yj JjjM

AjIjLxC iJjSmj ,3ikfJl t^Uj ^4 E^Ldd frj^^ad AjUup CiJ&J

Yj *4 j£LuJ ^jI££eY|^ -1^..^ ^^aLlIl [jj AJaLiljj

► *T

<^LiLuj Y^ ^jjLitjj MjYdJLdjj Jj iLLdljj l|J *■ Ii4 Aii ulk^

tjrf (jA£ Ij^i LfiltAl (JdjjA *YjA * ^ j^JuLiq

ijjj pdLLiHj JaLflJiYl j L* yi LflujiuSj A^LuaYl Axui\ AJUjJa

^JajLiill bV* t5\jaU yJUjJaJl jjJuJl iZiUd^Lu ylc tydji

.wjuLJI jlSiYt ^ iib .wjU^JI JJj jl>Yl aS jlja. L.

Y ji UJJ > ■»*■_; o-* » J" * * J Jj Ajlidl ^ jjialiJ f i A^J ^

«■

Jlu ji I>i4 jliA ^uj >^Uj J*j4j Y |_fjJl j- j - 1J *H .~*1 m .,,*

I 'jj b^i ,La\Jij yl il^uJi yis A^jJau J £maaJ1

Ajj^jt^ L^jLuJJa AjA iJS^j (JLaIjJI Jib bJJLuXa CiUi

yL^ll Jii j jft^LiX* CiLtMid LujJ ^udl JfJij Y

J l^jI II* . -l\ U4. J^L«oi JiJi ljub |ji ^OilljJI jCrl ftT^Yt

ilf i b-* ^>“*j Yj tjiY\ Lfl# Y JS

nAA

4

ljjj ftAUlIl jyk JuJj U^ U** pxjjl

iZlUalt C^Ai JxaljuJl CM Uj^d l4 tjV^J j\ iLauuJl Cillk

* ™

f*£au AjjjBj jl I Jufc j^JUj .|jLifJl JUA^ jJJiu *I friud l ttti*Jl

^plx IdJxLwhi p£ull l*id CiUaII bJui

ijjSij Cjl t>* f JLs*|^)l kjjjall 3JL-*j Ou |ji iZAdUail

- *

fetid [Jj5u V lx Jut t-ljL m,qJ la,^LcVI iJjLmtJ

1^1 ^iuy Idjl (jfl |ji|l 4^L)fl JjLm^j fr jKj*n * ilililll

^pisti \M * 6 *w%> s/*^ 3 ( W^ u^d

j^Udl ibuliuJl tZi^Lax (J-# Jlu iCaUlJl frjd iju ijtd^L
jji JL^jVl jjaj jt C>*3 N, ii ^ ,,,j V In j m

C)1 jj luSljx jl Itldii* tJjiucLj dui ig**A 31uJJ\

jldJ ^.rtj CA i>* dot] J iff j tux lijiw p fld~i

■“^ ^ V 6 (S\ ituUaiit uYYj Jj

^jJJlJL Li^Ij.i l* gU f^\ UJ&& V dJj

ddl fjllj IxiJj Ij-gl (£jl i n~hti

^d i_iliuJl 1 J_j\jlj <jx <4jjLA^J 1 jjt bJUk 4n in JjIlmtH ^j£jj

(jj tJlx AijJ j^LwJt puujiJ (jtS Ld,3 J^dti ^dldd

^jJl fejdliill o j i l ii J l ij4U JjLij Add *<^>jJL t-AJuJl
V * ^jjLa 1j »M 11 j'vl- ■< |f ■ »j dJ j JUj T I jif

Lo^ld Jl*.\j JS jiLb <od^d J **^S <ji

jLlc.L ^uljjdll Jut suLLail ^JL _ id ~% J (j^J IjAj »j^^I

U jljuLmf ^ *jjai yi -“ U|u

4lV ^L^L. Uilj JSe JjU JU V t/jVl J ^ Vj *U
■*■*;■" ^Auj^UumiVI S>SJ| tiLiikl (ji dJj ^pJJ LLxt IjJj jJj La£
Ji^>xj\ J>i^3 Aji jJI (JJ-aH LiSjji rul^>*j^ dJj Ji* ^d

^d jjJLj ^\ ijijJ) *U4 tit Jx lid dJhJjJ .J&Vt JidJ V

T^dilluJI IdlAj ^d ii^ujjiIauuJI u A - ' tt 6^ \}S

Lfl4jLu£ld JLilvuVlj tlij! Jl jJam tjl V **iUj

<AJ (J^S LtJ *±Ujl£ Jp*V\ jjlS jJjf* 3jj*iJJt ULuJjll JjuhOJd n:^ur J£

6" ji * J>* ^

0-* J5! <j! 1^-* (ji* J-*Vl J> J>‘ * ^ ut

fjuA ^Lal ^JLmtjJI ^uj to ■ -*- 1 £itjUai* qjAAuJI

.0i>iV1 J! J*aA ji Jil
3LL31 J! 5*^ ^xJl lid Cj& O' O* J*
oi - 3 j*1 *» ^1 S^A^jI AjlilUU bl* OjSj oj -|^uj ^ |J

^jj| ^j£rla^V(j liutilil bUuy V| <ddj jl ftil jj ojii

4_mpLjJ jAc. JjI^aJI b*14 jjliu iji j£±r (j-q <jj-i < . j 1Vl1 ^

tl^LXJ jjli. fJ^t^dJl bJul t>* (jiV ^JLufjJl

yc Lj^uaLd JdhJl jUj Jbj O' ^Li (jj j^^cilLaJI

il^J phenomenology ^jljAUall <a^Jl jLI^Lj 4iJJl ^J[ LijJaj tjjj

iLj^Ua J*~--^tl 4 jJL& (ji Jjilt ^(jkU^^dil QjiJUuIt Lggd

+■

><j^.M.\ Ml fl jiwu L 4 A 4 J^\j J5 <J-* <Jji*Jl ‘UiLfi <ji ^ .a l^

0* *H Lgldiui u$ <iill QjSjJ ■*>+«- 'iUd

(ji ijLtil <_jj 1 —j C^llj ■ IP) JjLiJl Ji« JitJulij J^LdAuiVt

IjLiAljJ *M]AS L|ji J>i nj Jn t Afl Cllj i ^1Jl1 Jjji^

y fry— t ■* bjLu^l^ (jJ| Jf^oJ tli Jlj lrnrt W (jl <j-t

iliUk v _ f it JJu ^JUl Jiitt l>L% (ji ^jju tJulj ,<1 ftjjc J'* 51 **il 0*

^hjjkkj (jjJ ^jSi^iLc. EjLiiJ <jJ *t^*S j\ j\S. I »->

(4jai ol J^l 04 Vj ^jjIj Lij 4 La lij ■ w < Llo ol

I^ij Vj - Ia4 <LiJU JjdLLMdJl ^Uu ^jJLI <j)i 4^*nait 4 ju£ U iai^ jl i J±^

— Ajjjjt ^illl Jjil ^>JaI .ajliilj ^>iVl ^tLH VJ

JU JjVl itLIl ^ >Vt *J> 1 ! t- V) - Lii j\ LL^i

^LajiVI JJult o* i. T n1 l m J 0 ! Jj

CA\j Vj j “^1 LJitLiil ^4 |^L ' '“•* LaI

Yj tij".fl Y klull . >Lup jlju jjJjjJa ^jLt JilLuAJl

V| ^Au Vj ^JbLud V| t■ ■.,.JL.J ^>iA4uu

j^Jj dLij .Ld ^JLuij i a■■ **' >j^Vl ^lj L^a^jj ^Jluj

4aJu yijj V] Yj *^Yl ^-tjJoi] (yu u! ^* J jl

^uaJ i JLkaZLu/V t J^Luj ot *llj£Lub« bj^IcU ja-V)

i^jIij Yl t-ulluii J »♦ *■ ■■* Yj Juu jLIJ UL

jaljjfll 1 * ^ JdVlj tiiU * filial J 1 ^Vl (jl jtfkjiiJ

iLal <iJJI gA tljul! J*=kjj LkJ V[j «kdJ OjL^Lbwl

p

4ja1LlJ jjA - (j^Yl) JUt CiiSjj IjJjj

^JuV 42 Ua*uJ 4A*aj£ ^L^IaHmU AiY ^tUaJ Jj-ji-fl

t_at j^Y <Aifaj JLdu *<LL* 4J Ltllbl JJj T 1 j-hialm"*

L^tUl u* *lid_lAJ 3111*11 d\j *<A\ gAji <^U1 w*^ll

,<illl u* ^Lll I.U *Lii| ^

*Lk£.LoJ^l 1 jIxjI Lfai laj .CiUJl 3 * M jlLajillj

illii) lilll ^ ,aU 4li^jjS ±^\jil jjJiU jjk 0-* u-L»a . £a_jj_c.

Jl.t ■"- ,.t Jj j£jj i^LuLaIi J^C jl>i |jj uuji ijijS jii tJilJ (1)

.JAill ■ ^ ^jj lJh)jJLiJ| g r l hirti l (fl f ■ h 1 1 n Vl)

Ttj r j i j-L 1 * Lju^l iJLiVl 1 —klJa 4jj tluAi |jd ^i rl^illurVl (jl

Yj r ^ '^ J ¥ JjS I^Aj C^j Uj £* ^ J M + »Aa. Jl ■ *

fj^AJt L^j| Lkj Lj k^jiiAlji L IgA jjljl! aIjaII -*lj ^m Vl

AJj 4 jJ Ljt>*ll gA Jjj U* Jij jfi J| jLa jj'ii' * U>*^

Jl ijtj <ji ^J1 [jI jj i^UI Lj <jjt jLitiyi tLfij Jtj

-aLc^yi o- j-^n ju jji *uji d jUj ji uLii

<lv* k-iiLl! /j j*.A * Jt UYaJl (^ioilh} ^LLuaa d ^ ij±*^

La! fidli it jk’i — f\ r>_l■ jVI iJulJl ^ liLllVt ^ ! Jcul *^Lt i L ^VI

. X-\^ M\r t *±!^l\ Jj :;>iUn sL^\

^ ^ 4&LuAJ o^J -(^jAj ‘iAj (tlufj fujjlj

j iM -■~~' ,a .t^iliill ^ jjj£ fLjyS i^tlS 4iu) jtiM j

j>—iU Ui *3iUj (ji <*♦ ( ^*~».->" ( 0 *j)

,ji±j OjhlcL 4 *j5 ^Aj 4^*1 1 * Vsl.M,i

<klait 4L0 J> 3 *$ ox. jiaill j 4 *i (^ ijiiL* CiIj L^l

CiLhjj ^jl ^ 4 * j^Laltll o*^? J! '(u*^) ^ {^0 C*“

Ej^Jt [J^iil o! J^ U-+ <i*dJ UjL U * 1 <W Ijj IA 4

*lZu\^ -d) jjLhdJl V 4 I* CiJAi ^ jh fl ll l

tgji IjJaj) i{jl**jj} ^pjVjjJl t-iLiuJl <til fj* Llj-laJ Ijj

jjLJii u-tjm ^uljji o* W3i±n ^

*LJ- il^Vi JiL^ii u\ 6 ^j Jj lU^

^_jLkaJ\ fcJ J>mJ| u^JJ i^AiVl pi 'O^ U^* (jj*!

jlj Jfl ijlLi JiiJ L*U Jii*^

Sjjill Uk$^f Jj—Jl ijli

^ Lc.1*ijI j$&\ t^U j (jit j»i3l o^ 0** ■ LLlai

m

*4l*x

j^=*j Ojj (_^jiiJlj L^ySiU JxLilft ^ flj 1 ~* >* JjotjSlli Ij^ulj

(>j) tJijj iiA *( jAj £ul) jiVl '(^)

-(*'* (*jjjj

w

LoJ ^iaJ J^i jA ut

Sit'll a Ujjlu f^iLfaujjl i^u JLa. |ji Jit ^ * .* 4 S *444 La# L#J

4AjjJaj J5 V <jj pj J IjllTj 1 jfl jflmil Jlx. <L#jl

.<L#^lj4 (J>4 jj£t frJLix (4jSj t-o-A *A* nijl LjaI oj ■ A i

* + *

kiij^ <_£JJl L#j TLa ^i>i^ (jf.il l LkA Lj^j l

^ <^±3) <<ji *USIl CiL^Uxll <*J4J JjVl ^5Jl JLai^l Aic <^LUi
4* .^jljLa^H jl (jiAjJl jfct rt“*¥l uM>* yjl ui i£j£liJl

#J V LiAix. j-fc *11 iifli ijSlAll

V L^l ^i-y 4 _LuilJL 4444VI ujLtjAjL# JJaj L|i^A tbjSlJJl

Aflj_-.u_i r-.^< Lujj iZuc.JJL^i IjJji SjjLiJI y-i ^r iHi »*i

Ej^all ljH3 ^ (P 2i ^LoJl _£JLjj ■ mTJI .i*rti (jjJ < j4j£ jJuL

U#J Jj *l*i EjjU^ U*J Jj .5*14*4 Ciijji*l JjVl

*L#Lu Lgl ^UaBLI#

o*

^LuaYI o^l>* J\ ^jL^IjuJI 4a^u jjiJl

1j)i .%4fiLu&l ji ji i3ai*J ^L|a> 4 Lf4fl yjlt

*lA ^J [JJ 3^* oSjAJ lLr lAA]\ <4^211 (jJl

Lgi J| L J V {j3H EjxLjjJI fL^iVi iuj 1J lx (JdaJl
J ^JLIl ^jl-iin.j ^ L^2» JLij .ILuljl# jiNx jj

.j^Vl JiULi jLcuIl^I ijr ix jjuil 4 j^L>£» (j^j * ii£ l j

[jJai>* ,^1J j\ O-* pLj 1*44^

.JjV\ r u*Ji

Tir

Jjij *ila (jij iZiLa^l lnl l ri$y j2 Ijj^

<LlaJh_Luj jjl (LidjiA i^-aiij 1 3i^tl h>i4 j*^iJl j_LiJI

<> Util J) -UAJJ UajA Jii ^±LX*JI Mj-A Ciitf *<UAi»

¥■ + **

.^j-sJ LLJ Lgaic. L-LuiijA iLjLuI <J ■ "”■ ■--■ U ^jJ! Jjiill

wk4JU <jl£ *"7^ |*jJ ^iiu JLuL ,-jJj ^jlXi JlAd

iidd ^Lj^I |ji| j f l * tijji kLd^j bdfiLttid

>i <4

VJ>“= i> «tllj Jjt ji ^*1*1*1 -UJ (,fj £J-»J"» jl

.^USiVl J^LmJI

^ibll jj-«3 »3illu < UtL*I»^ ^Uli xiij

JiJk |UjJl ^ijLtj_ J ■;.*]! ^LaAiJt L

Jl^} L^Ij *[*^ lW i> ^iLJt J^l 6 - L

j * ti~l lj l i ±i j ^JLu#jJ 1 |Jjja d U. il ^ «. 11

LfjV ^dill <Lj^Ja <kifljLAl\ tuJv fiflJj-tiJl tJ-gJ

JJiLkll ^a^Lbu iJ h jAu ^4 L* Lf ic r jt nlrVI jjt yTi

<ji yj£j V jtdfejlu pJLdl (jJbIj ijLSji .<£juypj 43 jLb 1^
farioij ■ j... 4 J JUf *iA.L i>uA p-JLc ijji Ijij

> "jSj 4i* ,J J jd-fiL * ibUaA 4J

yj ^JJyOwUlJ Lu J |^; ■* ftjjlll Ci Vfll > ^ISi |d*fJ tjJjAVl JjL^J

Cul£ L« jl jAaj |dli~ill iZAjlL^ ^|S] pJj .workshop Jjj. : ^*y

jjjlil |iJLc ^jj ^jLuijljJl nW l|

jjJ , ^-1 Jt 1*11 jjj^jj^ 4-ie.j j-ujJ ^ 4 ] jmii 1 ^ 4 ^ bjjMU

J£ pAaj ojiMi'hi jO()ll*-> Jj tJJj (H^

"™" m-

. Lujil d ^jjL5 L»

■ ^ 4 C>£} J -

O* Sa^Ij Jilj ^\&\j ;Ua ^UL^ll

J*o1 i ^fa 3.jAla.«M Lai £Jl ^ &jXiIa Jt^id ^^uIijJJl

lii (ji £jjJ AJ jU^VI t jj£i LaJjJ -Lliljj LfcJjLi J^dljlll

*iu t^^Lj tj-J JJ&J 4-yLwi J^jjl J! J—

L^iilj ■ -jj 4 j£]j iLid ^)Lujll

tjjj rt kliVli) (jit <uXJ iji jljdJI

i*!! .! j-ic L^J .. J CiVVj riLl^lt uV^j

(jl JrfVlj ,3^3=k iyj £i\j ^di {tlllAll) ui .^JB>Jl

* L tfr- 1 >tf L (^11^1 j^^ju

ij)>UP LAJiLIcIj Mil Lift »jiVl Ait La j m^ l

>V1 JI SjAiJi oV s(^3L) A“- ^4* J>-

~\U^a Ait ^LL* tiijii jl jL*3 t>a Sjjj

*Q4) J*£]1 ^dioij ^mil o* I^jju V* ■* ? *' {it^LJi)

J! jjall Jrflijall klllj^j ^>o Sj-aJ <a£aJ\j

jia-U Sjit ,wJLt (_^i Oj ^ Ji-i u^

I|M±“ £>lil 14^5 6* <JL- Mj J-U-Lui

SjU£ J* I

1^"

jiCSii I>fl Jj

^0^1 uj^* l** p-* J-tf-® "^j -

^ (ii^ill) J (4*^1) l> cJ^j (t)

Jj\ ,Aji^j 3 _L|t.iJ Li ^ ^LLI a Qjatrta Vlj l -hlh i f-m

SjiUl ^UmIjjJI -0^ S lt^ & AJ' n 9t

<|\j J yjll hZll.jHU»Vl L jlll I lJu^J JJ «rt '«*! u Jji ^>odj

.(i^iA)

<JJ1 V) <111 V *jl ^

T (*J* i>i l^ju

j±*\ jJj pjfc*N fLfiJl ilA aIc. lJliI fj] Ajji V

J ijjili v &JLuJl JlL-wJl <jJjj 4 ^Lli j(£ii (jt Lajlj i4^Lje.

|J 11 liilt I>j Liiljif j*J Ml tW 3 ^

<jj l flji <jL£ Id <1b! ^jJJj l*j£ L ~'^*J 4 jljA bjrfJ ClLi

t ^ *

tjjjJl (j^ pJ faUb fv|ju ^^LJl 1h >* <UdM bJul ^lt L*£sh Lfjj^

t>D t_ilLa yi UJ^J jfliajl t>i bjlifirt * 'luVjatf ,4Jj£l

* a

IJLa L«jlu j I i^.j'b bjLaJt ,Lu1j ?n^->H l-JI^

^>d ‘UaIj jljaJl \lA o| (J-* i^aJLl t-uLfl (yj

♦(fLaJI jn&\)

jifllj JjLJI C& (jiJt u) ui iJUj jj

I 4 ] SJJLa~a <11*41 yA Lu|j} 4 (J 41 ^ jj-il (jit O^ln

(JJ hj^M3 jJ|_J*uyJl jJ^jS LJ^- L X>*,U .Ej.l"hfl iliLLJ

<JjLJI L^j 4aj3 yjJl <llwVl tj] aSj! ^li -(j^Lyil Lh£

^i\l«’!. JJ V< <llwiV' orf 1 jliflji^ jji <**n*ijl <ji-E> Jjrfi

La *jLi& 0 ^ lh »15 JjLuJI ij£j |«J jlo .^i A- > aN

jiu ol *4^i jjj j J! ^

taj |>b p )' lf L«1 a tL ^4ajlj2lV| 6j jml <(^id

^jicl Irt jAj i>4j

Vj Jl » 1 ~i l 1 Jjj pJ ^ 1*^*1 Ikli kjl^Jl tjij

4j1 IljOU -fl (JljubuJ JjLuJI <ajj Lib VlA^ liA

^ ^jjj p 4 (j-aJi iuJIj JJ S^Lul

Jjm Jj gib Cft ue^d

.**'li ■ *1 *4 .^idlll Jj <[id L 4 I ^il ^ull ^lwJl

1^1

U liLifrl -VYj yi ^ jii ^ Jib lUu :oL^y

k-d^A jA i£»iH Jml -t\\ Jdiou a* ^1 Jrf J bi* LfJ lH JU| 4j^W

u^i yi i«a jlw v tf in i*n ^ ^ 6*

Jl- ^ **Ia U-Ji SjL*«Jl J jJ * «i ™j<«

tyltjiijoi yijA4 »1 a]

j# 3 P+W“* ^

'lilj ljUij J U

« liLcu Jib j-jj\

Sj4*J1 Alfi ^iAlJJ 6±A»aJl ^ jJail'

> ilw A4J ^ Wj uM 1 ^ J* i> £ Ji*^

jLLt 3JL: <a,j JJ ^ jA JA ^ ^

s^i ui v * ijuh j*«>ji ol r* *

M jl>Ji gj\A dJii CailS Ob -^-Ai j\^J\ ^

tfjl SjLdJi (jl-i a* Ol 3 *o^d |*^ ft yAj ^ jtft *b-*-*v|

>S**J Jjtiflj Jai|jj jUj ijil *±i

.‘L^Si pj* t^ui ikLu Hil jbaJl yi J-“^1 til J“Ai l^Al
J1 d sf 4Sij ul l>*«H* 4 ji 'sf* 3 ^ (<ijLf« jt iiiljl* oj&3 Ujj
<J 4^k JjAifli *dilii jAl alii V L*jut %u\j£+ ^ilj

■*A f#i Jl s? J *!

L, 1*1* a- &jd?£ IlIajI (U*L (/jUO (jL-^yi ^*i

i> tfjit UaLkjt ^jSb yiU ^ tu*AA yi bUjSj

p|.. j.l-i Aj^lUa pU*ti <J Ut l-> l > l <y*i ^ y*J

<it oli- ^ ,^1 Mjtoi

lij^i Sj 1 >aj |UjOjj ^ j-lu US .LcUlil j*jj iyiUJ yX-Uifci

^Uin ^U3*vi ja

1W

4x9 -i V j 3^3 -IjSLjajI \a&Laj& 1 Lic^ 3 jj <i jSJj

.j>n j\ >iii ^ ^l w\ aJ J1 ^^1 1

i4*LuJl J) jIuj u! ^L*IiVl jjC. 1 n^ll jLjt! ^JLt£

jLaLJ IjU .ftji* wuLl |*^ji ^ISlj UaIc prt^i*

yi i-uiuJl 45.1-h j <_fjJl . A^lj; ,jalw 4lJal& jjiLuuj <jlSj

F

4-4jiai-Jl jLS j] LJi L>Lu j£*aJ1 IJLa yj j4

V AU fbJ^LoJ IM i—uLt=hJl ^UubbJl tjL£ . | A=»*|j 1 A

oV fitL l*J 1 Ait ijlsw yill JjliN Sjj bJA£ Vj -j l*.-;

U^ri ^ .>*^1 ylt fi-SjJaJl liUi j^i yjLuiVl ytltiJl

i jjj j it flj l k j Li Alt <LcLuaJ| pl'KA _y\ JLlfi j4aLe

*uus . _^ti

jj£l ^jLS <j£i^ lULbyjJi JLrfj] yi i*|* lijA <jLi£il <jli

4a>bjjJ SLj^j Lfil ^JLyjll o£jJL3i »l^lil ^ ^U*j6l

f«lAj l*j i>* j**i ^ilLV eL^d

JS (^iij Jii t>i 1>* '-*Jj£-Jl £^JaVl Jii ^ V)

ajS. Jul Ui3*1 jJ i*W\ fljSil ^3 -*i3&* *JL-j

» J'^~h * Cljj yi 0^* yA I I Ai\jj ,Jp-HjJ-*Jl

*Jj liaSi 1 jj£ au |«J 4jLj£J) ^ljla-1 J-^yj

ijjj lajlti 4jLp iJJsuJ <tLuij]l ±\Ai j1j^~i..jl * \j *7- “ff J _- vflt

^ Ji (^ i j*3 JS 4jjji ^U*ij O^U

'**3JJ*4 *■ I jJ «JUd ^lj La i4ji4ljA*Ji jaL AjjAjJI ^ajL^VVI 4_iLi

4jJ \jjZ <J£ yj ibjA^U ^JLiijXt ^OIaJI ,3^1^11 C-

kliJ kZkJBj Ifit jjjioi* JI^SawVI Juu |«J L^ul kdJj J J ^*;j 4 <lLuijil bA4

^| ijUj J£ yW l^JLilwl Lii^ . ja|j jLdjd * 3iLihjll

J5 iVIjii Uj_pJ JJ^ y4^J l^j| J*UJ 1 jj£

^ CAtU^ ,L|i t l>i Ju. i^jU u^ Ij! *t|J i4iw* Ji

.djj

j-qVi (jii <jLj^]i wj^Lyw^

SjUVIj (JUJh ,Uit ^ [«Vl jSi u^i

jLaj| Jj <U^ yJi ^ J Jif -tT^^ ^-3 ^

|^ji L» J*iij ^-LJ| J l'frj (_f JJI nJ L> j^A

Ltl . JiiLiidlf yji ' *- 'j [j! i}^ Ji julufi yjs^ll IkX^ u^j

^jjl j i^LJj <LlLc, ^ ^ ^ 6j 1 U&JI ot LjJlJ J*U5 til

" * *" *- *

L» jVf^l klijli LujJf Ljjj-A J

.^LjbkJl 1 u*mJ1 ^>4 l1iL^jaJc(«JLlI1 CjL$^

i

i

yjJUd! 0# ^

E" ■'■;'■ |jl l*ijlr ^jlill 3^ l!h>

* r *

i I j iL,.iij Li*L*j&1 Ijirfcjl

0j Li£L

L^j ^idjj LJ HI 3*^^^ J! ijlif tLaiii bjlu&L

UJ.JJ“"*\i <1 jte *L*ail Oj/u j! J! J^^si 1*1 i^*JUJl

^WM J5d>^ l nfljiljj .^4i& jjflj o'r 4JU J < 1 * 11 *4 (jlw <l\

04 J^VI iJ*JL uUi jll <U V-^i5 ^

j^&Jl -0 ^tii 1j| , %1 Aim*JI (jit jjL3 t

■ j >?Ji J! M*

jSi]i ^3>- Jj ,^ije J njVl ji*. [*1

jiill J y: -.* 1JL* o*JL? i«^aVl aLjjj J ■ fi J |

jltll (ji <■ Ijt I H I *{W^1 O-a J£) J^b

^aAaII j£aJJ o“^ 3 £dl-i4j *W^ Ot^ 1 £u&i L*jl u n ^"
.^Uli yfijll jAl 6- o-USiVl ^ V \*AS ■ Jijill »iA <> c^i ttfi

»jSi < jti t nl Lui ^5

nn

(jt (jl| 1 a.y^j t >0 *L+j

j,] J£ jp jjJl 1*14 £iL^ ^ i n tLa sl»LajJjLo _jt ^ "J ^*

hLuL fr L^Ij^ ^"-*1 LfJ jLiyi ^ J 4 f^jyyfl^

Jie iJ-“* I<AjAa 3 j <ift-i-tl| jjl CiLjiajJl

J iiT <* n )1 HjjlxaJl J-uu o 4 o-a jPjjJl

0 *^ s/ iiijt £ m jt >Vl e ^Ji .l*j Ls^i u

6 ^ «jl J! L^jLi \1a aILuij jLt JJJJj ,5 JLjijJ!

Jtfl~.»n^ i -iVili j Ji t-u^lj *ia^ .J^iliMiJl ^jj ^Lui!

!j-i <lt>dV J\ *Vh1 JjtiJ Jj tljrnr* J j ^ ai V *<iUujjl JjJLiAJ

4*j& ^j£SL La|j mlij^Jl J^aj Lt) tljjlj

y—liLL^tJI i^jL^ 4jJJ wulj L« VjJ I»i4 Ua^c. ijj

jl J±A J-*i 1P *ul jpLflJlH tij>JLi (ji (_4TAi^Ii)

^LlflYtA f<A^ 1 lj 4 ^jJl l^Lau 4ijJ {Jf (jLilil .k jl aTr}

1 J* ji (fcjUltt ji J*i Jjl oL*J J**a

^1 4 L 03 J tfJLll LfljlVj 1 ^iVl iJjiait jjn-iil jj 4 *&jUlfcl ji

(J jjjj (jli j\ %hAi j&Vl t_BjJali jLaIc. 1 " j ^lliYl

-uLuil ^ ^ujIj J) <Ut (*ijlj

jSill J) iijU ITLmij ufJ <33iUJt tjAjls ja ^Ua]/^

i jUjs£tV\ ^1

■ Ch *uyi .^jukLLjjll (?)

.\*Xt* MM. ^£1\ jij

V

1 *

Jiil—Jt f«J \j[ 1*1 ftoji^U 4>?\J 51* <bjAtj

^USl 4 jJL J—jn*JI J JjL^I J-fci ' im'i lJ £-«aJ 5U <4lL—jll UJ** **". 1
jlill 1 _ r * ta M^ Vj .J-Lil ^ 6« fUuil V -yltj .1^ <ilj jl

(Jioi lil*> All J± IJ-4j *ftoSll ^4 j) iL ^ ^ ^! ^ t1 **

Sji5£ J-*^ <*i Jl :JU* ji .LiJitj ijjij ud>«^

frJUt ujSj aIj ylM b j« < "V L ui-Jjfl ^Uai\ y* J^Ajj

u—£ Jg—ij ol tol y*#" *<“>">* Ji*

ji t|5ij yi ^Lwiji\ ojS o^5 i^AjLitij ^toiyij ^i—jjiVi

hLltu U iifij— *j-<*11 Jj|j*JI 04 tjUaiJl yi UJ^J **Ji ^ Jtoajl
<ii 5f sLi j *ifUj iIijaj oi <jj J *J j * T ■■<* ! ! 51 a>*

<Jf£u—JI glijJV la XiJ^li±]l Olultj J-*l**M

fjodljJljj jjl J jlTm a U lA4 Ji* ^AJj Vj ^j

»<di£ ji <tlui1 <J £jl“J

> * .^l ^ ^Luib j LLu jl blu[ (( _fjjJJ1 l-j 1 hill jil^j
l|xa 'j"; *jl kb fLftJji tjl J jB .Lm m tjl Laji .Ia\jU JIj y3l1

V \±4M 131i .Jul^Jl fai« jihj J a+ * ,IajL^ u^*

J j- A. <iLL U Sjj— £****- J SjJ^to yixj

.llii bLLb U a > ^ A * 1 Sj^-* AjLL± o£1j .*IL->J1

^iL, yi o^aJI o£j-i V-A3 yjJI Ciljtot :5JI*

bjL*H5 " iW -; j*Aj •jJAij’ 1 EjtoiM

die £ iuyg ja * l * ^lLjmJi (o* i .ijm aJI ^jjaaj

yi ^Ait liLi ^'j4t usJ»A u! *"

^ii jiOi> A .i i' » A*i oil— i j| jtoi JaIaj *u^>aA —u

^ <ii*A |J ASjA^ u£Jj ^

yi r lj^ «l-jll Ai-3 Cw -i^VL Jl

*>31211 Ui*j (/‘jJ' J* JjLJl

tl>*J 4jjlifr jlif JJ tjadlu Jjftj

^ n t| 1 in tl c^jS^LuJl l J fl jj** -i .■■ Jij

(*_k*]| bl± >ftu ,^uuJl tliii Lfj ^jlL p-ulLfcaj

<j£>^t f*£*3 ijjjIjjJIj

Jftjjljl iOJ^aVi bJ^L-ijj -3flfl.Ml< ^<jLu| ^jA ^aJI

V jjj »Lo pl>»M iajlj-AJl bi* (jij jjjlilj

f I mit 4^u^al( ji>j {^t Ja\j J£J ij\ dJj .^Luj)! ^ jlu

0* j! ^1 6^-^yi JL^j dJJLJj , l^.An ji JUjl>uaJ! bJL a

*j* LfJ 5jib ■ ..a \U ji ^LuVl £^>aJI SjjIj Jij

jj 11 i i yjll tij i flf l 1^1 [jl LoSi j L^jjkijjj J i nr! ~h ■ T i

Ji ^ i^Ll! jljdl jj£\ .1-^^ JJJJj »4illl 1*14 jijj

0* ft j< nbj I jji * l Ud La laUJ^ V «£mu

J^Sil (ji j>i <Ju|>d

J-*aj ji|j iulj^ ^jjL ^LSj 0*? ii>i ul Lf*?^

IJub hllljji *>a Si j] fjglLbJi ^UlDIji . "jjjtaJl h Jj*i£ TI ^ - J L« Jjit

Aj La iajl^uaJl ^Llfljll^ jj—a (0-4^

(J^aII ^c. [jLiAiaLiJJ l>* <^*n ill yj O t iu in J-*3 4_ia.j£ll jSIjJ

iIm jLjj3\j .LajJI o^fJ\ t>b L^jL hidjj yjli 0+“-^

o-t ij jiLi 6^ -tJSi d <i j- * i L^i J^ojilLj ^

^Uull

ui J-**'* t/Lc. (jJJjj ^Usyi L*{j

-L^Jl La JUU Jli- ^ Ilj^a

giSLH ^ tjJLMfi »VjA -6^*1— Jlj jiaiLi C>*

: UVj

^ .jlj* ijSill C jla" <u4 |M““* ^ : C LaJ ^' ■'

JJ J^aj ^£1 ,Ulju Jliiii

•OJ.UJI Jjl* j UV«3j SjSiM £i-j= ^ ^ LuJ1 - T

/'^uaaJt ,> UiUSb SjSill ■ r

^i jul-ji* o-iiii jLuii jj uiiai j>.Vi oit ^usa.1 jj

1 Juo .SlJ 14] OJ-i— J*- ji 6-iSi» Jdi- ub .J-Vl Ijl+i

J ■ ■!.* \ |~|V j 3_lLaJI ^airtiil jj fc Uli YI (jl Jilj

I 7J r. JJ Q-n- J.fri—.Jl J*aJ ituftj yl uu-d lioa. CiSij .Bjji>allj
Ijj, ! „-•-; J J* ijjU =UUJI v*iLo JS L VJ lit .Ubjj
.■1 f. JJ LLil Ijji dJuUUJIj . C Ljyi 6*

■*— “ Yj p^laj Y IfiAaj di lla ■ ililii JJ ’ * 0 ^ *ji

b jl■«^ ala JJa jjimi jl b* b^ - n j I )>' * *> b^

«L.Jt iiu j j-UJYI J J* J-iia -*Xi* J=“

.Ij-Ailj ^jll J bi» j 64UI i> J*- 1 * 3 ^ U ^TO

Il' J.-.-'u inJf -; Jj.-tti <iiUI .^lajyjj b* a* 1 ** M U“A$

J (Uiti Jia. —lj .tfjiVl J*W tS-il' 3* '•“

•jtj “‘ *‘ " Yvj

^jSill Jaa^t tjljuli b* V*L*1 liJ4 gbjyi JS bJj

w

\j4j *4+Jl j±4p l>* a cfJ ^

.J-ljjll Ii4 JitoJl .Kjli-Jt iatjilt (> J -V * 4ii J*d

ay. l.lNll tli-jj AyLiaJtj ijjSill <ji>» kiu *byl>“ J-M*

jlaiYI .ilajlb r il*yi .plU. jjU« a— (i>

^ .jjl—I 1 £>->*11 (°)

6* cw .idjiiJi tfjLisJi V 4 IL

\j*j <j* *a*u LiJ Lfl* tijL JiS ( Jjl jjl\ Uv 4 jjiiJ

< * i j i *T 1-*>lUr fSj^r>t**U 3jdj^Vl tjLuuJl ^jl ■■ *i_iS lit jluJj

jiXl

*^>* LT^ 14“ '1*4 .^jjjniJrf

j* 1 *^ ^ A*** (JLt SjUIt

^LkJt jL^j .4^^ >!lU ^till Jifaj

|“^ y* ujt>*N ^ itf*-

W *rtJ*N 6& |J J-s|j5JI \1*

0 * L*J^ <^0 ^aJ *-0^1

^ .la*LAN fcJL* <> - L+it UHd^ - 3 . Lv.Vt ^, :

i lT^ ttj m tjjJl t_i¥Vl wlllrt kZuj£ iLfljl 3«jUill aJ4

jSI^aII Sjl i n~>l (j ^Lu^l ^iJu ^3)1

■Jj'jj 4j Aj MJJhitl bA-A jIa^r] A41aaJ|j

,l^3L-1jj Lfjl^ka^ tga* £ua ililjbyt

^*j5 j\ t' liju Sjiij ^Uiil j^yo (.>* Sj^ci ^LJI <j\J\

tjkiH S^L**- J—* >* 4 juJ «pW1 l>! Jj* . jiu
^ luLtVl jl 4U ^Jl iLJ-uJt Jii j^l

‘Lit ji*J (J l* ULc ^UJi tfljt uA til u^*d Xj ^^4#

>LltL f^ I uLuiljjJI j^ljj ‘“1j ^dltl JiLii^l

*1 jV| ^]) OawJ

fjAilt (jilJ bJub <Jj (J^aj J Ajjj L#

C*o (*4j 'L#j O 1 "^^ CulS U^jyL ULuijll lIu jjLt jjjltju

j L*i >-u£jltt JjL*^ fjj^J^j ivdiA

,-jsn j*- jiAs

Jjj jLa.il ul Ljii Sjjti *»Ul

Jjja ^Lc Ljli frJLft jLa.ilj *JjiLu*J1 J^JLS 'J—0^1 ■W'J

jjiLiMij L u" ^

IjjJi jjl LJ ifi U±* ijjLS ,jjSj fc ^* ij-* S*-» J-“jjJl

JLt dLj .>^1 4i> ^ JJtu-Jl ^jlL 4jU—J1 6-

jJ Jlw .Jlill ^ (>) (^>tt ji=^ KO J*- 3 ^ ^ u

(jJl 0^**^ IjJ

(J^lLuaU

(0 JiiJI

J+ii—J4 J-^11 o*

^1 Ul J ^1 6-i -*W» Sja^J Si- j-JL ^ oy

UtLiil Jt jj*i ^J-Uj -4* J“Sj <1 uj^j LJ *4jki ^

i>j J .^LJ jA* *(H- '** 'J^

jaj t j|j *> (*^i Luij Ckj j r^ ^

UUlL Ltlllll t> >ixij .ii*ljV»11 (> JI --'jL+Jl

*] ^ jl J >i jl J <H- ikU tj ^

,<U11

USA iJJiuUI fil* ilUjll (r) pi ^11 ji j^iJI

E^jij Ciil£ LJij 'dit JJ 4_ajJit Cm IS Jj <_ijjai CuLS

JatitL AIj u* . Lfc! (Ji (_^lln CulS

^I^JL <d 11aj Jji (J^b J-^1 114 *

jj_i 4ji tJ)jj ll_4j i^_3i^Jlj *d <_Lq V H jj

jh^I ^1 +SI jt* AI ^r) m" V <j l k.. I> tiLUj La

-CiljjasOM

J*\ J&J f 4 j^buiA*J^ JJ^tll l 3jj (r) pjjJ! jj j-pJl

■ ^i* * uIj 1 ii^ii i m i j ^jII < dLjj_yl! (jjSj tj! ^LujI JS ^jlt

U^ 11* 6* ^jiudj U3^J ^1$ OjSj Jj

'iUjJ J jJt I>i4 .JjAll uljjiljj JaLfJLl ddj

Jf\ t'UaiSu J^ai i. jJiJ OJ^Urf Jl ^jlj

uM J^- £• U ' ^V

U-* lfll j fl l .1. 1 <ULjfj]| ^1^ frjj^o (£) j;pJ I

,yuuj J t>“ JjJj 11* (^jJj yill Lkjl^-UJLJj .<_yojLil}l

Lu <A1 j j^j (llSj Ij£ <LuaJLu ijj i~ ■ 1 jLjLd ■ ^dauj

.<jL >&

Jl J_Lfli JUJ jAJ jtaj CiIj ^JLmijJI <j1 (o) jj j^J$ Jluj

1l4 (Jjjiia JiLil hJJj ^du^ 2 r i «^ F| jLltL j] < jjjJ! jUHtLi

.jLi Jj j^i jiLj \l*j i Jjia j^t ijuid

ujSj 0^ 'dJ-ij ^ ^Jaj rtJ jL^i dU*

tjjSj ijJoJl iJJU|j Jit Lgjd qjSj L« jIjlLu L^j|j ‘3.3-id-c.

IJjb Ijjjjd f^^lili uljjjltlj jj -^\ \ IJL* C*L -jJ ***!“■ "N jJ\

*jjijl-* c^jLam IJlA^ Jljj *

jLd ^LJl jLiVl jaII ijl ^^mjJ

t^ajiLiXo jjc La *ULmp^ (jL ? i yii" ) ^lS i^dLLubait p-LuiL

Sa.jL* 4ii U5 j ' ZkJ “J L #^

0* L$jJ U £j fl^jljla jjt ^IL^jll u^j J ji^MniH ^LuiLi

L O-^ls Jit JJ l* J±*tf S^5 L*J Jt^d V ^L^LJl

oui JjLfi 6*3 jj ^Li j J**>*W «4 J * “ ■■■ «{

J-yuj*)) 0^ *L«UM iiLuJi ^

■* * ► , >

jj L< AiljW (jl dij .Lftilj 1 jj*-Ab 1>« *J^ LWJ

SLj&i* ji -Ucj iLuaa. ^ -U*— <1 03^

^lUJl <la Ijti .4 mH<j <aJU« gilii jl <kA^ ^L»S1 j 3 jl .‘Cl^i
jL»Vl all ijU3 oi 6- tj} 5 ■<■** jl *1S ti* t* UMji.

,<iil>J In* ji ii*£ —ilj2 yjlt ^VjJ-iJLi

i a ).«-i^j yjll yUjU ij-iLu J*i Sjj ^ ■‘“'jM E 1 ^ 1
■ ■ IUj.I 1 . <tLsal Jjlsj ■»jjJI SLa. „Lc JjljjJ L* jjSl oli .SjjjiAlL
juii aii ^ ^navi niu .’kits i>»i j^s <> aiiu jj l>is jUt

0 i tfi J** J <jr^l .UaVjI

,1*1 SjiiV Jj ijj—U ^

jj^Vj ,4jVki O* 0^X1 J^M Ji>^ ,Jy * JV?

. v UmJ 1 dlj ULAj ^

dJj (jAiLj jSlj-II jit j! j-il+fl ^4^

jjL Ui -LL* fi j>" di ^1 ^LL^J'

o- Lijj^ j! tiJiai U VLmJS b!4 Jli* -U^

\jjra fiW^ 11* L* (j! £*W1 t4 f

,<!□ \jj&j <J Liij ^ J^

^ L=jj* OkA V J-j-Jl d £j4*

JLulLi La -i i^ull ^jj^JlIufl ^AijJa

<*-ii ijjj <ii jf\ i >Of\ hijUl jl Jji jjL 3 jjt UJ& lJ 4-t

*JL=J1 bl/k Jla ^15 .^Loi ‘tfiijJ ol Jjjj V <j! jt jdJj (jit jjLi jJt

4JtJj CljA] \jjk 3*1 ijjSjj f^ild L *<2^3

.4a^lAJ dlj

^J>J1 j**jZ l\ jJJ ^LiSVl pjH

CjIjJI j^y (0 itjJ iJJ^i JjVl alalia .33^13 LZjLaLuI (ji

jLuijYI jLutU £muJ 1 J (vj) j^rt~^h n il j l klf L

j^Jaj (jlf* (_fAll • *4j)j j*n>lj (jl jit IjjLi

(jit 1 jjL3 »>Atj (jlS ^ ^uijj ni l JJij j|l (jit

.<i|jt JjI 3$ i<U.Lij!

(*-*) Ci\JJ\ (1) :*> aj&t {TJ-O-'J'j

(jit jj^l [ji£ i^iULIl (jit IjjLi jjLujjVl <jL5 I ■ l^j «uha^Vl

oL-tfL 1 ^ 4Jj 14* -^tji ^U*

p

Tt jjjiV| ^Lii{ (jit Ijjli ^uj

Ji5j (i_i) *3iiisJl (S) !t> ojSij t±iH3H

(Jpiij (jit jjjl {jl^ j^AtSaJl (jJj Jii l> 4 <th ijtJ >3 Ail-all

£ Li! jit ijjU oA ,jU;)fl Li* oLi L4- ,UjS=Jl

■bj^L

V A (X>il du ^»Lku» A **** A>**^

Jj Lki^i tib r 5 ^' 1 * 4 * tA**^

4 <ji La (jjtJ V * •" LuaLiijI (jliJI 6^ *Alj

iJVj bUj H jl A*^ 1 j 4 *^V

JJI^ ^jA« U?Jd ^ A* ^ L* 'r 4 i d u^*J^ A * 6 J^

«U djj-i 6e* <Mifl illi ob uA -A*-^ ^ ^

<_$jIA 6l L*$J A ^ s *b* ^ gLn— A

tf

^jUll (> JU *4 < 4 i ^jidtJi JJii *<aJa« Ji ^ibll 6 *

.^l£H 6- f*4^ (_>«>*iaJl jj£

Sjlb A1 A=^ £ A J A ^A* 1 * J 5 ^ L*^ A>* iJI '-A*

6liq 41 J^aJb *^-*^1 ui 64 ^ V) (*Aj ^ *^J-aJ1

UUj JLuO^Vb ^sLJlj J>aJb (*^J^ (/ uuA- A AA
^ , r UU11j JUJt u-^s. - JLuS-VI - jiJH t

JU>tD y4 ^S£u *iii .6 aA-^ '** A^ >* ZiY)t^\

jJj .<lii*J1 ^| 3 hj «ULin A* jHa Jl i^A* ( ^A ^

liiAJl ,UU*- A* jiii A! pA* ^ A- £*
<i]\i (J YLuOA 41 iil ,*1^1 JL JUiLi A* ^ *dlii

U* -U ^^alij <_f JJ1 A* ji*ii A! pAs fdj

^ lii ,(^.tf) J«M AM Jlifl jAj -Us'

i$b ,JiiIi li#l jstiil ^jHs ^1 A ^

Ji ^ 4.-... V1 WVaU JjiJI iii *Lii Jjj 1^

A jUU^I jb^yi s jj*^ ^ ^ J4i J**

<—jlj (ji 1*1 '*j ^ 1 0 ^ i *i j **-1 *ij£yi

JJj *'l jlr Lj^ajJk I^inJl (j^Sud <{CiJB^Jl) ■ ’’tZiijJI

:cAl dili ^OJ! ,^1 t (^\) JUS ^v?

IJla <Ji* i(l_ij^) Jidl (ji (-aVV»lj) jijJud t^ui JLi ~^H iJjji
Xj> a in ft 4J <jljSj ^ti iijjtnu jjlL J_aU 4jj * J*

SjjIj LgjLi^t lx* ijlll ^j-iLa-ft-ll jtJU JjJjU 4^ ^fJ^JLLa p _m4

Ujj itjjji v . ^Lit y_j jal LjJ^Ij^j i^juaJi

j A 1 l^ 3_jjiiil iIiLkmH frjjlj lIm* L jdJl JXul Ij|i 6 jj| j

4 *

cUil 1*14 WJ '"ii-i pJ ([ j-JL=J1 bjil J Jj j^juaJI <^y&j

J Wll\ .JLua^Lf <"vsin-ijj bJJI 1*1^ e- »~ ■ J j<j^jtUl j tJVj

4 P

J >2

Wdi

! La^L^i] Lo

! 1-14 U^$

p

<LpWj Ltii j.inj V jjL^Jl bJL^J

^ U l lju ijljSj ^AjS j) Uiiii4 JL 44 U. jLfitVl IJujj

Uj JJ* jilj u>^ £l_>i »ilLU (iAj * Lt1>l ijjSfijti

JJ Inmil bJLA \jljj |j[ tiiSJ^ ^ JjVl jJiUl (jjjkj 1^4 3JLaJl

m- ™

< 5 jljJli .<i* Jljj (La^alj ^iUl ^jlS

Jij .Ajj\aJI ^Ij^SU (t Ul ii. j j (l^L& U I)

tj*** (/! aj^e <l4 1*^5

jjuu Jl fV^uw V^Ua iUSj V ^JLtl JjS

>T* J ^} Vu>^l uU ijj il* - i <

VV

(*l)

(jjjJl yjiuJt li*

■ H

^ 3JLk *i ^LJl Ci^UiJI C)i ^ 6^ U!

(jlaj *Jlj U4=> U uU

£jLi ^ji JLit lJ i±jJli" ULij£j ^ ur±^ J '

. <V) " ( ^J1 ULJI >»j .^uVl jaj JA ^yil ols

^ jjjiill ijij .yVjJ' JAIUJ (jrfijjtiH ij£ ul (^***4

,> jA*liit (H^ <■** LI* uM-4 1 ' U> 'jJS pji ■u i" >lh l f1 " 1 1
iHii -iUj yi cf-iJ'j - ?W - J1 Mj ^ T^'

<G)Vj jjj -1 yi ,"ji<u." j ambiguous (jjaUjVl ^LbaaaJt U»“A

J_ji -H ^Aa J*aj tjjiM/fl ,"*IVjJt JJii* (jli

iLAj.Lt J4 Us JJaOa 6^ ^ ^

i j.Ki Lit blA i> vaM' Li*^' 1<U ^ aAs J^

^jJl >tJI ».*H.j3 ‘^*S^ Lij^y' >■

-.1U-I I Jjjl Uip. uL^.t' ji t* ^

wj As trt* *»•»* Mi -(/jiMy'

ntjS ^jLt" 1 have a stolen book lHaiVl EjLiaJl jjjt Oft. ^ j

nta tfAit •' J*ib! Mjalt li* 0) :jlii ‘"Jjj~~

^Ait .r jJ <> 3s~ ^ tfAit .V ^U-iVl Asti <i>-

iij yi—>i3 uojji sjW' o' ^ -****^ ‘ ajL ' t,l£

Oba tji!l tA,W> «U^' i> ^ M trtU «»*“*- ^

i.l. (jiA» AJ (Hii aA*V'

JL. «-*■- :^A»S1' «'A=J1 >ti yi r W< -tM 1 O—JM - J ( v ^

aY**T

v\\

aj&d JJ ambiguity <UYjJI jJL*j J Jj Radford uAj juij

l*i (jjSj . (tjJLxTt ^|Lxd bJLsfa I^J I 4 a1^U ^ t 1 '■ ^ |j

ol j[ £very old men and women !3 jjY 1 3 I * -yjj L*£

t-BjAiJ La^I^LuI jluclj jll-n ...kf |j) ^l, u ^' IA

* fl hit l tUt yj^j Jlajli 1 iJ

(<jl *nrii (j Qljiiilld itJij r t I .id (j\£l ^ ■■ j['>TiV and

*±J*>*j~ J| (J (Lid UYaJI jajj oU Lk^ifl

■ ± ^Ac. 1 JJii

!_i ij^lanaJI Empscm ■ -; -[ ^j]j l_i_}i]| l-jL^J) ^jaaj jJuj

jJaj Oi ^

jajII Jj l-jLjSJ 1 l.i -4 ^jjAJIajc ..i <>■»■> ( 5 ^

t^jJI rt j4U Jdi JJj ," |_)a>fcAll (>» iaLftA! <Lu*« -yjVl

lid Li^J * ^V^jYl ^ -tUji *^jYl jijifcJi L|J jijJU

<ii. ^T\ ll lid jji U^j |^jJl i>t LLui Ihiu j\ IL^dYjil

■jj.ia^li J P*i>l W <jj iuj Lm k ^A Lu^g iS^lLc. l^i ^jJ

*£ji*1 1 nYlj *jlijJi r^LjYl UmII yj JjIjij

11^ JIjSj ^ji Yj . jIj— iYlj

ijjall Ch Ifi) jlidd jl J j\ i£jUlMr( J jlu Ljjj

JWjjjYI ^ t UUau WjJI <^l£ \j\ Y)

<iUI Y t£jJI ijuaJl Ctlj AL«aJ! lalilf ^u

Kjj <jI$j (Seven Types of Ambiguity

uf JJl o! ^ n j 'iji ljj

^Am> h i n i ll r ) ^4j ^V| jjjjlij y£ I Jjj V LLajI

Noom Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT : ^Lil (A)

press. 1982 . p35

YU

l^Lc-Jpu^j^o AjLiSilj EjlaxuiViij jLaaJI <jV

P-

dj^ll Lj £ajIj 4 (j£ 4 jJ ydJJ ^ jll Ijj Vj

bLdLi (jjJ_J 4jjJ ^J^kLxIi ^IdJ Y^l jhL^j| Ij^LLitl <iY hhA! j *jyt

(Jjj (ji ^>Ut£ di-kl^ r-L i «

i u. J

* * Y| ijAill fjk 4JJU L*j

Y[ l^ jl*. o ^vLIl ^ ■Ui* ^jUL l*j ">i CalJI li-4 u*±*j
OjjJI IJm iJ^Lh+ttl OjjJI jx. jjjSaJI i . frui j aj^j .<-?i ^.1 ^j!

V (_^jaU1 ' T u£j^H IJut Jpi lit + l-tlj /~ml| 1 a 4 f*^ij iJLii

CuaH \SA ^k jXbdJl JdLc J . il.T> J jl Jj-s a ii -ij-fli Vj jiSl

LaLu £%*oj! JuB |^ULfJl <j_j^Ujj n"\\■% JJJ

»w;

|iJ ^Laljj]l i^iJl jLlclj di^wtH |,i^ Ij^Li Ijl

^Ax Q .4^-lLLuJI ^JjL\ Jj 1 ^Al

a£ I^U J_j LUl 4 1 *|*» IauSjI (jit

(juj] lZiaJ! (ji *dJj ,jJ] llL^I i j[j (j^j Ujuu

j« LiAllI jl^hj (jt bjl^d ^Li5uVj liakjA ilual 4id

^IpJLi ^ 5 JJi JJli (ji (jjl£ *^-**>i

j£lll jig I&jMjffl (iFL) (\)

y\r

a jis u J\ pji li| "J»i" J»ai Jd5^l

■Infill E-_>iU J) VUjl\ jl £la.jj — '•*-*

jl .a", J .1 \c ud4j **-3 iJialmnh pJ f^JJt uaji ^A9

j2“ u# ^.iiL.i^ft Jjjlill ^4 I JA$ >Ifji jJ&iJl hJUlC- y (‘ULuijJl

jjjj < 11 Ul al| La^ ffjAjJl iliVYj jLfiaJ ^4

j+taj vd]>ij ^fi tji L| - ii , >’ i

iJjl\ connotations Ciltlaa^U jt^lij LaJj jl ^ < denotation

H “

i^JLvujJl jl jaill 1 j I ft a rt n

<aLu ^L*jl (ji jjljiyl nit ij^LbLa jJ m Ul ~H j Jjjbllj

JdHU tj! La^ii JSJ uL?

jjLCaJ ,jA-xij J) \j\ jj llhnnl l Jj ^p-td <JLy^l

^JUn^JI iii lia , ,jJj jiAj CliVS Ijj

jjjjb ji ^l| o^* (J U^l y-Ai ^ j bii jyjj ji

ji liaaJljI -(*4^11 (J^! J.liln**^ ^ Lhdil&f Jj 1| 7-s 1 "h B

uA* -4* ji >* tfJJl JWL ^J^LJ -L^i

AiitLii »43jJLd £* kUasLwej .Vjj-a ^ 1 “ * > l

jt IjmIi 4jLucV^ <JjJLJ_J I^ l l h i n b j lllc lj

j\jA ^ ^J^li ^.1^1 jJ *> VI oi£ L. UA o!

jl J *■*!...»Ill rik~i*i.j H-fc nMj ilL-tfjJI ujS5 C&^-S

Loiij ui u-* IaLSIjj

1—i3l^a-M (Ji u>“*J *J J!

05^ J C* WJ« ^giJ! J

vu

uijii Jj3Lha 11 (jll .Jijjuj <^>-^1 jiiillj

■ 5al~X. « tl l H f J .Aj n I-Uj jji (LfiAU^I jjj - 1 Ul£

^JLuijJl JjLd ^ \J ^Jau ijj f^Uhl LuljXSfc) UHh0

JAsjj V (^jJi jUa^l ^ud <a*d^euaJl bJdb ijl 1J it *!()* |Q

-IjjjH oi ^j ^1 \ Jb ^U,dlit f Lli ^

■"■|j i all .4 l*t Sjjj b^LlcrL [&jA ijjl&

*L$J ^, n -i<1^

*3^ JUU^L <1 ^ ^ Ujiifi V) Jijhlt ^ V

!jJJ (^44[^C ¥j|J**- ■■ ■ ^ tj^tl jl Ljbj^j id^J dlJA 14 * i^ASb

J! I t' Aij jl ULujil j3j jUj

u^it uu ,"<iuyr tfiu l* <e

iL^oJii ^AJj yi jiluj Jdlj* iJLfi u£l Jj

tail.

4 jijy | dll iu£j±*^ lj jStv U *L*i (jl i BjiijdJI 0-* * recall

Idhfii OJiis^ OjU ujiaiu

Jj-t »i^Ala (J* LJU. jAjj V lJ|ji J^tixll

■#

^L^jIujVI Liij »frj£lj u^jJ jilj La 1 jddhUd bj£iJJ!

j<JLu/jJI <tLd A} Lm iSj&IJJI L* (jdJLi jlirn*infl

^Lx l^ij ,AjJl Ijl* %Jl&| i}^-j Jj

i^JLu^ll ^Cmj Ww j>=^ u j *1 ■ A rt

. LiiL^ j j kj j.-> t 1 J)j.^ /tl «JL* ^jaajbB (*-J

jU Cilj tjy&i Juij 5_jLi^ qjSj jJj Li* ‘Ljli&llj

jl - V 4J t^Ul A&Uldl ^^ . Ti ' 3jt a & jl
JLj [jl <* tfiJl 4bluS^ Jl <J Ji$L»i*

dll

3 jLt r ^Ldji*iiVl (jl jj Lad j«-cjJl ,^1* I insight jLculdtVl * V
^ tiL^l 6 A 4 I ^L*x»V\ iull j\k t;3\j

01 Lil yijjj 4<jldjJl frJUk ^4 yfcl n'l^yi JaJI O^j ijl

c.U^iH ^ ^ ^

V^Hj LajLu&L ^JLuijJl j\ ^uni'i Lfj mj

^U <UU>U Ljilll jbuVl jJjAi Uj </j ’L-"

-j-*;"ll jj| lift . jajllj ff%AJL*Jtj tt-fljpiillj iC^dll

Li *<JL* j >Il frift 1 frilr Jyuh SiuLuVl 4 ajhJI jAj

liUI ^)J 4 Ijla f iUJit LijLuiA^ ^ilil JjI&j jli fihm Yl

^j-jLj <_$ill J>li (jl ^ *LL«|j 3 Lx,Lii! LLLIj LftjL^L

3-ilH Jj iLjji LftjLlcL i^AAJI jLt| <>» qjsL* jl m/i i r iVl

v **ii]! y^to^i j***s -Lftto' U^* 3 ^jto4

<L l-^~>»» l <1 ojSj Hji ujJ JL^jj tiitlau i* ipli *

die <ul blilj

j+ki ol 3 ^ - 1 * 11 itj-j-Jl tji iLi intuition .f

jjjl ji ji C*Lt>«=>jjJ j-lLLui JIjjJ 4j1 j* ^iiiU

yA ^Joj ,jLc. %£jjlJ 1 tift ,jijj 0^=** *it ^Aj>Lt

» *

.LukJLa *“■" V 3ijJuJl frift o|-® J |JL' ^*a1j CjL jia

<LiLj ,£■j^Jl ^jJ gri.rtj LjLa£ tJ-Ju&il £-£j LjJj

Oj -1 .-UjUI l*J! Jjj= y 3 " W-* J! J-WJ J l*

.-.1 ^ ia.H < I l^ a ! j(^| y^4 ^ 1*1^ .4*l i a 3n il jl I44A jLJI
t>ijl 5ji£ ui j* LL-i Lj[j oa4

tllij-a ^jJJ 4 aL iujLjJp*Jl ^IjJki-uLj

*Zj *1 > * 3^ mil Jj L^J

Ifdftjd LJ djj Lijj Sjfi “ lift JL*- — ^-JuaJL

<LLjL 4JI kZfcLdji i-iL^uVl oj£J J[ Jj-i»jll

jLji ksu ul5 Vj *uto

The Encydapedia of Phylasophy 4/204 jJii^ (^»)

VU

u* ulS Lfj Ja.j LiJ.^

*4j 1| <jl L*£ iil^i o-* £>liLj iJ-*jp

jJJjj ^ iaJV> k,-l|j^oJLl jjiiJ I jVl JJ4dJ| (J-fcij

,Uai oJ*d J (jpAll ^daJt * ■ - ( jajlu Uxjj±j J-t

J *y_> V dJjJ^ I j^iLu l>b ^ ^ jTi \ h~i1l ji

(jjjilj .Lbllj Ltu <ji jt rLtild wi|^d <jLi uvdaJl h^ Jl U>iA.i j hn
iji^JU J U^J J ^ ^tJLas fkla, i_jLpAjL» jl i n-htm l J* iJjj*iij

.tiin-j ji ^juJi

<

,Jj£Lla 4 jl -jAali, J jilu Lta^jj |*£a, ji

Jft 1jjL3 *>nJl nft j hIojjaJI JkJ" 3

dj Ol Je -t>Jl t>* L^^jl ^ ULu,j Jjjb

L|«'— j\ Lfcljjj J (Jjj)

<<jk^Ld < U£ j£jLj Lb Jij-flJl tJjjJU J ^jl&LsJL <a£^ iajltJl ^daJl u-f£
^j|jiu J)1 J J < ta ~ JJ,jE ^ 1 j mi "> II 1^ Hilt u Lh ) >4 ylt *Lj

jdil ^JLuJI CiJ 15 Lal$^ JJ Ipil <UL«J <jojlb

. (jiJi Jl -jit ^1 fci-L,

J Jfi tSJif

*( ^LajilaVIj ^L^jiuuVi) i»h j p^"j

Jjj ij,^ii W J J jr l > vj l

jU 111 Jft JJLa J C4*JJ -J*3l—Hj

0* ,-^i\S\ flUJt j\ ^ Vj>, JjL^L ^ili .^LUl

jd&ti JajAj .djjlii l*jki

■■

4 JlwA Ciiti <1 lj^ iAuj VjI^X* jLSlCrVl IJla ^ L»jJi

L, 61* ^ J-j-J) f li- r ji3 -iit JlJj -llL-jl' dip *i*M

^iu ■ Hill o^H J6J1 bjj% (ji.j .6*'^ > » 6^ <j1L*ij d«J

jyiilj I o -»■ jl (jl* 6* liV* ^j 1 "' 1 t» ^* ‘ jj

vw

O-* ,jj <JU l.flt'l'Hj ^d jULitVI £»

<ij *~il" Lud * jLaI&VI *Ijjjl*JI uj&a ijl u& J^uJl

jV i^^jd >A]>li IdjjLd jUiIl&VI U »4^i

L|jj£ o£ jiaiJl <jAii i>? *3^ jliiLi 1 1 i*<j (jLw*jyi

■--» jji. jl

£3UH Ii<] uA6i ><WJ £tul sjW '<&**> ^ J^bn

j* ^l^yi [ r-^ ^ *]W>u L- Ckjbl\)

i3-*j jVjI «Jh|J !}L^Ij <jjS (jj ^bu JjjbJl 4 _u£ (jj

i i v

^La*4 3ILuujJ1 4 JjLi JLfl 0^3 » 3j n 0 ^jlif iHiljjJJ \ >U l

*

^ZhLzk. -M £ £jjJLi-aJLi <JLujjJ1 <La tJ* J$£- J4 * IjHj J-mljjU

^JLurjJi K i-l^'i* *U^4A& < ^jj d ■ ■■*'■ Jjjbjl tHU c Wb Wr^l

*

" jliillj .cLfcljJI ,JAA^ fr^lj>jLl *tfl HI nil L-l^b »L*lbIai

4aic Lb ^jAjUlJ i4jldl&J1 bJUdJUl [g JafiUjl AAA .^IaIaJI

J ^4^'^ ijcaiH ^jLt i*Ll*1ci ftodljLd i^Vjjk lafliwl JJM , <*lj.l^l l f%i&

tljj A^l^LaJI bAxualll <jjAjlu AIaj .S.'jinal) £*l^j 4 j 4 Ijjjid

^]j 11> (4A^^llLa j^LiJl ^j^ft'il

^Ljjb .JLULJl KjjioAtl 4ll ^jjLj I*i4 f-^M^

■L^iAc £j_a^ tfjd

iljlj %JLuij 6jLl*L — ^jVi JjjJI 4j( J\ 0^*4 «™*AJ

^jjj LfJUl 4»*jJl >4j *^ii iuU?o ■O — fij

JdL —* ^_Lki ^ b^Ud t-ujVl

IJL^ UJui*i \j[ J-*jJ^ 4JLa3i L>» >^f

d 6 - otf v jVl Jt ^

~p£L^ ^Lej L**>t ^jialiil ^li ,(jja-i) iytL+AjZ (\^)

.nrjfl .m\ -usau ^Vi ^uji

YU

yiill •ujQji' Cm » H y* Jjjijll <*1^ 0) ji

-iW yiill yi uA tfiJl j^ilW .y^Vl JU|, -yttjuyi

b*l4 ojSj f4^d %J &i -*a

— ^ix, V* U jljl-a L 4 I 4ijij oAj

jl^Vi uu>ji ^ ^ ^.Ly j - ^1

.LfU^bj

j Xn~ 1 1 J tJ. ■ ./l gl * * U LutY^ [>4 jliljU ,. \ _j| ^ lilJ

■ flflj <_iii yL*jl\ Lai »<JjLiyi jJ&GM U^^ Cj

^ ^1 hJLjijJ! bjjis JSJ iZiL^uJl Jj- JjJ -^1

^1 yVJI CiLLiuJI ( *L*>JI bid ^ jjlili Yj T Jijb J\

^UJI j^\\ j^Lll Vj . m WJI jUbl J( *»**U

4 JY 4 JI J^l 6* uL? JLk J£ JU. </jil a*j oLJiU

jjL: Li Jjl 4^i Cj-1j) £^$1* 3j»> tfl N

fj " ^Y! g^lj djj" 14 * . 6ba»U ji uL-#1 u-l> 0*^1

j^iiJl JjLll Vj . J*iS jl j*S£ ^ yv^ 6* ^ Cfr

it 4j£uil jl ^tdjriaJI

<j j-jj ji u^*d ^ *u^ u* ijj\->^y\ U

LfJjl -j* * jiiLa^ui 4 JLi_wjJ 1 (jSj j*i IjJ * 1 j ( &iU j\

(^aJ^ Le^ 0* <La-i, aULj^ ^uauJ t<J ± *L a. «j i_y=^\ Cm

jiull LihUiJ ^ pjirtli Jx>=fcj ‘Mj *.jf \ ftl^. VI < l ±*[+ a*j

ujliJl jojIIj bJyt ^Lj

^j iilLUM ^j>ll CilJU\ *UfcN cL^JI bJui ySU,,

^*1 l"«i illijJ) bJud 3 ^ Cj^jJL f igkf

d J^a.H ^1“ JUfcj .ULuf^ll ij&

kid {jLiij *3LtLaiiV!j £j\li\ Cm ^*~> ^ tJ\ ^ 1.5.1 rw ^

V^^

.CtUtt jljj Ajlj ^>£ ljj Ldbw tjl ja^lI t^il < »rt! l

ULgJ J_i^~ - ir * ^ x£ . "bAjLdJ Vj dL^jLu ^Lu

CiiAij »i£j 4 <j ij] iJ JUdJ *4ljj}b ^ t ift.i n

* ^

(^iJj jjfc ||^aJ b_jLj| <J lZj 1 a I ~ ^ 1 i ^JVjJI

,<-JL*_Ia! aJVj j oi q 5L» j if jJI *iifl

. y4 Uj^j 0^ J Lfc^io i J-»lj JS (^V

I«j < " frJjLai 1 X^*' y* J —*'■ jJaj IjJj

yi 4 j£Jji *‘LLwhJl »Jb4 (jLu yi C&±

*J¥jJ 1 Ljiaj ■ L$J lIiWj

& JuLaJ oi i*1.i.^a 144 6JU& I ^^

<-<_aJV_cl <jIa 11 ^-*-*i* Ciil£ Ifc^t .jJLyaaji &j-4 jb Vj sijjJl ^jju

Iai l^AiAifll i^jlid jljj ^Ijil icLL a &1 jaJ1 A ii o > Juj jl J» 'i1 V

^UiXujI *LaJI& Jdl IjIJm tjl ijjiwni Ub .Lft.l Mi^ ^>e 4ifi u*iu

JUU ipJtllt 1*14 jjL)*~*"-J ^jl £^3Au<J |frJ ^jSkJj isiy*j| {jjLLt * (j^ Sf®

ijjS La! .VLfciil jiyj j4,_y A I mi ^ilotl 1*14 < ** 1 !*^

jL~r 1>4 VLoJil yjLUl Cx9^ L*lj -J-i-yijjJl j \ tlr lifl l .i {JJUJJLaJ! J*2±\

>xi .jiyji o-inji jJ *l J+&—Ji ^ i^b .jji^ji

i^l tdjLuclj iAAc. Laj .(Lula ^jJJ (£>l34! ljj) 4J IauljHj ¥ 1*1^ 1

J*—■" jAj ‘Aj-4 *UL-ujJ 1 ilijilid Jl2j iClJjt <_£ JlM ^iiliuft t l ^JJ

” m- ^ *

Ladi LA -J » a " Jl <LiuitL Ia4 <L>l a i j ^h

j^Ji jjJi <1 aLuI jL^briA JjjLJLA ‘iliAS >4^1 ^lj L*J -tA-Ji
T JjUrtil ^1 ijA ytull i

*

* lj^-^ - ^Jiju JjLumj ^UL>J4^ Lflcr jis. LaiUa hK.m yg-LfcJ LiAj

^AdjLy \lM ^jSAj ? ^btjuJl <Jjb L* tii. JjjyfcJl jlji J*

Vft L _ > iiji &J_LuaJ Aii «-u£ JbJd ■* JiLiiti ^4 <**1*1^

Jj bj | H V > >^Lt»

VT*

yii* v^j > dijUll jIXmiVi <J^ i^alA

t>fl LaJ .£>-=>j-JJ jkiil Lfcta *SJ^aSlJ

pj <j!^ j6JU*a£] 1 {,-iia >A ^ji *yUUj 4j (ji *!

juSlill U>- iJjLjuj UiaJl tl* £i'J±j .^SU! fcjlj 1** Vik-i JbojL o£j
(Jjjiplll *jLi d -■' U* U' n-ij pi <jI llw^

pu*Vi-Jlj >4±pU\ ^VYJl iUlUll *ULi3 ^UL ^

tjj&j Vj .^V><Jtj L^j j-*j Lj^i t-jjlajJlj bLpJl ^rU-.^ YI

(_f JuaUl u iiftll ijma

-u-

JLp. Jjaaj Lwb ^iSi

b j>mp jA Jjjbl! ji ^ «4J j 4iiii -tfjiaiJI u^lin H

j^hju OJ& f <d^i *Wi jI

Imj jjli 11*3 *<*Ul |«41 yi L*j- Xj *(>^i X

llLuijJI pjAj *>■£ liUI £«aJ i>

y-J .jJij J! j:^ V Jijblt *jl ^ 1 '-^j -ik»^W W*U>£*

jj»_--t>~ . •lilji Jl <^la. j JA J(**J .•1^-1^ J!

Jl V«u J^Lujj Cm I*i —3 ijjkill .ijjiiiil Jt SalaH J*J

yi LfJlu ^iii ,^1 iLjkill yH» .jjitiilJ U#lj jSSlj .jiJatfl

• AjUj <LBJ

(( JjjjLj]| <—il * ll LJJ^i ^

Lbj ilLuJl fcl^ .^aljjj JOA

6 * JLi" :L * *iU JU jl T{ jij

yi >* JLLJi u! J! ^ ^-ti—^Vl (3>iJt ^

bJLijaJI ^ S^^ui uU *?Jd^

II* Ivc uX cjLunJl u^

\JL* ^£3 ^I uX^ iisUl ^

U^it *L*l>lj ^ U4 V 5 jjS£

Jii* btijjaJl (ji J1 ^ i ^n^ i uH ^ JA

VT\

O* iuM HjjLI] Jii . J«^Vl J^l > 6*

4ijLd |vi <_j-a 1fl l^ t> jjt ■• * i t~ j^£,

^IjU < "l-h l p n l i*Vfc iml - JL=J^ |^|i o* >^V

bLli ^ |J *1*31 ja\j |^i Yj ^Jjli fj IjJj .JijlsU

■Jdjfcu

*

* lx* 1^1 ijtj&rl ^LaliVI ifrUlj La jji

*Lu=kliV\ ,_j| JIjL {j1 jaLu^VI <J^L5aJ jptajJl SULm ^iuj j^aljJj jjlL
(i *Vr\>?\^ <j-4 jjit KJVjJl ^ 1 ** ^

jJn\ 0^ ^ . {xr) "VtfjS\ 3 \ S^LiYl J SjLiJL LLlA" JU

Y[ Ij.ljVi Vi kAjj 1 ^^Jbu 4Jj4 ^LxujVi Jill ii4 ^lt

6 - ^ (rr ul**i -*y

tl4»U* <ji 1*3^-° J^- Jbi*+ l>^>* (^i fjL* jAj tp£a. <—Aj ^L^iav\ J
tLixflYl cj) (*j JJ£ ^ 3 !* JJ* Cl J^Lj •tfji’l

Lftj jl i bj» i b ! tnl j b^Lill 4|V^ Cluj luj {jiJ^L) j^fi Ljio ^jlSt

bAij (jtjSj Y 'AT'JLjj * frjutliLxa jjl£t CiYYj (3? AiAjajJ

ijL® j i*JI ^JYjJI.jj ^JYaJLj ~>>L ^ —*

,U4* UfrLu uli 6)j .idJj 11jj£ .LAJiV!

(a1=J\ c^jjj (jt (^LojjiY^ 6t“ ol>*^ ^ l>h i U

tjjj jjLuai aLluSYI 4j| njj& i^i «(J^ad)1 bjShi ^JLt Luli lap pjji LkfJjL

t) jjrt ij-tl^Trtll |j£j rjLjii ifcJJjLu <_lljJa1 3 \

*1JJ -La^l JL^Lfl ll^i^ Off Jx&iJl J* Y\j vilj

* * *

jj£id * La ^ ■*~■ -1 ^ I * j*^* |i£u! ' .<-*■*- .*. jjiLt ■

^LuuiYl ^juI ^alull LjjII ^aUu L)kj ^hjj£ sLul (\V)

.tv^ -Vi*£ ^ *rv jkJi ,r j^\\ .jiiJi ,ju

YTT

A? <>• (0^° jA ^ ' i*i n" « H OWjJl *Lcujl

Jit ^ yi yJVJl ,*£=J\ CM

Y* .Ujl. ^ HJVj ^ 6^ V[ ^1 ^ 6—^L

L« jW.L Jj j^^aIII <4** u- 3 JlaJl *■** y* ^LaoiVl i h . A uA

jJl Jaaj jh*VI < ^.uii o SJj! Jj C*UL^ i> ^La^aY! > fl ^j

.J^bli iLU *JJ <*■**!]!

1,H'j- Ijjijj.j — JLsJl JjU** jji *\ in"AYl <J rt ^

^ jjj* ,^1 4J ^ij y3ii uiYjJi |^ai ^ ^ a?

sjjj oIaj (_^JlM ** Jjjkll CM yAj , l^fit ijljLij ^LitL

;LjSll *JX\ yi *L. L J*Vl £*111 ^ .j^Vl dh *> uLiSil JJ

Lu *u^ -b L Jii 6- ^ ■(« M J* V

0-# J <ii ^J fl hn VI jSSV^ 0*

ji jS^i U yjUU £*ill CK9 -(*^1? ^ ^ (<Llt W«

y4j' Ijjkil V*”:SjLt yi frllilj 4iV*ilL (Ad

yi Ij J>»VI yj Uikid 6Jj*-* Jjjlill Jje

. jcUaIaYI

j*jL us ,uj^i o* u*j L>i o' -sJ) ^ J ^ A*

Jiuifjj *4 (J*Uii) lii (jl* *Ji3lui-aJ\j Jmhw>oJ1

J*bajl U4 .yJbjihll p-A 1 ^11 n « A (>J -51L-jJJ ^iLwlI fjjiH

Iy4 *j¥*is ,jLc

4j ^jll oU*ii-J1 Cm* *+# 5i*ii ^

J Ijiinlm'

d V^tj ^ Uifld ^ILujil illUd C 4 L>“^ *^1)^

Vi4 jlja-JI* jlaiJi ulU Cm> J! ^iLbVVj

Jjfil yj 6j^d ^ jijiiil Viili*

Y\T

.<JjjIj 0 ^ J itlmah

^jj]I l2jL» j1x+ J 1 LfJ J^i rtlnt ij Tfj^uaJi ^JjJhO * V

* "

ApJw «**lt1 HI H^Lji f^OjJj] iiAJj £tJdj)l n*J(j J^uj^Ji

(%+*! IdJ JLSi (J>a Jdi h-i^LL J^£ JC

ililLui ^ i al^l pJj p ^^liul f«Jj ‘uj}j "■ r j)

IjU *n ^i in. '*lj ‘Ujlj Jliu|j nj^JLkjfi |«^jj »tli JLu l .^-i. * t
(jl ioJLa (JV&JIj ‘ | L* V .^JVAa aV^uVI jjc li4 *1 * - vM

jaL I j ^**'1 *tl |_£JLil <ji Xj jaL 1 ^ j\

^Ad Jjjlj ^1 ^J| <-iA ij J j£oJ fj^Ul Lotfl .kiUii^ <(u^i4
o \ \ <_£ till <jj ^ (j^u ^ t

.^IojIj X d l"tl A - ^iimu »^l

yA ‘Lilt l- 1413 ^JJl jLilcXI juA 4^11 Ij jj.fiinf^ 3J>fc« ,f

,jL2fiL 3 -h run (^) £u!& 1j| Ij^dld JU*j

<Zm\S IjI Ldi *ij£u Lk^ud £*aJli jIaIcLj luu

* ■* jaL l * j ^uJli 1 jVijc V^ ^juAu i

pLkJl 1«14 g L ai j jvDl ^Ld *‘ldjVl yj id^ tlLfijj}

pLiH \<1a fjLiAdj pLa ICiIa II^A »Lajj

4AJdd LaVjI JlaJ j| Vj ^AdJl ^iljj fUjJ u^yldij

lid jLodj pLua iJ^jj jl£ ija[ jLufL ^LuIjIIj i^Lj^L

4iuJ pljdl !>ii ^jLAdj ^un {Laj -oJjVi yi k*. 0 -^ fUU
.<1jl±a jLitL Oju^j jLai ^

Jyui^dll ^jjj 4 j1aj ^ jLufiL iJjjjr — f j <Ll^5

*

1>* J.ifc. ^»ll jJjj j^AJL&dJl <.jtbrt)l 4p0A

.LfLjtj ^ji OaJaJ ijl mi jaL j4i ijj&aill

»

^<JLuujJ\ jl XL^d (j(ji 1>A ^plt

Lj jiull ^>jd J'ju Ij^di <^1

vn

L*Ait Jjll <3 Udij Jjt i>* J*»J Jd3^ iliLilial

j\ ^jLul \+As- - V ^\ j\ f^iL|4jali ^1 J>ia*il ijl Li*j

J^iU l^i .J~\j r \l+ ^ CA*™ V 0*^ 0* UAi£

, jjlil fr-i-A

l»V) . '\yLaJlj ^fc*uj l)1 o^aj La ^

<<Lii& j J Ut jjjAiJlfl »j i jAjll £■* J-alilll fcjaj i> U^U-fta 0^3

™ ■■

i J'V* 4 jLma 1I JWUU d <J-» U ^ft 1

*j4±. ij* tjjit -A3 j ^j. Alinl ^4 y

{jj4\ Jji ill* JJai t-ijJuj 4 jjyiuJi Alj Jii d! ^

:Y3*u L ^l

Ijjij Vj j! jil\ ^i. jU~t ^LE lil

*U jlaii 5 _^x*JLi (*Jjji) v*J ^

IJla db <> ^ ^

JjLfcXJ — ,>=>* SjjjSjJJ J^b — ^ 0JJ. | Jfc j^-* (3-^^ <Sj^*

* * *.<j V ^-"*1 IJui *lldi [> ji . n H

.L|xu=J UibM aA ^ liiLJl sijAl *i*Jl <5^ 0*

^ ,*d £4 L*—+* W y* S ^ J U (*4l

3*7^ ul d 4iH X# j<i>liXwi\ (jiLj (jl

^ ^ Ai-tt j-*Vi r b k, o^uwik Jil s^Xi ^
*Ujj t dJlS jfLlll U>*iaj ul Xs * < i^ V-ij j^laZ d d*S**J'

V .CjjS*-) til31 >Ui 4J! pj Ob ^

^l^bii ihaH >* -Ua jj^b ,3^Vi ,»4fili *b J l?

\ Ljjlt bJLa Sjj-us E^jIj J*>j

.n^ -\MY , v 1 jVi j\j :c<j j# .^UUJt ij^*lll Luj OV')

VYo

Lfio JVjJI jaI jJijj jj^s j^d .usjfr

*L^jt^_p» j&Jj L^j p^-* jjJbld

.^jLjjUti l^ik„ jj .a ^.-.i-l t I|1 <?J ^ U (^Jl) U£d

Ai^US * ~tm M i t j -JL^-^Ls* JL«j| urf# JVj) jjjj

U« Ad^Lfc Lfii (jit |Q^J "ta^Ull frid (jV o^ 1

i^ji aLls^ J j! jl «ii j-tLUl Lo^j tfJLil jj! IJLa .JLuijIj JLujl

L*5 ♦Alio jjtlitIL 42 uj4 <j 1 Jj^aJtoil (_jmj1j} SjjIj

A^i Jlfcjj Ld i-ijii ^>1 Sjj*b j^>uuUj

fcjd Lf £.|^U |U £*£aJ 1 jlnZiljLii -k t 1 !,^ .Xjj ,,-Jl

j\ Ja*lj Sjilj ->^Vl jfc iL*jjSi Jl CiljLaJl

Sjib ji JijbJl lM®s! Ji 0-°$ -L# 1 * Jfi

■n-

u-t i^c.lij ^LJujy fAjjJiiJi^ <uajJ1 AjLLLj JI^LiiJI p

A^lijJ! tAA u&±h (Jajj . <lJ 1 jLa (jjjJt jtS^Jk

™ w

I# 1 *** 1 ? *J j11m i iiH Jj AjjJLj L»j ^-j-ii

JJ oi 0^ La Iflif k*jijij ufJJl JVJlLloV^

LaAJLaI Jjill J^U * AiU| ^LlL* fji JV^XmiVIj

ikJlj jfci <*>■!% {J'jLil jd IJut (jisl jnl^iiJ Sjjtj yi &Jh^j}J

AjJI h-idiij La ^j-*i*j L&jI dit dJj . V ■*■ ^ * j '■[ *

Sjilj { Ja.A ^ |*-Ll> ^ULd j^jJLjjiIj 1,0,j <jHd

j Aa^j bLslj ill 4 jj^J (^JjJiuoll

tjii jtJjij iJlijlj Vj AiJ[ ---^A.i" ^Hj Aa^La ,jlt JVliIlaYI La!

k £ j & ^lj IaIj l>* j-j V Jj Ax« V

.^iLuJ llji jLaJi J>>Ld ^ «-±Lnl j 1 <d.*jj

ui J-t tliJjb ^jjll tJjllil i J^->j U

jj'JJ! Jj^bJ! l i^lA Ijjj t~aVk Sjiij

SjjIj ^JLu J ^plf EjjLi 6«ld ilul^ iAJI CijAJ

VT1

gUSSYl 3 _Lij_o Ijji n-hh y* Lp! JiU^ j LliAij

iIujjj 4iij* <li>d

t ti4i ^_«_Uf .i-t^J-ill bJLA

l>4^ jj ^ 'J^jbU j^£ j±\ lii-i JlS j\j JVj^VI

LubJ^i Jjij ^ib Vj -UiVj (^^*t (Vjl t jihio ^

V JJjJU .^i\ nKi* o^ijJ jj^j jj lj* ol tfi

-ui 44^,5 <jj Jd*Ul lW* fr > L *' dl J^j jn i -h * 4 iL Yj

SlLJj V JY^Yl <iJ 6ii JJUl ^ -X* 4 *

J^JjJI Ail l jj 11^ d jlM.jiVtin JdjJl ItLA |%ij pJ oj

J^jbU bjJ La^jjJ <-o!lL^i I q i i ■ A £j-a-j bj (VjU»1

qiLujij (jrV d ■ j** tiiWj jijj[ yi

<ij £»lj Jjjlli! >* JUiOfl 1-Lid J\

^JUj £ciijJ £a *<ii|id La Ld (Jjaljjil ^^1* «4 miLJ ^A |%jlj J1 n Ts Vlj

.AIjS 4mJI |*-Lt {jdljJfll V Ai*aj\ 0^3 ^Uiu J\ dj

p,>4i*il IJwA l-jj 15 j dlJuj .^jiLjjlt yij £* fiLS jit JUjil ^iuJI |iJaj

-yiiaJl fiiiJl d*

Ji dJjj jliki yiiil* <W) dUi >* JijkM OAi >J

^>4 sijl >*1 (*^v okN u^ d* i*A>^

USi <tjj£ d* (JiflbjS £jJP Vj -&U >& [_J^J d*

iLda Ladi J| fi liat y*

I*r iJLijU 4 jIuw 1 kltlji) Jjjbll > 4 ji n > nl t L>1 U*bjii j-t

^ jl S 1 ^ J! y tii^ J> 5 - 6- Jjp^

.a ^-^ Vi D .u (^JJI ^ -W ,iLifc +“ lW*;

jjUli Jjjbn ^ dji ^ UAJ yi ^

.Lfj \4jljJa <ijj-ldL ^*4 ^7 il J! H ^ " l ®" 1

t jl * Ciijj —** jjliZi V djl iJVili fcJ-* yi (jaSj^

VTY

.kiUi-Si o^ .4^4 ^Lclj (jH fc i **■ JjLtJ!

(_p! ^1^ jkiLuijj jjJa J^LajCt fjL&Jl bAA iiljj

V^jLjla Ji yj £aJJ 01 JJ*-<1 m U»*^ J^J^J-0 ^I ^MI I y*J
[^#i Vj + 0-*4J J -JJj *hi jji Ujla£

♦£“■>^1 u^ urV*J^ ^ 0 l>^^ Od^'

t/* JJjjbUj

Vj *0^*-l\ V (JjjLj O* 4 jLiluYl^ <dH ji>n j.l Jl ^Ix jJLflt iil ^~ ■ -4

jj^k O* t£-iM Jjjbll^ -uUj O^sj i>® Jjfrf

*i4 ^iWi (> r^i yAs J1 **±>*1'

irt-ht l yj i^i.i. U IL Of^L^xJl 0* t3i>* JjL* jlu .^iLuVi

3^' ^4^ yi ^ji VJl ^ oi
O* O^j *0l£+J1j Ok}N IjjjLaj ft|*^iyL
^LLaiufl ^jJI ^j^LmtVi yA CuL^ jS. ij . i-> Ci^Lj,b IjdJLd (v-fjl niUj la^j
(_iT 0 "lili) i£Ju£Jl fcljl klu^ . <LfaoLk. jii <j Ijij^ii ot Oj>±!j^

(_* &^Odb '(^vAlj) Lumi o^Ij ((^v*
o^j lt* yfl' «un jiiii ^via

0^ £“*d tfJJl Jdjbl\ yj

-Hiidfu) ^bLu

VTA

5*141

.jMli«li . j'i j-i > fliKl.1 l Jtft • padljj)

,MAl

|U*H j|j Jt T^ J ^

,\W .0*^

yi 6jilj (JjiUl Jj-fciJI Jji Jjl

.ttYI .fcuVl ^ : 5^*1111 -^jiiil

l H."w 1 ^ tl ^1 A LJJ JjiJ

. 'I Wo AjnbH k-u&ll jb Cijjjj

•T..T ,Jitj jlj :oL« .SdjilJl it5*o5rt .ja*- .5 *L£lJ

»IU.».llj ^-ajlJa^jJI ijjiili Ji S K i ‘ i« l l '* J

.mv ijvLiii jj

i( Jjii]( 3.-j. :jUa .juaaJI <Ll3S >lclji . Jli .J jf l » ..il

M\A

.Jiiiit :Jl** .iujjtSjirt jlaIjI -

*mA

jSili jta ^jhaUaJI ^>»il -ud^ j* 'J j f \** « \

^ J

. JiLkJI J5L-* ,> ^

:SjALjM . tl_h4dJl UJ^ - * ■ tft ' h< * : i 3i^

■ LJi J

.jli^Srt OX. 0*

jb :cj^ .^W J-SJH

vti

w

.T

,r

.0

.1

,v

.A

.1

* V

, j ,SL=UJI ^^ t Jj\ i^jLuVl

*^A"l »AJL«^J| luu^t .lIjJj 4 J -L> 4 A^ l fl J flf1

IKjptUl .YL i^jjillt ul^idifl .|(jjkl^]

A\Va

.uyi ,*±^1 ^jV\ :ij*m .ri* iJiuAi iJ^j_

41111 pic iZibklkiA4 ji%U f llv ^ JUu t^lSL

.JAC jLLu ild^l lUiJJ .<ilJ| pic -iyU njL

.nvr .u-Uyt iZtlj^ulA

Ifr^bLiti .4*ujjJl 4iii j^lalil J j'"b"'* ?J»

AWV ^LJl

iic j .^l -"t| ,**>1 illi 4u .JjLS ijlAKjfjj

.UYY ^LjjJi U-U ^Ujik*

^Uli p*-il1 .pUII 4iUt pic .JUS ^

,mr ^ujl jb

• 4*rtrtlit* ~b>|jjf| yJ I -jbU ,jj *(^U

j'—ijfLLl pJU IfrpUll .|«jljlil J^cU-mJ^ .Lji^^ lU^jj

asat

jpiatS ylc ‘Uajj ,£fjUUl J jjj (

.m* fo\m ^uVi ^a^i\ ,pSu^Us

p»UJ\ iit liaj It gjV fc " - jLaxJfl Jffj .jAtfJl

A\*\\ XjtiHWfS*

hjW «yU 0^ ^yjU^aJl

jb .jaL*JI CiklyUl yi ,>*"^1 ^

j >U*Ldl usSJI

.\y

AT

At

Ao

A'\

AV

AA

A\

.T*

.n

.TY

.rr

.Yi

vr*

:hjjfeldJl yfl iiijllk ^><111 .UjijJl (*ifi J^ai ^Al=Jl *Yo

.\MA

, Jliu I .(jLaifii ^

*w-J >iiHj ^iLkll jlj

O 1 ^ -oLnlt l>jI ■ YV

.)Uo <|UUi jij

^Laj^l ISjaLaH .ijLtJJlj *jM>\ ‘V* lt a '» «YA

.MVA

^jjVt jb 'C^jJJ ^^iUl ‘ L * i ^ «jLfca ,YA

^ur

jljJL>J Xul .OLJJ^

. Y*^ d.*K*.tl i\ jj, rt

,^nt dJJUidl 'jbju .4jBLnll *Ul±*Ad

3 jj£b ICijjit f n>1rt -i*aj

.1UT ^
(UbH 3 lVl ^

bjjjail lJjc ,ji lojilili .(v^ *0j±/j

^jlilt j\j ^uL** .^*Laj pjj&ll Jjt -j

.r«r

hj*^ jb :^j^j .^aaaII ^) ^UJt Jj

t*

.n

ty

xr

Ti

To

% d i i

£>**i ^Ijiii j^ 6 ) <j* rim .O m^H Cn i^jt*_>ik T*\

- ■* <Ul * fll^ o **Y" ^ tM““0

AW\ ---ijLjuJl jb Lfrj-*LiJ1 jf^Lu J>L&j

vn

4jULI 1 ,JLLxd <Lj£j .TV

. 'l*\AT *j mmIIj CiLiiljjJi ^jttVsIi i \ * AjjjJlII

p JvJ l Sjtjj ^\jji»in -4-ioLSVl AjJJI » jaLa ^LuLlu , TA

MW ,JUJ|

.£L jpjjjJl (jjxUlj H - T S

.T* 1 * i^jjiilj jb

j . "lia i^JjLJI Ujddl k|«AmiJ cCluJ jjt -1*

MA-\

IJiaJ 4iUI fjic ji Jot » u Jb,5 : kxjJi -t\

J*nal l Jj| l*-k

^ j 4J—** :t>*iitt

l. T Aa iplill 4 aJJ 1 pjf JL±fc *1Y

MV A ^LL

^ jb .^LLSut .j.t ^11*1 1 *p^j ,*iT

J Ojic

4jUuJ1 SjIJj , \ji+ *j j i u^ ■ *

,C,,j ,4*31^1

.T*0 .liLitil jb iL£* :<jLh£ *LAili ,U

pijJl j\j Imjjjj , a Ja i4aU1 <Ij tZibuljJ ^ ; ^ f^tLall • £*!

.iwr ,o±^MJ

.^Tjiii tji j^jL ot c4^ ■j±j* 6e ,Uaj

*T*0 *^^*11 ^jSU *Lai jb *jSLi o ^J j fl -h 4 !

.j^buil ^ u^l .jiA J^jjj

>\^Al t.iLi&H jlj IkZijjj^u

vrr

J^aa (^LxCp ,

.T*** jL .^Lax ,11a

jlj ,^££iil| -jjLAjj *U£ .Q*

,^1Y ^JljlAS

ujLijUUjj udjifljj 3ailt ,^L4 «j jL_iljlil ju& ,o\

MW f ±*\j jl^xmi ^ :s^Lii1 .i»UJI JiUllL

i*i~fc ilt g^tU^ i*U1 pl* JJ JaJaN-—

,\^AY fu^iL^l) ISj^VjJI

, T**Y ^lj I eJ -&LjjJ\ .B^LSJLl 4iUl

jl-u^jxj jb :SyiUll .t-jjiJ-hlij 4iill .Jjfj *ylt *°£

,nAA

pitx !SjAU 1L *Tla i| a £ i p£ill i-yuljjJ »jl3u - L *^ l ^ « a ®

MM .L-ulll

,mr ,«3SJ\ (jb :&j*tfJi ,tl ( 4nfjJt pi*-- a i

i 3411 1 ^jf * »ti"tl i"il Ltl I It . jjlj < *V

,r^r jAiU

MW , v bVl jU ,5jUUJI bAjA^aiJI 4 jju .lij <<>»,** *

(JU :ij*\3\\ Jc fcjtDl j4UEa11. jl«« .**

,^A* .^ill

(ji—j 4ii ,ji ■ j i ^ l ml l ,o*il C*1 -"l*

•u ™ ■“

.{jljjj Lw^4 ICiJJJLt jjlLuU « < ji^ 1

.mr

tfJLp -JiiiJ t-llji .JL*»S l>* .1^

.tli.J fJ^LgJl -^>"1—I^Ub *</AA>“N

vrr

.^Ml (j£aI 1 jij .CiLjLoUl .. i j^Ai

4ia « fi mi i»yi r !^i y4 ^Uiiw>yi , jLh=ki f^i^dii

WAV .jlijXl 2U*J« IjIjJu ■;—

* £b"J #liUl <^jU (sf iiLLjSJ1

.Un lU^lJI hu£]l jlj i^ii^li 4 - ^ Jj

31-1^ :ii4N .iiljjJl yLi r i^yi ■ Jj£ 4 j£±lll

, Y' * * i^i^jLoJl |ULt

Ijiiu .jtjilt jLic (JJ J^A£ 4 JJLl£ ^1

t \m jb rs^mi

4-jjSfl ^jjLj t-> l ir j r »l |_^

,^1AV c^^^LlwVI 4_ijiJt jlj Tt jl n*r (jjjJI

JJC jJjaJ pJU l^jk ir 4jilt ll <dAjlJ1 rr .jjAj

b*i .EjjljdJl 11 * -h rt J 4^4j£fl j^jij ((jLijiJt <111

,mv

<uj H Jbj^ll fji ClljjlikA «<^JuS

.roiii^,r ja*ii fjiiJipju . fT *Li3ivr

jlj :ob* -Yi ip jhH I Juji* .^JLfsJl .Ui-J ‘L^>»

,y.*y ijSiJi

<aj^xII jljJI puLjLuJJI T ^UI »ii£ ^ 11 » ill

.ttA£ .^USU

.1Y

.nr

,1£

.10

.11

.IV

,1A

n

jjJlj L <iaJ ^EjAUH .(jLuwI ■'i*a«4 tjjJjM-* (jjl

•CjXm 6* J j >*^Lj

^Lunll p^*i jji iaJ < j*ilirt^j luiljJ .| ^».1.> t/it

,\wr :,iy J sii

v\

* VY

vr

vri

L-jl yk AjIa < inAjj jiJ 4-ujitl - *Vi

*Y»»» j!j IjUt

.«1T <iL=JI jl-J ’*JM -Jli»Vl £*a- .i*»i .^il-^JI .Vo

l j-^*l“\j Jjliitl ^jmjjJJ yi 4_iloil'll ijjtill .jjS* .VI

.-*U^O (jjIjjujJI J-ilj .J •*t j l« 'l1 l

jlj li^dlitl . LLa ■ *.j. l ~i-II ,i aiII . u i ij'if *J'^ .VV

MT,\ .**^1 l^ill

.ik^ui jll^ :^j 3 ,.SjLi>l |Jtj 3 j*uJ1 -oAh *:£>» -VA

,\\A1 .JLUU UUttl UM^II jIj : Jji

*-t ^ ^ujt ^ "'I 4-jjJai jaj .OjL. .j*jll -VI

.WAV jL :ji.j .^IjjJI

■pl2ll jIj .«>j«lmtl tlililJI ^jjIj -AhI>“1 -A*

.UA.

jIj .i-j.>3*j jjJj Jj*! .Ji ninl l 6*1 -Al

,T..\ i.-l.H ^sZi 1

*P P

Vfo

1 .

=3 uU( :LuLl

Berry, Margaret, Introduction to Systemic Linguistics. N. V.,
St. Martin's Press* 1975.

2. Bloomfield, L, Language. London, George Allen* 1950,

3. Boff, Marie; and Ch. Dkhissi. Contribution a Petude
experimental des consonnes d’arriere de I'Arabc ClassJqut.

Strasbourg, jnstitut de phonetique* 1993.

4. Brame, M. Arabic Phonology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation*
MTT. 970.

5. Brockelman* K. Syrische Grammatik. Leipzig* Enzyklopadk*
1976.

6. Brooks, Nelson* Language and Language Learning (2/e).
Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1960,

7. Caiford, J.C. Fundamental Problems In Phonetics* Indiana
University Press, 1977.

8. Chambers* J„ and P, TrudgjU. Dialectology. Cambridge
University Press. 1986,

9. Chomsky* Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT
Press. 1980.

10. _ Language and Mind. N.Y., Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich. Inc. 1972.

11. _Syntactic Structures. The Hague* Mouton* 1975,

12. Cook*V. Chomsky's Universal Grammar. Oxford, Blackwell
Publishers* 1996.

YH

13. Cruse, D. Lexical Semantics, Cambridge University Press,
1986,

14. Crystal, David The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.
Cambridge University Press, 1989*

15. „_ A Dictionary of Phonetics and Linguistics.

Blackwell, 1985.

16. Dubois, J.; et al. Dictionnaire de Llngpristique, Paris,
Larousse, 1973.

17. Elliot, A. Child Language. Cambridge University Press, 1985.

18. Ferguson, C. The Emphatic /!/ in Arabic”, Language,
XXXD, 1956.

19. Fry, D. The Physics of speech. Cambridge University Press.
1979.

20. Geiwitz, J. Looking at Ourselves. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
1976.

21. Hatch, Evelyn, Second Language Acquisition. Mass,
Newbury House Publishers, 1978.

22. Hayakawa, S. The Use and Misuse of Language. N.Y., Faucei
Publishers, 1965,

23. Holenstein, E. Roman Jakobson's Approach to Language
Indiana University Press, 1976*

24. Heffner, R. General Phonetics. The University of Wisconsin
Press, 1952*

25. Hudson, R. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press,
1986.

vrv

26. Jones, Danie, An Outline of English Phonetics. London:
1960.

27. Kaplan, H. Anatomy and Physiology of speech (2/e).
McGraw- Hill Co.

28. Labov, W. Sodolingulstk Patterns. University Pennsylvania
Press, 1972.

29. Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics. N.Y., Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich Inc, 1975.

30. Lado, Robert. Linguistics Across Cultures, The University of
Michigan Press, 1957,

31. Landau, Sidney, Dictionaries. Cambridge University Press,
1986.

32. Lyons, John. Noam Chomsky. N.Y. The Viking Press. 1970,

33. _Semantics Cambridge University Press, 1979.

34. Magnus, M. What's in A Word: Studies in Phonosemantics.
Truman State University Press, 1998.

35. Mc-David, R, Dialects in Linguistics. The University of
Alabama Press, 1979.

36. Palmer, Frank, Grammar, Penguin Books, Ltd. 1978.

37. Piaget, J. "Piaget's Theory in" Manual of Psychology, N*Y,
1970.

38. Pike, Kenneth. Grammatical Analysis, Arlington, Summer
Institute of Linguistics. 1980.

39. Pike, Kenneth. Phonetics. The University of Michigan Press,
1975.

VfA

40. Sapir, E, Language N.Y. A Harvest Book, 1949.

41. De Saussure. Course in General Linguistics. N.Y. McOrsw-
Hill Co. 1959.

42. Sebeok, Thomas (cd.) Current Trends in Linguistics. Mouton
the Hague, 1971.

43. Schiefelbusch, R. et al. Language Perspectives, Acquisition,
Retardation, and Intervention. University Park Press. 1974.

44. Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of Shakespeare.
N.Y. Walter Black, Inc. 1965.

45. Sommeistein, Alan. Modern Phonology. University Park

Press, 1977.

vn